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C S a S S C É S Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat Secrétariat Canadien Pour L’Évaluation Des Stocks Fisheries and Oceans Pêches et Océans Science Sciences C S A S S C É S Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat Secrétariat canadien pour l’évaluation des stocks Research Document 2000/162 Document de recherche 2000/162 Not to be cited without Ne pas citer sans permission of the authors 1 autorisation des auteurs 1 Assessment of Rivers and Smith Inlet Sockeye Salmon, with Commentary on Small Sockeye Salmon Stocks in Statistical Area 8 D. Rutherford and C. Wood Fisheries and Oceans Canada Stock Assessment Division Science Branch Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo, B.C. V9R 5K6 1 This series documents the scientific basis for 1 La présente série documente les bases the evaluation of fisheries resources in scientifiques des évaluations des ressources Canada. As such, it addresses the issues of halieutiques du Canada. Elle traite des the day in the time frames required and the problèmes courants selon les échéanciers documents it contains are not intended as dictés. Les documents qu’elle contient ne definitive statements on the subjects doivent pas être considérés comme des addressed but rather as progress reports on énoncés définitifs sur les sujets traités, mais ongoing investigations. plutôt comme des rapports d’étape sur les études en cours. Research documents are produced in the Les documents de recherche sont publiés dans official language in which they are provided to la langue officielle utilisée dans le manuscrit the Secretariat. envoyé au Secrétariat. This document is available on the Internet at: Ce document est disponible sur l’Internet à: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/ ISSN 1480-4883 Ottawa, 2000 ABSTRACT Rivers Inlet (Owikeno Lake) and Smith Inlet (Long Lake) sockeye salmon stocks have shown recent dramatic declines in total abundance. Similar declines in total abundance of sockeye originating from Statistical Area 8 are also documented. All available data indicate that the critically low sockeye returns to both Rivers and Smith Inlet in 1999 and 2000 resulted from very poor marine survival for three consecutive brood years (1994-1996), not a failure in freshwater productivity. Marine survival indices for Owikeno and Long Lake indicate that marine survival has generally been poor for all brood years entering the ocean in 1992-1998. The critically low escapements in 1999 and 2000 are a result of the compounding effect of poor marine survival and low brood year escapements. If marine survival continues to be poor for Rivers and Smith Inlet sockeye, drastic measures may be required to prevent a downward spiral to extirpation. On the other hand, if marine survival returned to normal for sea-entry year 1999, returns to Rivers Inlet will exceed the escapement target in 2001 as a result of the above target escapement in 1997. This is not the case for Smith Inlet where escapements have been well below target since 1995. RÉSUMÉ L'abondance totale des stocks de saumon rouge de Rivers Inlet (lac Owikeno) et de Smith Inlet (Long Lake) a récemment connu une forte baisse. De telles chutes dans l'abondance totale sont aussi documentées pour le saumon rouge de la zone statistique 8. Toutes les données disponibles révèlent que le taux dangereusement faible de remontées de saumon rouge dans Rivers Inlet ainsi que dans Smith Inlet en 1999 et en 2000 découlait de la survie en mer très faible au cours de trois années consécutives de ponte (de 1994 à 1996), et non d'un échec de la production en eau douce. Les indices du taux de survie en mer pour le lac Owikeno et Long Lake indiquent qu'en général, la survie en mer a été faible pour toutes les années de ponte qui ont atteint l'océan de 1992 à 1998. L'effet cumulé de la faible survie en mer et des faibles échappées des jeunes de l'année est à l'origine de la faiblesse critique des échappées en 1999 et en 2000. Afin d'empêcher la disparition de l'espèce, des mesures draconiennes devront peut-être être appliquées si la survie en mer du saumon rouge de Rivers Inlet et de Smith Inlet reste faible. Par contre, si elle revient à la normale pour l'année d'avalaison 1999, les remontées dans Rivers Inlet dépasseront l'échappée cible en 2001 en raison de l'échappée cible supérieure de 1997, ce qui n'est pas le cas pour Smith Inlet où les échappées ont été largement inférieures à l'objectif depuis 1995. 