DOCSLIB.ORG

Re-Conceptualizing the Self in United States Forestry: an Historical and Comparative

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Re-Conceptualizing the Self in United States Forestry: an Historical and Comparative Re-conceptualizing the Self in United States Forestry: An Historical and Comparative Study of the Ideas of Aldo Leopold and the Zhuangzi Qi Feng Lin Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill University Montreal October 2015 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Ph.D. in Renewable Resources (Environment Option) © Qi Feng Lin 2015 ii Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................. vi Abstract ................................................................................................................................ viii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. x Preface .................................................................................................................................. xii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2: The Modern Western Concept of the Self and Environmental Narratives of the United States .................................................... 5 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 The Modern Western Concept of the Self ................................................................... 5 2.2.1 Characteristics ........................................................................................................ 6 2.2.2 Interpretation ....................................................................................................... 10 2.2.3 The Concept of the Self in the United States ......................................................... 15 2.2.4 Developing a New Concept of Self in Relation to the Environment ..................... 16 2.3 Environmental Narratives of the United States......................................................... 19 2.3.1 The Wilderness ...................................................................................................... 19 2.3.2 The Frontier .......................................................................................................... 20 2.3.3 Jeffersonian Agrarianism ...................................................................................... 21 2.3.4 Recovery of Eden Narrative .................................................................................. 22 2.3.5 American Romanticism ........................................................................................ 24 2.3.6 Indigenous Peoples’ Perspectives ......................................................................... 25 2.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 28 Chapter 3: The Foundational Concept of the Self in United States Forestry . 29 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 29 3.2 History of German Forestry (Eighteenth to Nineteenth Century) ........................... 30 3.2.1 Intellectual Origins of Forestry Thought .............................................................. 30 3.2.2 Emergence of Modern Forestry ............................................................................. 31 3.2.3 Sustained-Yield of Timber: Normal Tree and Normal Forest ............................. 34 3.2.4 Financial Returns from Forestry .......................................................................... 38 3.2.5 Reaction to the Normal Forest: The Dauerwald Movement ............................... 39 3.3 The Forests of the United States ............................................................................... 40 iii 3.4 Early Beginnings of Forestry during the Late Nineteenth Century .......................... 42 3.5 Bernhard E. Fernow .................................................................................................. 43 3.6 Gifford Pinchot .......................................................................................................... 45 3.7 The Progressive Conservation Movement ................................................................ 47 3.8 The Forest Service and the National Forests ............................................................ 49 3.9 Pinchot’s Conservation Philosophy........................................................................... 53 3.10 Forest Management from 1900 to 1945: Sustained-Yield Forestry ......................... 55 3.11 Pinchot’s The Training of a Forester (1914, 1937) .................................................... 57 3.12 Differences between German and United States Forestry ....................................... 59 3.13 Paradigms of Forest Management after World War II .............................................. 61 3.13.1 1945 to 1960s: Production Forestry ...................................................................... 61 3.13.2 1960s to 1980s: Scientific, Multiple-Use Forestry ............................................... 