DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluating and Improving Kernel Stack Performance for Datagram Sockets from the Perspective of RDBMS Applications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluating and Improving Kernel Stack Performance for Datagram Sockets from the Perspective of RDBMS Applications Evaluating and improving kernel stack performance for datagram sockets from the perspective of RDBMS applications Sowmini Varadhan, Tushar Dave Oracle Corporation, Redwood City, CA fsowmini.varadhan, [email protected] Abstract In addition to the actual numbers themselves, interest- ing points that emerged during our investigation were the Applications implementing Relational Database Management gaps between micro-benchmarks and real-world usage, criti- Services (RDBMS Applications) use stateless datagram sock- cal features that directly impacted real workloads, and practi- ets such as RDS[9] and UDP[8]. These workloads are typi- cal factors that impacted deployment for any solution. cally highly CPU-bound and sensitive to network latency, so any performance enhancements to these networking paths is The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. We attractive for RDBMS workloads. We share some findings first describe two types of environments commonly encoun- from our benchmarking experiments using the Linux kernel for tered in RDBMS deployments that are highly sensitive to net- datagram based networking sockets in RDBMS applications work latency and the factors affecting performance in these and discuss potentials for improving in-stack performance us- environments. We provide an overview of the application ing socket types such as PF PACKET. Socket types such as constraints on APIs and tuning parameters offered by per- PF PACKET allow some benefits such as shared memory be- formance accelerating schemes in these environments. The tween user and kernel, and offer the benefits of a streamlined Oracle clustering environment currently uses UDP[8] and data-path with minimal data-copy. However, incorporating RDS[9] sockets. We are currently evaluating the usage of these methods into user-space software libraries for Database PF PACKET sockets in the Cluster. We describe the micro- applications must satisfy existing API constraints which we describe in this paper. benchmark and test-suites used for this evaluation and share the current results from our benchmarking effort as well as As part of this effort we also gained some insights into generic ongoing work in this space. Finally, we share some thoughts performance analysis methods and the restrictions imposed by real-world workloads that are running multiple workloads with for ways to improve Linux Kernel stack latency that are cur- varying packet processing profiles. We share some of the in- rently under investigation. sights gained in this paper. Latency sensitive use-cases encountered in RDBMS Keywords There are two types of use-cases in RDBMS environments RDBMS, PF PACKET, UDP, Benchmarking that are sensitive to network latency. 1. Cluster applications offering services in a distributed com- Introduction puting environment. These services are CPU-bound, request-response transactions involving UDP flows that Relational Database Management Service environments are can be clearly identified by a 4-tuple. composed of a mix of applications, many of which involve transaction based processing over the network. The services 2. Extract Transform Load (ETL) [2]. Here the input comes offered by these applications tend to be highly CPU-bound. in as raw data in JSON or comma-separated values. The The performance challenge in this environment is to deal with Compute Node converts the input to a Relational Database a large volume of network I/O in an efficient manner. format that is stored to disk. The conversion to the Re- At the same time, since I/O for these RDBMS applications lational Database format is a CPU-intensive transform comes from various sources (network, disk, local file-system that preserves all the information while compressing the and NFS), APIs for performance enhancements are also a amount of data to be stored to the disk. The challenge critical factor. in these environments is to find the right balance between Motivated by these goals and constraints, we have in- CPU cycles needed for the transform itself, while also vestigated a few kernel alternatives to UDP/IP, such as keeping up with the input rate coming in over the network PF PACKET. Our investigation has used micro-benchmarks A notable aspect of these environments is that the perfor- such as netperf, and there is an ongoing effort into using mance critical flows involve packets sized close to, or larger PF PACKET usage in Inter Process Communication (IPC) li- than, the MTU of the link. For example, the Distributed Lock braries for actual transaction-oriented RDBMS workloads. Manager is a typical Cluster service the performance-critical traffic involves client requests of 512 bytes, with responses The applicability of each of these techniques to the LMS en- that are usually 8192 bytes. Although the complexity of im- vironment is discussed below. proving network latency of small (64 byte) packet flows tends I/O batching Batching of network input allows the applica- to be the focus of the common benchmarking and perfor- tion to receive multiple client requests efficiently, and process mance investigations, the challenges at the the opposite end of them as a batch, instead of processing one request at a time, the spectrum, namely, improving performance