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Jellyfish Lakes at Misool Islands, Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia

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Jellyfish Lakes at Misool Islands, Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 19, Number 1, January 2018 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 172-182 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d190124 Jellyfish Lakes at Misool Islands, Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia GANDI Y.S PURBA1,2, ♥, EKO HARYONO1,♥♥, SUNARTO1,♥♥♥, JEMMY MANAN2, LUKAS RUMENTA3, PURWANTO3, LEONTINE E. BECKING4,5 1Graduate Program, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Bulaksumur 55281, Indonesia. Tel./fax.: +62-274-6492348, 545965, ♥email: [email protected], [email protected], ♥♥ [email protected], ♥♥♥ [email protected] 2Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science. Universitas Papua. Jl. Gunung Salju Amban Manokwari, Papua Barat 98314, Indonesia. Tel./fax.: +62-986-211980, 212156, email: [email protected], 3The Nature Conservancy, Indonesia Marine Program, Jl. Pengembak 2, Sanur, Badung 80228, Bali, Indonesia 4Department of Marine Animal Ecology, Wageningen University & Research. De Elst 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands 5Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research. Ankerpark 4, Wageningen, The Netherlands Manuscript received:16 August 2017. Revision accepted: 24 December 2017. Abstract. Purba GYS, Haryono E, Sunarto, Manan J, Rumenta L, Purwanto, Becking LE. 2018. Jellyfish Lakes at Misool Islands, Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 172-182. Misool Islands, located in southern Raja Ampat in West Papua, has dozens of anchihaline lakes (marine lakes). Three of these lakes, Lenmakana, Karawapop, and Keramat, house populations of jellyfish. This study mapped and described the characteristics of the three ‘jellyfish lakes’ during field surveys in October 2015 and May 2016. The lakes ranged in area from 0.5−3.2 hectares. All three lakes harbored Mastigias papua, Lenmakana and Keramat lakes also harbored Aurelia sp., and Keramat had a third jellyfish species Cassiopea ornata. However, at Karawapop the jellyfish were not found on the water surface during the first round of field work because of effects associated with the El Niño phenomenon at that time. As a result of the El Niño effect, at Keramat, brown Mastigias became white in May 2016. The three lakes have different tidal delays (30−120 min) and dampened tidal amplitude (62%) compared to the sea. The benthos was found to be dominated by bivalves (Brachidontes sp.), algae (Cladophora sp., or Halimeda sp.) and sponges (predominantly Haliclona spp. and Tethya spp.). In addition, species of the family Synaptidae (Holothuroidea) were abundant and spread over almost all the bottom of Karawapop Lake, while tube-worms of the Polychaeta class were identified in Keramat Lake. Although these lakes are identified as a conservation area, currently there is no management activity in Lenmakana and Karawapop Lakes, despite the fact that the lakes are growing in popularity as a tourist site. Our paper provides the baseline data for future conservation efforts. Keywords: Anchialine Lake, conservation, jellyfish, Mastigias papua, Marine Lakes, Papua INTRODUCTION Investigations into marine lakes began in Palau, which has become the most researched location until now. The An anchialine lake (marine lake) is a body of seawater first scientific article by Hamner et al. (1982) concerned the surrounded by land without connection to the sea surface, characteristics of Jellyfish Lake in Palau. The consisting of salty or brackish water that fluctuates due to characteristics observed were physical, chemical, and tidal events (Holthuis 1973). Anchialine lakes vary widely biological. The biological characteristics included the habit in shape, size, depth, and distance to the sea. Around the of Mastigias sp., which carry out a regular migration world, there are more than 200 marine lakes with semi- pattern each morning and afternoon. The next topic of submerged karst characteristics concentrated in four main research concerned the thirteen stratified lakes in Palau. locations − Bahamas, Palau, Vietnam and Indonesia (West Stratified or meromictic lake is a lake that is not mixed Papua and East Kalimantan) (Dawson et al. 2009). It has seasonally from top to bottom but remains permanently been reported that Palau has 57 lakes (Colin 2009), Ha stratified for long period of time because of solute density Long Bay in Vietnam has about 46 lakes (Cerano et al. (Hamner 1986 in Hamner and Hamner 1998). Stratified 2006), Derawan Islands in East Kalimantan has 14 pieces lakes are uncommon in tropical areas, but all the jellyfish of anchihaline habitat (Becking et al. 2011), and Raja in Palau were found in such stratified lakes. Hamner and Ampat in West Papua has at least 55 marine lakes (Becking Hamner (1998) explained factors that influence this et al. 2009; Becking et al. 2011; Becking et al. 2014). condition. Fifteen of the lakes in Raja Ampat are in Wayag and Gam, The main studies carried out on M. papua have focused and 40 or more in Misool. on its evolutionary development within the marine lakes in The most renowned marine lakes are Kakaban Lake in Palau (Dawson 2004; 2005; Dawson and Hamner 2003, East Kalimantan (Indonesia) and “Jellyfish Lake” in Palau. 