62 3.13.3 1980s to 2007: Ecosystem-Based Management .................................................. 64 3.13.4 2007 to present: Ecological Restoration .............................................................. 65 3.14 Textbook Survey ........................................................................................................ 66 3.14.1 Definition and Description of Forestry and/or Silviculture................................. 66 3.14.2 Ecological Paradigm ............................................................................................. 68 3.14.3 Paradigm of Natural Resource Management ....................................................... 68 3.15 The Foundational Concept of the Self in United States Forestry ............................. 81 3.16 New Paradigms of Forestry ....................................................................................... 84 3.16.1 Ecological Forestry ............................................................................................... 85 3.16.2 Forests as Complex Adaptive Systems ................................................................. 86 Chapter 4: Aldo Leopold .............................................................................. 91 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 91 4.2 Biographical Background .......................................................................................... 92 4.2.1 Family Upbringing ................................................................................................ 92 4.2.2 Education at Yale Forest School ........................................................................... 93 4.2.3 Career in the United States Forest Service ........................................................... 95 4.2.4 Game Surveyor and Consulting Forester ............................................................. 96 4.2.5 Professor at University of Wisconsin ................................................................... 96 4.2.6 Personal Character ............................................................................................... 97 4.2.7 Spiritual & Religious Attitude............................................................................... 98 4.3 Literature Review .................................................................................................... 102 iv 4.3.1 Jeffersonian Agrarianism ................................................................................... 102 4.3.2 Citizenship .......................................................................................................... 103 4.4 Development of Leopold’s Ecological Thinking ..................................................... 104 4.4.1 During the 1920s ................................................................................................ 105 4.4.2 During the 1930s ................................................................................................ 108 4.5 Rethinking Economics ............................................................................................. 114 4.5.1 Conservation Economics Research Prospectuses (1934–1938).......................... 114 4.5.2 Proposed Ecological Economics Position (1947) ................................................ 115 4.6 A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There (1949) ............................... 115 4.6.1 Part I: “A Sand County Almanac” (The Shack Sketches) .................................... 117 4.6.2 Part II: “Sketches Here and There” .................................................................... 120 4.6.3 Part III: “The Upshot” ......................................................................................... 123 4.7 Leopold’s Concept of the Self and Implications for Forestry .................................. 134 Chapter 5: Personhood in the Zhuangzi .................................................... 137 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 137 5.2 Religion and Ecology ................................................................................................ 139 5.3 Practical Nature of Chinese Classical Philosophy .................................................... 141 5.4 Historical Context:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Social and Political Criticisms Embedded in Chinese Myths and Legends