for large pack- with a context switch per request. ets. is less well-understood. For the LMS model, receive-side batching is easily adapt- The ETL and cluster use-cases differ in the type of trans- able to the application paradigm. When the LMS is woken port protocol and socket API used for networking. Clus- from a poll(), select() or epoll, it begins reading ter services tend to be stateless, with un-connected datagram packets from the file descriptor until it either runs out of in- sockets, whereas the ETL traffic comes over a stateful TCP put, or runs out of buffers into which it can process the input. connection. UDP based cluster services manage user-space A typical LMS server has about 64 clients hashing to its ser- state involving sequence number management and acknowl- vice port, so that the likelihood of finding multiple packets edgement tracking with retransmissions to ensure guaranteed, waiting at the input queue is high. Thus batching on the re- reliable, ordered delivery over unconnected datagram sock- ceive side is beneficial to system performance. ets. The stateless nature of the cluster services, and the in- Batching of outgoing responses is a more complicated task. trinsic simplicity of the UDP protocol, renders them more Since a client is blocked until the response to an outstanding amenable to techniques that attempt to bypass the kernel pro- request comes back, and the client cannot send the next re- tocol implementations. As a result of this observation, the quest until the response is processed, inefficient transmit-side focus of this benchmarking study was on UDP based cluster batching by the server can aggravate burstiness in the network applications typified by the Lock Management Server. traffic, resulting in sub-optimal system performance. Lock Management Server The LMS implementation that we used for our study im- plemented receive-side batching of input, but did not batch The Lock Management Server (LMS) is a service provided the outgoing responses, by the Oracle Real Applications Cluster. The LMS is a Dis- tributed Lock Manager that is implemented as a set of pro- Reduction of system-call overhead Current deployments cesses in the cluster which handle transaction oriented ex- of LMS use UDP and RDS transport for inter-process changes with clients that wish to obtain read-only locks on communication. Both of these transports involve one specific buffers owned by back-end database instances. Ac- sendmsg() or recvmsg() call per I/O operation, thus quisition of the lock from the LMS is the bottleneck for the triggering the associated system call overhead per packet. Database Transactions. Reducing the latency of LMS trans- Performance boosting methods such as NETMAP[11] and actions is thus critical to system performance. The servers PF PACKET[7] allow the application to use shared memory listen on a dynamically determined range of ports, and an in- buffers with the kernel and eliminate the need for the sys- coming client request is assigned to a server based on a hash tem call per packet. In addition, the Linux kernel offers the of fields in the UDP payload. The client is blocked until the recvmmsg() system call since Linux 2.3.33, that allows the server’s response is received. In addition, the client has to application to read a batch of input datagrams in one system process the server’s response before it can send the next re- call. Both of these techniques were investigated as part of the quest. The interval between subsequent client requests is thus benchmarking effort. variable, and client input in this environment tends to have a Efficient management of context switches The LMS bursty profile. server has to switch between CPU-intensive back-end com- The server is the actual bottleneck for system performance putations for servicing the client’s request, and CPU cycles in the LMS environment. Computations at the server are to process network I/O. As a consequence of the receive-side CPU bound and occur as follows. The server has the targeted batching model, when the server runs out of network input buffer block loaded into its cache in the steady state. A sin- it falls back to poll(). This results in a context switch gle database instance holds the exclusive lock on the buffer that allows the back-end computation to progress. The ap- in this state. The block can only be modified by the owner of proach of having a dedicated CPU for network I/O and a dif- the exclusive lock. The LMS will have to make a consistent ferent CPU for back-end computation has the drawback that read-only copy of the block when it is requested by a client.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Beej's Guide to Unix IPC
    Beej's Guide to Unix IPC Brian “Beej Jorgensen” Hall [email protected] Version 1.1.3 December 1, 2015 Copyright © 2015 Brian “Beej Jorgensen” Hall This guide is written in XML using the vim editor on a Slackware Linux box loaded with GNU tools. The cover “art” and diagrams are produced with Inkscape. The XML is converted into HTML and XSL-FO by custom Python scripts. The XSL-FO output is then munged by Apache FOP to produce PDF documents, using Liberation fonts. The toolchain is composed of 100% Free and Open Source Software. Unless otherwise mutually agreed by the parties in writing, the author offers the work as-is and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the work, express, implied, statutory or otherwise, including, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, noninfringement, or the absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence of absence of errors, whether or not discoverable. Except to the extent required by applicable law, in no event will the author be liable to you on any legal theory for any special, incidental, consequential, punitive or exemplary damages arising out of the use of the work, even if the author has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This document is freely distributable under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. See the Copyright and Distribution section for details. Copyright © 2015 Brian “Beej Jorgensen” Hall Contents 1. Intro................................................................................................................................................................1 1.1. Audience 1 1.2. Platform and Compiler 1 1.