2 1.0 INTRODUCTION Sockeye salmon stocks in Rivers and Smith Inlet have declined dramatically in total abundance. The decline in Rivers Inlet has culminated in total closure of the commercial fishery since 1996 and a record low reported escapement of only 3,600 sockeye salmon in 1999. In neighbouring Smith Inlet, the commercial fishery has been closed since 1997 and a record low escapement of 5,900 sockeye salmon was recorded in 1999. The decline and status of the Rivers Inlet sockeye salmon stock was reviewed by the Pacific Stock Assessment Review Committee (PSARC) in 1995 and 1998 (Rutherford et al. 1995, Rutherford et al. 1998). The status of the Smith Inlet sockeye salmon stock was last reviewed by PSARC in 1994 (Rutherford and Wood 1994) prior to the decline in adult returns. In addition, a comprehensive recovery plan (Holtby 2000) was developed for both Rivers and Smith Inlet sockeye salmon because of the recent critically low sockeye salmon escapements. This document has been prepared in response to a request to provide an update on the status of sockeye salmon stocks in Rivers and Smith Inlet and smaller sockeye stocks in statistical Area 8 and to review our current understanding of the reasons for their decline. Almost all sockeye salmon production from Rivers Inlet (Statistical Area 9) originates from spawning grounds associated with Owikeno Lake, a deep, cold, and typically oligotrophic coastal lake (Ruggles 1965: Narver 1969). Owikeno lake is large by coastal standards (96 km2) and comprises four distinct basins, each separated by shallow narrows (Fig. 1). The two lowermost basins (stations 1-3) account for approximately 90% of the total lake area, and these are deep and highly turbid; the two uppermost basins are much smaller, shallower and less turbid. Many streams flow into Owikeno Lake. The two largest the Machmell and Sheemahant, are very turbid and carry the bulk of the silt in to the main basins of Owikeno Lake. The 5-km long Wannock River drains Owikeno Lake into Rivers Inlet. Similarly, almost all sockeye salmon production from Smith Inlet (Area 10) originates from spawning areas associated with Long Lake. The lake is clear, cold and typically oligotrophic (Hyatt and Stockner 1985). The lake is long, narrow and has a surface area of 21 km2. Two main streams, Canoe and Smokehouse flow into Long Lake near the top end. The 2-km long Docee River drains Long Lake in to Wyclees lagoon. This lagoon is influenced by tides and drains into Smith Inlet through Quashella Narrows. An adult salmon counting fence is located on the Docee River at the outlet end of Long Lake (Fig. 2). Long Lake has been subject to nutrient enrichment through the Lake Fertilization Program (Hyatt and Stockner 1985). Long Lake was initially fertilized in 1977 to 1979. Fertilization did not take place in 1980 and 1981 but resumed again for years 1982 to 1997. The lake was not fertilized in 1998, 1999, and 2000. Fertilization application normally occurs between April and September of a calendar year thus making the 1976 sockeye brood the first to be treated. 3 Little is known about the status of the small sockeye salmon stocks in the southern central coast (Statistical Area 8, Fig. 3) other than the estimates of escapement reported in the Salmon Escapement Database System (SEDS; Serbic 1991). The Atnarko system is the largest contributor to sockeye production for Area 8 with reported escapements ranging from a high of 150,000 in 1957 to a low of 13,000 in 1965. Based on escapement information Kimsquit, Koeye, Namu, and Port John Lake support the next largest sockeye stocks in Area 8. Of these Kimsquit is the largest with escapements ranging from a high of 55,000 in 1971 to a low of 1,000 in 1999. Reported annual escapements have not exceeded 14,000 for other lakes in Area 8. 2.0 METHODS 2.1 Spawning Escapements The glacial turbidity of Owikeno Lake and its major spawning streams preclude reliable estimation of spawning escapements by visual survey methods (Walters et al. 1993, Rutherford et al. 1995). Nevertheless, estimates of spawning escapement to Area 9 are recorded for years 1948-1999. Escapements for years 1948 to 1951 are from Wood et al. (1970). Escapement for years 1952-1999 are available from SEDS summary data files maintained by DFO staff in Prince Rupert on the DFO internal public drive (file: 9esc.xls, Appendix 1b). There is evidence that this escapement data is biased and that the bias has been changing with time. For unknown reasons, the proportion of total escapement attributed to glacial streams has increased over time from approximately 33% to 67% (McKinnell et al. 2001; Rutherford et al. 1998). To avoid problems of bias and inconsistency in estimating sockeye escapement to the glacially turbid rivers, we use a “clear stream escapement index” (CSI) based only on reported escapements to the clear streams of Owikeno Lake that are easily accessible. This index is the sum of the escapement estimates for the Ashlum, Dallery, Genesee, Inziana and Washwash rivers (Table 1). Commencing in 1996 salmon escapement to the clear streams was estimated using an “area under the curve” (AUC) procedure. Individual stream visit logs are available for clear streams for a limited number of years (1983-1996) and we have constructed estimates of escapement using a standardized AUC procedure.
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