    https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2019.75.xiyao SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CRITICISMS EMBEDDED IN CHINESE MYTHS AND LEGENDS HE Xiyao School of English Studies Zhejiang International Studies University Hangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Chinese myths and legends, as popular cultural products, may be subjected to the analytical methods of cultural studies, which is the approach this study adopts when investigating their complex relationship with Chinese society and history. In particular, the social and political criticisms embedded in these myths and legends are studied, and this is done through exploring the reasons for the prominence of the embedded criticisms in Chinese myths and legends, and sorting out the general trend of their development. The prominence is accounted for by the harsh censorship and the influence of the Chu spirit and Taoism on Chinese culture.1 In the development of these criticisms, four stages are marked, each (cor)responding to the historical circumstances and with its own distinct feature. The study concludes with the historicity of Chinese myths and legends; the criticisms are embedded in them and they, in turn, are embedded in Chinese society and history. Keywords: censorship of culture, Chinese myths and legends, Chu spirit, cultural studies, social and political criticisms, strategies and tactics, Taoism APPROACH ADOPTED IN THIS STUDY Among the various approaches to the study of Chinese mythology – and of mythology in general – an important one that has persisted throughout the last century and has remained influential to this day is to study the complex relationship between mythology and society, i.e., how the two have affected, structured, and shaped each other.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sacrality of the Mountain the Sacrality of the Mountain
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 12-2014 The aS crality of The ounM tain Manuel Rivera Espinoza University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, Comparative Philosophy Commons, History of Religions of Eastern Origins Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Rivera Espinoza, Manuel, "The aS crality of The ounM tain" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 2072. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2072 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Sacrality of the Mountain The Sacrality of the Mountain A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts in History by Manuel Rivera Espinoza Universidad de Chile Bachelor in History, 2008 December 2014 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation of the Graduate Council. _______________________________ Dr. Rembrandt Wolpert Thesis Director _______________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Liang Cai Dr. Elizabeth Markham Committee Member Committee Member Abstract In this thesis I explore the conception of the mountain as a “sacred space” based on the definition provided by Mircea Eliade
    [Show full text]
  • Cultic Practices of the Bronze Age Chengdu Plain
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 149 May, 2005 A Sacred Trinity: God, Mountain and Bird. Cultic Practices of the Bronze Age Chengdu Plain by Kimberley S. Te Winkle Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 4.2011 European Association for the Study of Chinese Manuscripts
    No. 4.2011 European Association for the Study of Chinese Manuscripts Contents ● Research Essay: What is a shu 書? by Sarah Allan (p. 1) ● Conference Announcements: Workshop on Qinghua Manuscripts at Dartmouth (March 26, 2011) (p. 6) // Society for the Study of Early China at AAS/ICAS, Honolulu (April 2, 2011) (p. 7) // EASCM workshop 4 in Paris (July 6-8, 2012) (p. 7) ● Conference Reports: ―Manuscript Culture ...,‖ Harvard, May 14-15, 2010 (p. 8) // ―A Bamboo Event ...,‖ Penn State, May 17-18, 2010 (p. 9) // Li Xueqin presents Creel Lecture on Qinghua manuscripts (p. 11) ● New Publications: China’s Early Empire // Yang Xiong and the Pleasures of Reading ... // Studia Orientalia Slovaca (p. 12) ● Self-Introductions of EASCM members: M. Khayutina (p. 13) // E. Shaughnessy (p. 14). ● Research Essay What is a shu 書? by Sarah Allan (17/01/2011)* The recent discoveries of bamboo slip manuscripts from Warring States period tombs are among the most important discoveries since that of oracle bone inscriptions in 1898 because they include philosophical and historical material that is closely related to some of the most important transmitted texts and they are revolutionizing our understanding of the history of Chinese thought. The Shang shu is one of the five classics and closely associated with Confucius, so the manuscripts now in the collection of Tsinghua University are of particular importance because many of them are apparently shu or ―similar to shu.‖1 But what were shu? How do we know a shu when we see (read) it? What distinguishes a shu from other ancient texts? ∗ A Chinese version of this article was published as Ai Lan 艾蘭, ―He wei ‗shu‘ 何為《書》？‖ in Guangming ribao 光明日報 2010/12/10, 12.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Study on Jade As the Origin of Chinese Civilization