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Mmap and Dma
    CHAPTER THIRTEEN MMAP AND DMA This chapter delves into the area of Linux memory management, with an emphasis on techniques that are useful to the device driver writer. The material in this chap- ter is somewhat advanced, and not everybody will need a grasp of it. Nonetheless, many tasks can only be done through digging more deeply into the memory man- agement subsystem; it also provides an interesting look into how an important part of the kernel works. The material in this chapter is divided into three sections. The first covers the implementation of the mmap system call, which allows the mapping of device memory directly into a user process’s address space. We then cover the kernel kiobuf mechanism, which provides direct access to user memory from kernel space. The kiobuf system may be used to implement ‘‘raw I/O’’ for certain kinds of devices. The final section covers direct memory access (DMA) I/O operations, which essentially provide peripherals with direct access to system memory. Of course, all of these techniques requir e an understanding of how Linux memory management works, so we start with an overview of that subsystem. Memor y Management in Linux Rather than describing the theory of memory management in operating systems, this section tries to pinpoint the main features of the Linux implementation of the theory. Although you do not need to be a Linux virtual memory guru to imple- ment mmap, a basic overview of how things work is useful. What follows is a fairly lengthy description of the data structures used by the kernel to manage memory.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Linux IPC
    An introduction to Linux IPC Michael Kerrisk © 2013 linux.conf.au 2013 http://man7.org/ Canberra, Australia [email protected] 2013-01-30 http://lwn.net/ [email protected] man7 .org 1 Goal ● Limited time! ● Get a flavor of main IPC methods man7 .org 2 Me ● Programming on UNIX & Linux since 1987 ● Linux man-pages maintainer ● http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/ ● Kernel + glibc API ● Author of: Further info: http://man7.org/tlpi/ man7 .org 3 You ● Can read a bit of C ● Have a passing familiarity with common syscalls ● fork(), open(), read(), write() man7 .org 4 There’s a lot of IPC ● Pipes ● Shared memory mappings ● FIFOs ● File vs Anonymous ● Cross-memory attach ● Pseudoterminals ● proc_vm_readv() / proc_vm_writev() ● Sockets ● Signals ● Stream vs Datagram (vs Seq. packet) ● Standard, Realtime ● UNIX vs Internet domain ● Eventfd ● POSIX message queues ● Futexes ● POSIX shared memory ● Record locks ● ● POSIX semaphores File locks ● ● Named, Unnamed Mutexes ● System V message queues ● Condition variables ● System V shared memory ● Barriers ● ● System V semaphores Read-write locks man7 .org 5 It helps to classify ● Pipes ● Shared memory mappings ● FIFOs ● File vs Anonymous ● Cross-memory attach ● Pseudoterminals ● proc_vm_readv() / proc_vm_writev() ● Sockets ● Signals ● Stream vs Datagram (vs Seq. packet) ● Standard, Realtime ● UNIX vs Internet domain ● Eventfd ● POSIX message queues ● Futexes ● POSIX shared memory ● Record locks ● ● POSIX semaphores File locks ● ● Named, Unnamed Mutexes ● System V message queues ● Condition variables ● System V shared memory ● Barriers ● ● System V semaphores Read-write locks man7 .org 6 It helps to classify ● Pipes ● Shared memory mappings ● FIFOs ● File vs Anonymous ● Cross-memoryn attach ● Pseudoterminals tio a ● proc_vm_readv() / proc_vm_writev() ● Sockets ic n ● Signals ● Stream vs Datagram (vs uSeq.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 3 Chapter 2 Examples for FPGA ................................................................................. 4 2.1 Factory Default Code ................................................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Nios II Control for Programmable PLL/ Temperature/ Power/ 9-axis ....................................................... 6 2.3 Nios DDR4 SDRAM Test ........................................................................................................................ 12 2.4 RTL DDR4 SDRAM Test ......................................................................................................................... 14 2.5 USB Type-C DisplayPort Alternate Mode ............................................................................................... 15 2.6 USB Type-C FX3 Loopback .................................................................................................................... 17 2.7 HDMI TX and RX in 4K Resolution ........................................................................................................ 21 2.8 HDMI TX in 4K Resolution ..................................................................................................................... 26 2.9 Low Latency Ethernet 10G MAC Demo .................................................................................................. 29 2.10 Socket
