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Embargoed Until 11Am Wednesday 1 June 2011 Embargoed until 11am Improving the Transition Reducing Social and Psychological Morbidity During Adolescence Wednesday A report from the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor 1 May 2011 June 2011 Embargoed until 11am Wednesday Office of the Prime Minister’s Science Advisory Committee 1 PO Box 108-117, Symonds Street, Auckland 1150, New Zealand June Telephone: +64 9 923 1788 Website: www.pmcsa.org.nz 2011 Email: [email protected] © Crown Copyright 2011, Office of the Prime Minister’s Science Advisory Committee ISBN 978-0-477-10334-3 (paperback) ISBN 978-0-477-10335-0 (PDF) Improving the Transition Contents Contributors to the Taskforce v Letter to the Prime Minister vii Synthesis Report Embargoed Ex ecutive summary 1 Our key recommendations 15 Chapter 1 Puberty and adolescence: transitions in the life course 19 Peter Gluckman, Felicia Low, Kathryn Franko Chapter 2 Social and emotional ompetence:c intervening in inuntilfancy 35 Trecia Wouldes, Sally Merry, Denise Guy Chapter 3 Self-control 49 Richie Poulton11am Chapter 4 Childhood conduct problems 59 David Fergusson, JosephWednesday Boden, Harlene Hayne Chapter 5 Resiliency 79 Sue Bagshaw Chapter 6 The value of evidence-based life skills education 87 Peter Gluckman, Felicia Low, Jacquie Bay Chapter 7 Educational outcomes in adolescence for Māori and Pasifika students 1 97 Stuart McNaughton June Chapter 8 Adolescents and the media: consequences and policy implications 2011111 Simon Denny Chapter 9 Adolescents and digital media 123 Tamar Murachver Chapter 10 Sexually healthy young people 133 Sue Bagshaw Chapter 11 Adolescent development for Māori 145 Chris Cunningham iii Improving the Transition Chapter 12 Pasifika child and youth well-being: roots and wings 153 Philip Siataga Chapter 13 ‘Asian’ and immigrant minority youth in Aotearoa/New Zealand 169 Shanthi Ameratunga, Jed Horner EmbargoedChapter 14 Families and children: a focus on parental separation, domestic violence and child maltreatment 177 Gordon Harold Chapter 15 Depression in young people 191 Sally Merry, Karolina Stasiak Chapter 16 Youth suicide 207 Kerenuntil Skegg Chapter 17 Bullying in adolescence 217 Tamar Murachver11am Chapter 18 Smoking impacts on adolescent development 225 Gordon Harold Wednesday Chapter 19 Alcohol use in adolescence 235 David Fergusson, Joseph Boden Chapter 20 Cannabis use in adolescence 257 David Fergusson, Joseph Boden Chapter 21 Adolescent obesity: prenatal and early life determinants of metabolic compromise 1 273 Deborah Sloboda June Chapter 22 From evidence to policy, programmes and interventions 287 David Fergusson, Stuart McNaughton, Harlene Hayne, 2011 Chris Cunningham Appendix Biographies of contributors 301 iv Improving the Transition Contributors to the Taskforce Co-chairs Professor Sir Peter Gluckman KNZM FRSNZ FMedSci FRS (Chief Science Advisor to the Prime Minister) Professor Harlene Hayne ONZM FRSNZ (Department of Psychology, University of Otago) Embargoed Taskforce members Professor Shanthi Ameratunga (School of Population Health, The University of Auckland) Dr Sue Bagshaw (The Collaborative for Research and Training in Youth Health and Development Trust, and the Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch) Ms Jacquie Bay (Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland) Dr Joseph Boden until(Christchurch Health and Development Study, University of Otago, Christchurch) Professor Chris Cunningham (Research Centre for Māori Health and Development, Massey University, Wellington) 11am Dr Simon Denny (Department of Paediatrics, The University of Auckland, and Centre for Youth Health) Professor David Fergusson FRSNZ (ChristchurchWednesday Health and Development Study, University of Otago, Christchurch) Dr Kathryn Franko (Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland) Dr Denise Guy (Incredible Families Charitable Trust) Professor Gordon Harold (Centre for Research on Children and Families, University of Otago) 1 Mr Jed Horner (School of Population Health, The University of Auckland)June Dr Felicia Low (Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland) Professor Stuart McNaughton (Woolf Fisher Research Centre, Faculty of Education, The University of Auckland) 2011 Associate Professor Sally Merry (Werry Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland) Dr Tamar Murachver (Department of Psychology, University of Otago) Professor Richie Poulton FRSNZ (Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, and National Centre for Lifecourse Research, University of Otago) Mr Philip Siataga (St John of God – Hauora Trust, Christchurch) Dr Keren Skegg (Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago) v Improving the Transition Dr Deborah Sloboda (Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, and National Research Centre for Growth and Development) Dr Karolina Stasiak (Werry Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland) Dr Trecia Wouldes (Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland) EmbargoedPeer reviewers Mr Carl Davidson (Chief Commissioner, The Families Commission, Wellington) Dr Melvin Grumbach (Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics, Emeritus, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA) Dr Daniel Nettle (Reader in Psychology, Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University, UK) Dr Laurence Steinberguntil (Distinguished University Professor and Laura H. Carnell Professor of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA) 11am Head of secretariat Dr Alan Beedle (Office of the Prime Minister’s Science Advisory Committee) Wednesday 1 June 2011 vi Improving the Transition Letter to the Prime Minister EmbargoedThe Prime Minister Rt Hon. John Key Parliament Buildings Wellington 6160 9 May 2011 until Dear Prime Minister Improving the transition: reducing11am social and psychological morbidity during adolescence In October 2009 you requested me to provide a report focused on how we may improve the outcomes for young people in their transition from childhood to adulthood. Your request arose from the concern that young New Zealanders have relatively high morbidity relative to other developed countries. ThatWednesday report is attached. I established a Taskforce co-chaired by myself and Professor Harlene Hayne ONZM FRSNZ, an eminent academic from the University of Otago with expertise in developmental psychology. Professor Hayne and myself invited a number of distinguished academics and clinical practitioners from a variety of relevant disciplines to join the Taskforce, and as the work has progressed we have co-opted additional members as gaps were identified in our skill set. These people are named in the Appendix to this report. 1 As we agreed, the purpose of the Taskforce was to review the peer-reviewedJune scientific literature, both international and domestic, so as to understand the issues and to identify ways in which we could do better for young people. The exercise has been a major task and has involved enormous dedication from the Taskforce members, who have served 2011without recompense and put in extensive individual effort to review the literature and debate its implications. Despite the broad range of backgrounds and disciplines on the Taskforce, the conclusions were reached with strong consensus and the Synthesis Report is endorsed by all members of the group. I acknowledge all their contributions, and particularly those of Professor Hayne and of Dr Alan Beedle from my Office, who have committed an enormous effort to this project. An interim report was provided to you in June 2010 and since then the committee has worked intensively to complete the final report. The Synthesis Report has been subject to external review by international experts to ensure that there have not been any significant vii Improving the Transition omissions or exaggerations and that the balance of interpretation of the literature is based on evidence rather than opinion. The report consists of the Synthesis Report followed by 22 substantive chapters written by named members of the Taskforce and their associates. They were requested to rigorously review the evidence base and their contributions are extensively referenced. We are not aware of a comparable comprehensive review, although we have made extensive use of Embargoedmore limited analyses available within the scientific literature. In research relating to human development and behaviour, the importance of experimental design, population selection and methodology is often underappreciated. Considerable expertise is needed to interpret the extensive literature. It is also easy to insert bias into the reading of the literature, and the Taskforce has been very aware of not falling into this trap. We are fortunate that we have a number of outstanding researchers in the areas of human developmentuntil in New Zealand, many of whom were on the Taskforce. The science of human development is complex – we have had to consider biological, cultural, social and behavioural domains. Even so, a comprehensive understanding of the factors that put an individual 11amyoung person at risk is not possible. However, this does not mean that we lack a strong evidence base of what would reduce risk across our population of young people – indeed, there is substantive documented evidence to suggest that we can do much better for them. Wednesday On the other hand it is clear that an evidential approach is not being systematically used in deciding what programmes
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