2005). Interestingly, Mastigias sp. is not present in all the These lakes house immense populations of the perennial lakes and if present, its abundance can change drastically jellyfish Mastigias papua and attract thousands of tourists over months or years. The change in abundance is thought who want to swim amongst the jellyfish. to be mostly related to temperature fluctuations (Dawson et PURBA et al. – Marine Lake at Misool, Raja Ampat, Indonesia 173 al. 2001), but the causes may differ between individual (Figure 1). The Misool MPA has an area of 343,200 ha and lakes. includes a chain of karst rock (Mangubhai et al. 2012). Recently, three jellyfish lakes have been located in Three lakes within the karst chain of islands were chosen as Misool, Raja Ampat, West Papua (Becking et al. 2014). research sites: Lenmakana, Karawapop, and Keramat. The One lake even has a population as dense as those found in name of each lake derives from the name of the island Jellyfish Lake Palau, in Hang Du I Vietnam, and in where the lake is located. Kakaban Berau Indonesia. After a brief published account by Becking et al. 2014, there have been no further Procedures publications on this subject. As tourism has been increasing Lake morphology and bathymetry in Misool, there has also been a steady increase in tourist The shape of the lake was obtained using OSM Tracker, visits to these unique lakes. Baseline information on the an android application. An inflatable boat was used and the lakes is still lacking, as is any formal conservation tracker was turned on at a specific starting point before the management plan. In order to provide baseline data to boat proceeded around the lake, and then turned off when inform conservation of the Misool Jellyfish Lakes, the the boat returned to the starting point. Bathymetric data study reported here aimed to document the physical were obtained using a GPMAP 178/178C depth sounder. conditions of the lakes (bathymetry; area dimensions; water The karst walls that surround the lakes meant the GPMAP quality; and tidal regime) and the dominant biota that could not generate the geographic positions accurately. A inhabit the lakes. hand GPS was then used to position the measured depth by GPMAP 178/178C. The boat was manually steered with oars, so it was not easy to control the boat’s stability on the MATERIALS AND METHODS surface when subject to wind and currents. It was difficult to obtain consistent lane tracking to measure the depth. Study area Therefore, as many depth measurements were taken as This research was conducted in the southeastern possible, and the measurements inputted into ArcGIS 10.1 Misool, one of seven Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in software to create the bathymetric maps. the District of Raja Ampat, in West Papa, Indonesia Figure 1. Lenmakana, Karawapop, and Keramat Lakes in Misool Marine Protected Area in southern Raja Ampat, West Papua 174 BIODIVERSITAS 19 (1): 172-182, January 2018 Water quality level data reduced by minimum value of them. The result The water quality parameters measured in this research of subtraction then gets the maximum value which were acidity using a pH meter (Hana Instruments HI 9025); calculated from every 24 hours of data. Mean from these temperature and dissolved oxygen using a YSI 550A maximum value were using for tide amplitude. Also, instrument; and salinity percentage using an Atago hand- simple statistics (maximum, minimum, mean, and standard held refractometer. Measurements were performed at three deviation) and graphs were used in the analysis of the different sites in each lake and the results were averaged temperature time series data. for each lake. Vertical temperature and salinity were measured using a conductivity logger (HOBO U24-002-C). The logger was attached to a wire sling and lowered meter RESULTS AND DISCUSSION by per meter. An U20L HOBO water level logger was installed along with the conductivity logger to get time Lenmakana Lake series data of conductivity and water level. The recording Lenmakana is a meromictic lake (i.e., a stratified lake in time interval was set at one hour. Due to only having 5 which the water layers do not normally mix) located on loggers, a long time series measurement (6 months Lenmakana Island (Figure 1). The time taken to reach the duration) was only performed in Lake Lenmakana and on edge of the lake wall from the sea wall on foot was about the reef in front of Harapan Jaya village. Installation in the 12 minutes and requires climbing over karst rock. This lake sea aimed at comparing the results in the sea with covers 1.25 ha and has an 18 m maximum depth. The measurements in the lake. Loggers were submerged at 2.5 closest edge of the lake is 55. 8 m from the sea, and there is m and 3.5 m depth in the lake and sea, respectively.
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