    [Show full text]
  • IPC: Mmap and Pipes
    Interprocess Communication: Memory mapped files and pipes CS 241 April 4, 2014 University of Illinois 1 Shared Memory Private Private address OS address address space space space Shared Process A segment Process B Processes request the segment OS maintains the segment Processes can attach/detach the segment 2 Shared Memory Private Private Private address address space OS address address space space space Shared Process A segment Process B Can mark segment for deletion on last detach 3 Shared Memory example /* make the key: */ if ((key = ftok(”shmdemo.c", 'R')) == -1) { perror("ftok"); exit(1); } /* connect to (and possibly create) the segment: */ if ((shmid = shmget(key, SHM_SIZE, 0644 | IPC_CREAT)) == -1) { perror("shmget"); exit(1); } /* attach to the segment to get a pointer to it: */ data = shmat(shmid, (void *)0, 0); if (data == (char *)(-1)) { perror("shmat"); exit(1); } 4 Shared Memory example /* read or modify the segment, based on the command line: */ if (argc == 2) { printf("writing to segment: \"%s\"\n", argv[1]); strncpy(data, argv[1], SHM_SIZE); } else printf("segment contains: \"%s\"\n", data); /* detach from the segment: */ if (shmdt(data) == -1) { perror("shmdt"); exit(1); } return 0; } Run demo 5 Memory Mapped Files Memory-mapped file I/O • Map a disk block to a page in memory • Allows file I/O to be treated as routine memory access Use • File is initially read using demand paging ! i.e., loaded from disk to memory only at the moment it’s needed • When needed, a page-sized portion of the file is read from the file system
    [Show full text]
  • A Machine-Independent DMA Framework for Netbsd
    AMachine-Independent DMA Framework for NetBSD Jason R. Thorpe1 Numerical Aerospace Simulation Facility NASA Ames Research Center Abstract 1.1. Host platform details One of the challenges in implementing a portable In the example platforms listed above,there are at kernel is finding good abstractions for semantically- least three different mechanisms used to perform DMA. similar operations which often have very machine- The first is used by the i386 platform. This mechanism dependent implementations. This is especially impor- can be described as "what you see is what you get": the tant on modern machines which share common archi- address that the device uses to perform the DMA trans- tectural features, e.g. the PCI bus. fer is the same address that the host CPU uses to access This paper describes whyamachine-independent the memory location in question. DMA mapping abstraction is needed, the design consid- DMA address Host address erations for such an abstraction, and the implementation of this abstraction in the NetBSD/alpha and NetBSD/i386 kernels. 1. Introduction NetBSD is a portable, modern UNIX-likeoperat- ing system which currently runs on eighteen platforms covering nine processor architectures. Some of these platforms, including the Alpha and i3862,share the PCI busasacommon architectural feature. In order to share device drivers for PCI devices between different platforms, abstractions that hide the details of bus access must be invented. The details that must be hid- den can be broken down into twoclasses: CPU access Figure 1 - WYSIWYG DMA to devices on the bus (bus_space)and device access to host memory (bus_dma). Here we will discuss the lat- The second mechanism, employed by the Alpha, ter; bus_space is a complicated topic in and of itself, is very similar to the first; the address the host CPU and is beyond the scope of this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Interprocess Communication
    06 0430 CH05 5/22/01 10:22 AM Page 95 5 Interprocess Communication CHAPTER 3,“PROCESSES,” DISCUSSED THE CREATION OF PROCESSES and showed how one process can obtain the exit status of a child process.That’s the simplest form of communication between two processes, but it’s by no means the most powerful.The mechanisms of Chapter 3 don’t provide any way for the parent to communicate with the child except via command-line arguments and environment variables, nor any way for the child to communicate with the parent except via the child’s exit status. None of these mechanisms provides any means for communicating with the child process while it is actually running, nor do these mechanisms allow communication with a process outside the parent-child relationship. This chapter describes means for interprocess communication that circumvent these limitations.We will present various ways for communicating between parents and chil- dren, between “unrelated” processes, and even between processes on different machines. Interprocess communication (IPC) is the transfer of data among processes. For example, a Web browser may request a Web page from a Web server, which then sends HTML data.This transfer of data usually uses sockets in a telephone-like connection. In another example, you may want to print the filenames in a directory using a command such as ls | lpr.The shell creates an ls process and a separate lpr process, connecting 06 0430 CH05 5/22/01 10:22 AM Page 96 96 Chapter 5 Interprocess Communication the two with a pipe, represented by the “|” symbol.A pipe permits one-way commu- nication between two related processes.The ls process writes data into the pipe, and the lpr process reads data from the pipe.