    International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature ISSN 2200-3592 (Print), ISSN 2200-3452 (Online) Vol. 5 No. 3; May 2016 Flourishing Creativity & Literacy Australian International Academic Centre, Australia Genetic Study on Jade as the Origin of Chinese Civilization Juan Wu School of Foreign Language, Beijing Institute of Technology, China E-mail: [email protected] Received: 27-11-2015 Accepted: 03-02-2016 Advance Access Published: March 2016 Published: 01-05-2016 doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.5n.3p.73 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.5n.3p.73 Abstract This paper, based on the recent scholarship by Chinese mythologists’ on jade ideology, introduces the theoretical and methodological innovation of Chinese mythology, explores the genetic mechanism of Jade-as-God model, exams the integrated function of jade in the material and spiritual resource possession and distribution, analyzes its relation with the Chinese cultural origin and demonstrates the necessity and capacity of inter-disciplinary interpretation. Keywords: Jade, Comparative Mythology, Myth history, Cultural Origin 1. Introduction When we explore into the genes of a culture, we should grasp the core values of a special society during the interaction between material and concept. In the recent years, the Chinese comparative mythology, initiated by the leading scholar Ye Shuxian proposes that Chinese jade function not only as a material symbol of civilizational origin, but also as a centripetal force that promote the development of prehistoric multi-cultures toward the integrated civilization of Central Plains. Inspired by the proposal, this paper selects and surveys recent scholarship by sinologists, classicists’ on myth and the cultural identity, inspects jade myth and the cultural identity as fluid and interrelated phenomena and explore the core values that accompanied the formation of Chinese civilization and how they function as the spiritual bonding in the formation of Chinese identity.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Yellow Springs to the Land of Immortality
    Schmucker Art Catalogs Schmucker Art Gallery Spring 2021 From the Yellow Springs to the Land of Immortality Sam Arkin Gettysburg College Georgia E. Benz Gettysburg College Allie N. Beronilla Gettysburg College Hailey L. Dedrick Gettysburg College Sophia Gravenstein Gettysburg College FSeeollow next this page and for additional additional works authors at: https:/ /cupola.gettysburg.edu/artcatalogs Part of the Art and Design Commons, Asian Art and Architecture Commons, and the Chinese Studies Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Recommended Citation Arkin, Sam; Benz, Georgia E.; Beronilla, Allie N.; Dedrick, Hailey L.; Gravenstein, Sophia; Gubernick, Alyssa G.; Hobbs, Elizabeth C.; Johnson, Jennifer R.; Lashendock, Emily; Morgan, Georgia P.; Oross, Amanda J.; Sullivan, Deirdre; Sullivan, Margaret G.; Turner, Hannah C.; Winick, Lyndsey J.; and Sun, Yan, "From the Yellow Springs to the Land of Immortality" (2021). Schmucker Art Catalogs. 36. https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/artcatalogs/36 This open access art catalog is brought to you by The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The Cupola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. From the Yellow Springs to the Land of Immortality Description The Yellow Springs is a vivid metaphorical reference to the final destination of a mortal being and the dwelling place of a departed one in ancient China. In the writings of philosophers, historians, and poets during the long period of Chinese history, the Yellow Springs is not only considered as an underground physical locus where a grave is situated, but also an emotionally charged space invoke grieving, longing, and memory for the departed loved ones.The subterranean dwelling at the Yellow Springs is both a destination for a departed mortal being and an intermediary place to an ideal and imaginative realm, the land of immortality where the soul would enjoy eternity.
    [Show full text]
  • Ritualisering Van Funeraire Gebruiken Aan De
    Academiejaar 2011-2012 RITUALISERING VAN FUNERAIRE GEBRUIKEN AAN DE VOORAVOND VAN HET CHINESE KEIZERRIJK Een studie van graven en funeraire cultuur van het Chinese Neolithicum tot en met de Zhou-dynastie. Promotor: Prof. dr. Ann Heirman verhandeling voorgelegd aan de Faculteit der Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, tot het verkrijgen van de graad van Master in de Oosterste talen en culturen door Lore Decock. Inhoudstafel Voorwoord............................................................................................................................ 1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................ 2 Deel 1: Het Neolithicum - genesis van funeraire rituelen ................................................... 5 1.1. Het begrip “Neolithicum” binnen een Chinese context ............................................................ 5 1.2. Het begrip “ritueel” binnen een funeraire context ................................................................... 8 1.3. Archeologie: problematiek en doeleinden ..............................................................................11 1.4. Funeraire gebruiken in het Chinese Neolithicum ....................................................................13 1.4.1. Positionering van het graf en lichaam: controle over de doden ........................................13 1.4.2. Grafstructuur en begravingstijlen: indicaties van sociale stratificatie ...............................22 1.4.3. Grafgiften: prestigegoederen, macht