    [Show full text]
  • Real-Time Streaming Video and Image Processing on Inexpensive Hardware with Low Latency
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department from Electrical & Computer Engineering of Spring 5-2018 Real-Time Streaming Video and Image Processing on Inexpensive Hardware with Low Latency Richard L. Gregg University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/elecengtheses Part of the Computer Engineering Commons, and the Other Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons Gregg, Richard L., "Real-Time Streaming Video and Image Processing on Inexpensive Hardware with Low Latency" (2018). Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research from Electrical & Computer Engineering. 93. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/elecengtheses/93 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research from Electrical & Computer Engineering by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Real-Time Streaming Video And Image Processing On Inexpensive Hardware With Low Latency by Richard L. Gregg A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Telecommunications Engineering Under the Supervision of Professor Dongming Peng Lincoln, Nebraska May 2018 REAL-TIME STREAMING VIDEO AND IMAGE PROCESSING ON INEXPENSIVE HARDWARE WITH LOW LATENCY Richard L. Gregg, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2018 Advisor: Dongming Peng The use of resource constrained inexpensive hardware places restrictions on the design of streaming video and image processing system performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 14: Paging
    Lecture 14: Paging Fall 2018 Jason Tang Slides based upon Operating System Concept slides, http://codex.cs.yale.edu/avi/os-book/OS9/slide-dir/index.html Copyright Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne, 2013 "1 Topics • Memory Mappings! • Page Table! • Translation Lookaside Bu$ers! • Page Protection "2 Memory Mapped • Logical address translated not to memory but some other location! • Memory-mapped I/O (MMIO): hardware redirects read/write of certain addresses to physical device! • For example, on x86, address 0x3F8 usually mapped to first serial port! • Memory-mapped file (mmap): OS redirects read/write of mapped memory region to file on disk! • Every call to read() / write() involves a system call! • Writing to a pointer faster, and OS can translate in the background (also see upcoming lecture) "3 Memory-Mapped File • In Linux, typical pattern is to:! • Open file, using open() function! • Optional: preallocate file size, using ftruncate()! • Create memory mapping, using mmap() function! • Do work, and then release mapping using munmap() function! • Kernel might not write data to disk until munmap() "4 mmap() function void *mmap(void *addr, size_t length, int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset) • addr is target address of mapping, or NULL to let kernel decide! • length is number of bytes to map! • prot defines what mapping protection (read-only or read/write)! • flags sets other options! • fd is file descriptor that was returned by open()! • offset is o$set into file specified by fd "5 mmap() example part 1 • See man page for each of these functions
    [Show full text]
  • Process Address Spaces and Binary Formats
    2/5/20 COMP 790: OS Implementation COMP 790: OS Implementation Logical Diagram Binary Memory Process Address Spaces Threads Formats AllocatorsToday’s and Binary Formats Lecture User System Calls Kernel Don Porter RCU File System Networking Sync Memory Device CPU Management Drivers Scheduler Hardware Interrupts Disk Net Consistency 1 2 1 2 COMP 790: OS Implementation COMP 790: OS Implementation Review Definitions (can vary) • We’ve seen how paging and segmentation work on • Process is a virtual address space x86 – 1+ threads of execution work within this address space – Maps logical addresses to physical pages • A process is composed of: – These are the low-level hardware tools – Memory-mapped files • This lecture: build up to higher-level abstractions • Includes program binary • Namely, the process address space – Anonymous pages: no file backing • When the process exits, their contents go away 3 4 3 4 COMP 790: OS Implementation COMP 790: OS Implementation Address Space Layout Simple Example • Determined (mostly) by the application • Determined at compile time Virtual Address Space – Link directives can influence this hello heap stk libc.so • See kern/kernel.ld in JOS; specifies kernel starting address • OS usually reserves part of the address space to map 0 0xffffffff itself • “Hello world” binary specified load address – Upper GB on x86 Linux • Also specifies where it wants libc • Application can dynamically request new mappings from the OS, or delete mappings • Dynamically asks kernel for “anonymous” pages for its heap and stack 5 6 5 6 1 2/5/20 COMP 790: OS Implementation COMP 790: OS Implementation In practice Problem 1: How to represent in the kernel? • You can see (part of) the requested memory layout • What is the best way to represent the components of of a program using ldd: a process? $ ldd /usr/bin/git – Common question: is mapped at address x? linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff197be000) • Page faults, new memory mappings, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Body Movement and Its Effects on Cyberware 3D Whole
    ANALYSIS OF BODY MOVEMENT AND ITS EFFECTS ON CYBERWARE 3D WHOLE BODY SCANNER A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ College of Engineering and Technology Ohio University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Master of Science By Anmin Hu August, 1999 OHIO UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I, Anmin Hu, would like to take this opportunity to thank several people who make thesis become possible. First, I would like to express my deep appreciation and thanks to my advisor, Dr. Joseph H. Nurre, for his directions. He has been so kind and patient to help me when I had problems. "Thanks a lot! Dr. Nurre". I would like to thank my friend, Collier Jeff and Lewark Eric, who are the graduate students of Dr. Nurre. They always gave me hints and help when I had the troubles. This helps me a lot. I would like to thank Mr. Brian Comer, who is research scientist in US Army Natick RD&E Center, to provide the 3D scan data. Without his assistance, this thesis can not be formed. I also would like to thank Dr. Jeffrey Giesey, Dr. Mehmet Celenk to be the members of the thesis committee and Dr. Bhavin Mehta to be the college representative of the thesis committee. Thanks for your time to revise my thesis. Contents Chapter One Introduction 1 Chapter Two Literature Review 5 Chapter Three Body Sway Analysis in Cyberware WB4 Scanning 10 3.0 Introduction 10 3.1 Analysis Method 10 3.1.0 The Cyberware Whole Body Scanner 10 3.1.1 Scan the Subject with the Cylinder Attached 12 3.1.2 Post-Processing of 3D Cylinder Surface
    [Show full text]
  • CS162 Operating Systems and Systems Programming Lecture 19
    CS162 Operating Systems and Systems Programming Lecture 19 File Systems (Con’t), MMAP October 1st, 2017 Prof. Ion Stoica http://cs162.eecs.Berkeley.edu So What About a “Real” File System? • Meet the inode: Inode Array Triple Double Indirect Indirect Indirect Data Inode Blocks Blocks Blocks Blocks File file_number Metadata ... ... ... Direct ... Pointers ... ... ... ... ... Indirect Pointer Dbl. Indirect Ptr. Tripl. Indrect Ptr. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 11/1/17 CS162 © UCB Fall 2017 Lec 19.2 An “Almost Real” File System • Pintos: src/filesys/file.c, inode.c Inode Array Triple Double Indirect Indirect Indirect Data Inode Blocks Blocks Blocks Blocks File file_number Metadata ... ... ... Direct ... Pointers ... ... ... ... ... Indirect Pointer Dbl. Indirect Ptr. Tripl. Indrect Ptr. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 11/1/17 CS162 © UCB Fall 2017 Lec 19.3 Unix File System (1/2) • Original inode format appeared in BSD 4.1 – Berkeley Standard Distribution Unix – Part of your heritage! – Similar structure for Linux Ext2/3 • File Number is index into inode arrays • Multi-level index structure – Great for little and large files – Asymmetric tree with fixed sized blocks 11/1/17 CS162 © UCB Fall 2017 Lec 19.4 Unix File System (2/2) • Metadata associated with the file – Rather than in the directory that points to it • UNIX Fast File System (FFS) BSD 4.2 Locality Heuristics: – Block group placement – Reserve space • Scalable directory structure 11/1/17 CS162 © UCB Fall 2017 Lec 19.5 File Attributes • inode metadata Inode Array Triple Double Indirect Indirect Indirect Data Inode Blocks Blocks Blocks Blocks File Metadata ... User ... ... Group Direct ... Pointers 9 basic access control bits ... - UGO x RWX ... ... ... Setuid bit ... Indirect Pointer - execute at owner permissionsDbl.
    [Show full text]