    [Show full text]
  • Early References to Collective Punishment in an Excavated Chinese Text: Analysis and Discussion of an Imprecation from the Wenxian Covenant Texts
    Bulletin of SOAS, 74, 3 (2011), 437–462. © School of Oriental and African Studies, 2011. doi:10.1017/S0041977X1100036X Early references to collective punishment in an excavated Chinese text: analysis and discussion of an imprecation from the Wenxian covenant texts Crispin Williams1 University of Kansas [email protected] Abstract Susan Roosevelt Weld has observed that the Houma and Wenxian cove- nant texts, excavated texts dating to the fifth century BC, can be considered “examples of collective responsibility”. New materials from the Wenxian covenant texts provide further evidence relevant to this issue. In this article I present my analysis of a previously unseen imprecation, “Cause [you] to have no descendants” 俾毋有胄後. I suggest the excavated covenants pro- vide the earliest references found in a legal context to collective punish- ment, a practice that, while archaic in origin, is generally better known from Qin and later penal codes. I also discuss the scope of the term shì 氏, as it is used in the imprecation, in the context of Mark Lewis’s work defining basic social units in the Zhou period. Keywords: Houma 侯馬 and Wenxian 溫縣 covenant texts 盟書, 俾毋有 胄後, Imprecation, Collective punishment, shì 氏, Lineage, Palaeography Introduction Collective responsibility and collective punishment are commonly associated with the penal codes of the Qin and Han dynasties.2 While such practices 1 I have been working with the excavators of the Wenxian covenants, Hao Benxing 郝本性 and Zhao Shigang 趙世綱 of the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, on the processing and preparation for publication of these texts. I would like to acknowledge my gratitude to them, and to Sun Xinmin 孫新民, the head of the institute, for their support in the use of these materials in my research, and permission to use the images included in this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Model in the Study of Chinese Mythology Author
    A New Model in the Study of Chinese Mythology Author: Yuqing Liu Chinese mythology [shenhua 神話] does not exist independently as a cultural medium like mythology does in the West but, rather, comprises ideological and narrative forms that emerge according to historical and cultural trends. Not only have myths withstood humanity’s conquest of nature, but they have drawn and continue to draw on the mysteries of scientific development for new content. It is possible to identify three highpoints of creativity in the history of Chinese mythology, each corresponding to shifts in the function and nuance of myths. The first highpoint occurred very early on in China’s ancient history, in the period of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors [wudi sanwang 五 帝 三 王 ], when myths were a way to articulate history—that is, history as myth. The second highpoint occurred in the period from the Qin through Jin dynasties, when mythology mainly expounded on philosophy and theory—that is, philosophy as myth. The third highpoint occurred during the Yuan and Ming dynasties, when the narrative content of mythology turned toward the religious—that is, religion as myth. Affiliations: Shanxi UniversityChina [email protected] The Jishi Outburst Flood of 1920 BCE and the Great Flood Legend in Ancient China: Preliminary Reflections Author: Sarah Allan On August 5, 2015, Science published an article by Wu Qinglong and a team of distinguished archaeologists that reported on the discovery of evidence for a massive outburst flood in the upper reaches of the Yellow River c. 1920 BCE. The archaeologists identified this flood with the one brought under control by Yu 禹, who was traditionally regarded as the founder of the Xia dynasty.
    [Show full text]
  • AND LAYOUT DESIGN in ANCIENT CHINA Huang Haijing, Zhejiang Library, PRC, and Xing Wen, Trinity University
    135 “GRAPH-BOOK” AND LAYOUT DESIGN IN ANCIENT CHINA Huang Haijing, Zhejiang Library, P.R.C., and Xing Wen, Trinity University, U.S.A. Ancient Chinese bamboo and silk manuscripts excavated in recent decades have provided us rare material for the examination of form and format of ancient Chi- nese books. These excavated manuscripts can be divided into two categories: ad- ministrative documents and intellectual or literary texts, many of which are an- cient Chinese books that even the greatest bibliographers in ancient China, such as Sima Qian (145–90 B.C.E.) and Liu Xiang (77–6 B.C.E.), etc., had no opportunity to read.1 It is self-evident that excavated administrative documents are records and files of ancient political or business administrations. From the perspective of tex- tual form, they are usually quite different from the conventional understanding of Chinese books. However, excavated intellectual or literary texts that can be grouped into the four traditional jing (classic), shi (history), zi (mas- ters/philosophers), and ji (literary collections) categories, are close to the conven- tional understanding of traditional Chinese books or tushu, literally “graph-book.” This essay will focus on this category of excavated manuscripts to examine the layout characteristics and implications of ancient Chinese excavated bamboo and silk books. TUSHU AND ANCIENT CHINESE BOOKS Tushu or “graph-book” is the general name of Chinese books. The meaning of tu- shu can be interpreted in two different ways: one is graphs and books, and the other is graphic books or books with graphs. Tushu of “graphs and books” is re- corded in transmitted Chinese textual tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • 3.7 Neolithic China: Before the Shang Dynasty
    Indiana University, History G380 – class text readings – Spring 2010 – R. Eno 3.7 NEOLITHIC CHINA: BEFORE THE SHANG DYNASTY The problem of the origins of the Shang polity The Shang state was not a geographically stable entity, centrally ruled from a permanent royal center. It was a shifting pattern of alliances between the frequently-relocated Shang royal house and a variety of tribal or Shang aristocratic chieftains scattered over a large area of north-central China. Shang civilization is one stage in the gradual development of a unified Chinese cultural sphere under central control, a process which culminates in the establishment of the Qin state in 221 B.C. Shang society was built upon an agricultural base. The member regions of the Shang polity were generally themselves agricultural, and the enemies of the Shang tended to be nomadic societies. Unlike the nomadic peoples surrounding them, the Shang seem to have amassed surplus wealth that was very unevenly distributed within Shang society. Shang agriculture was productive, and its surplus tended over time to accumulate increasingly within the Shang elite class and at the Shang capital. Power in the Shang was associated with walled cities where the elite dwelt, surrounded by artisans, who provided them with luxuries, and nearby farming lands for the peasants whose labor provided them with steady incomes. Shang civilization was clearly one in which wealth and power was distributed in a highly “stratified” fashion: the small elite class virtually monopolized both, and the king stood at the pinnacle of that class. How did such a complex, stratified society develop? The answer is complex and not fully known.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae Collis Professor of History, Dartmouth College Publications Books: China's Global Empire: the Qing, 1636-1912
    Curriculum Vitae PAMELA KYLE CROSSLEY Department Address Home Address Department of History P.O. Box 1339 Dartmouth College Norwich VT 05055 Hanover NH 03755 USA 603-646-2589 fax:603-646-3353 email: [email protected] http://www.dartmouth.edu/~crossley/ Collis Professor of History, Dartmouth College Publications Books: China’s Global Empire: The Qing, 1636-1912, Cambridge University Press, forth- coming 2021; Chinese translation forthcoming 2022. Hammer and Anvil: Nomad Rulers at the Forge of the Modern World, Rowman & Littlefield, 2019 (Chinese translation, Beijing United Publishing Company, 2019); Turkish translation forthcoming. The Wobbling Pivot: China since 1800, An Interpretive History, Wiley-Blackwell Publishers, 2010. What is Global History?, Cambridge: Polity Press, Jan 2008 (UK), February 2008 (USA); Chinese translation 全球史什么是 ? [Liu Wenming 刘文明, trans.], Peking Uni- versity Press, 2009, with new introduction, published in Taiwan as 書寫大歷史：閱讀全 球史的第一堂課 by Agora Press); Korean translation 글로벌 히스토리란 무엇인가 [Gang Seon-ju, 강선주, trans,] by Humanist Publishing Company, 2010 with author's intro- duction; Japanese translation ゴローバル・ヒストリー と何か by Shoichi Satō 佐藤 彰 by Iwanami Press, 2012; Turkish translation Küresel Tarih Nedir? [Kahraman Şakul], ISLIK, 2017; Portuguese translation, O que é história global?. (Brasil) Petrópolis: Vozes, 2015; Polish translation forthcoming. A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999; electronic edition, 2001; paperback 2001；digi- tal rights, 2015. The Manchus, Oxford, UK and Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, revised and in pa- perback, 2002; original 1997 (Spanish translation [José Reche Navarro], Los Manchúes: Fundadores del Imperio Qing. Barcelona: Ariel, 2002, paperback 2004); Crossley vita 2 Korean translation Manjujog ui yeogsa 만주족의 역사 [Hwiwoong Yang 양휘웅] with new introduction.
    [Show full text]