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An Experience of Women with Guns Under ZANU PF During the Liberation Struggle of 1972-1980

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An Experience of Women with Guns Under ZANU PF During the Liberation Struggle of 1972-1980 African Journal of History and Culture Vol. 3(2), pp. 27-31, March 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJHC ©2011 Academic Journals Review Real political empowerment or political Gimmick? An experience of women with guns under ZANU PF during the liberation struggle of 1972-1980 Dorothy Goredema and Percyslage Chigora* Department of History and Development Studies, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe. Accepted 02 March, 2011 During and after the liberation struggle, ZANU PF boasted of having liberated women from the clutches of patriarchy by according women the same status with men in the liberation struggle. The party posed as the liberator of its women folk and mythologized female emancipation upon which it could congratulate itself. These writers’ will demonstrate in these and other matters that the political empowerment of women in the liberation struggle was nothing but a political gimmick for the party to win the war and get international sympathy as a socialist democratic party. Key words: Gender, women, empowerment, liberation struggle, ZANU PF, Zimbabwe. INTRODUCTION The armed struggle waged by African nationalists against CONTENDING ISSUES the white minority government under Ian Smith lasted eighteen years. Eventually negotiations and elections ZANU PF`s position regarding female empowerment were held, leading to the independence of Zimbabwe. during the liberation struggle The Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front, ZANU PF won the elections in 1980 and formed a new As already stated there was much rhetoric about government. With the new government, a legend deve- women’s roles in the war. ZANU PF rhetoric claimed that loped about the role of African women in the liberation women had formed a large part of the fighting forces and struggle. ZANU PF boasted about how it had emanci- that they had won equality of status and esteem. How- pated and empowered women during the liberation ever it can be argued that when the liberation struggle struggle. started ZANU PF had no intention of incurporating As such ZANUPF `s alleged transformation of women’s women as fighters. The war was viewed as anal male during the war was proclaimed in a series of publications affair. In 1984, four years after independence Mugabe the pictures shown in the party newspaper, showed admitted that the original view of the party shared within women in action, either in military action, training the party was to recruit male cadres for military training. exercises or operating mounted guns aiming to shoot or He testified that “the belief we had then which obviously receiving military briefing at the front (Nhongo- was a mistaken belief was that only male cadres could Simbanegavi, 2005). The paper through its pictures and prosecute an armed struggle.” (The Herald Reporter, writings left its readers with the impression that the 1984) liberation struggle had afforded women a new status in However from 1972, ZANU PF was forced by circum- society, a new status of empowerment. However it is the stances on the ground to embark on a programme of contention of this paper that the political empowerment of mass recruitment. The intensification of the war made the women during the liberation struggle under ZANU PF leadership to realize that they needed every human was nothing but political rhetoric. resource they could get. Chung (2007) argues that it was the imperative of laying a sound political foundation as well as the bringing in of large quantities of weapons that brought about the need to train women for the first time. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. As such it can be argued that initially ZANU PF had 28 Afr. J. Hist. Cult. no gender agenda for the inclusion of women in the war. Block as the donors were convinced of the party`s The inclusion of women in the war was one of the dedication to the emancipation of the oppressed both unintended outcome of the war. As the party started to men and women. Fortunately for ZANU PF, the height of recruit women, it needed to explain to the public this the armed struggle coincided with the beginning of the sudden change of strategy. To this effect ZANU PF UN Decade for women in 1975. This saw international employed the ideology of socialism. The party stated that attention turning to the experiences of both men and it was a socialist party guided by socialist ideologies and women in the armed struggle. To show its dedication to principles. Mugabe (1983: 81) explained that as a the emancipation of women, an eight-member delegation liberation Movement with a socialist programme, we are from the nationalist parties ZANU and ZAPU was invited particularly interested in the role and position of women in to attend the opening conference of the UN Decade for socialist countries so we can, by comparison, judge our women (Lyonns, 2004: 45). progress or lack of it in the process for the empowerment Here the seeds of women’s liberation were planted and and advancement of our women. ZANU PF received support and sympathy from the Having borrowed the socialist model of the revolution, international community for this noble cause. With the Xai Mugabe then authenticated his new strategy by following Xai Congress of ZANU PF boasted that it had reached a closely in the footsteps of Mao and Lenin. Quoting critical climax of the history of the women’s struggle. The examples from Mao. Mugabe (1983: 82) stated that: party professed that with that conference, it had buried patriarchy since women had won the right to a new status “If women are not drawn into the public service, into on a battlefield (Nhongo-Simbanegavi, 2006: 19). militia, into political life, women are not torn off their However there is need to treat all this socialist rhetoric stupefying house and kitchen environment, it will be with extreme caution as the rhetoric misrepresent the impossible to build even democracy let alone socialism .” facts. In its pre-occupation with racial issues of colonialism. ZANU PF ended up romanticizing gender On another occasion Mugabe (1983: 82) quoted Mao and equality. An analysis of the actual roles played by women stated that: in the liberation struggle makes it abundantly clear that ZANU PF had hardly laid any foundation for a significant “When women all over the country rise up, that will be transformation of gender relation during the struggle. the day of the victory of the revolution. If women are not Gender reforms were never on the movement’s practical emancipated socialism is only half established.” agenda. From the above it can be noted that the rhetoric of women’s emancipation was merged with the discourse of nationalism. As pointed by Lyonns (2004: 44), women Roles played by women under ZANU PF in the were encouraged to see the potential of their own liberation struggle; real empowerment or a political liberation within nationalism. The nationalist discourse of gimmick? socialism emphasized the point that women’s emancipation would result from national independence, The picture that emerges from research clearly shows hence the need for women to fight for independence. As that women `s roles during the liberation were not equal stated by one ZANU PF magazine: to those of their male counterparts. ZANLA leaders allocated women roles as cooks, nurses, porters and ”No progress can be reached without the effective carries. According to Musariri (2010) an ex-combatant: participation of women. Women must now totally dedicate themselves to the revolution. Only through conscious ”Our role as women was that we were carriers of participation in the revolutionary struggle will ammunition. It was actually heavier than instituting the Zimbabwean women gain the confidence of their men. war itself since you were expected to carry a train of The progressive world is aware women are at the fore bullets, medical supplies and a gun to protect yourself.” front of the anti- imperialist fight. Women have scored great achievements .Recognition of the role of women in In another interview, Hofisi (2009) of Gweru, another ex- the struggle for men’s emancipation is of importance by combatant explained that despite the fact that women all progressive forces” (Zimbabwe People`s Voice, 1979: were trained for combat, it was only on very small 10). proportion of women who actually went to the front. It was very, very, rare. The majorities were employed in different The net effect of this socialist rhetoric was that to the way in their various camps, as cooks, nurses and international community the party passed for a true teachers “. socialist party .dedicated to socialist and democratic On the same note, Tongogara`s account also confirms ideas of the liberation of both men and women. how women covered long distance of approximately 180 Consequently donor funding in the form of arms and km on foot with loads of ammunition and other supplies to finances began to pour in particularly from the Eastern hand over to their male comrades at the front. By 1974, Goredema and Chigora 29 the party had created a Women's Detachment specially opportunities. Furthermore the party was well aware that for its purpose. Mrs Moyo who was a member of the being given a position of power does not translate to detachment spoke of how they were often allocated having power to make decisions. The women who were duties: promoted to positions of power during the struggle lacked authority to make decisions to improve the positions of “We started carrying material before training. We carried their fellow women. war materials from Chifombo in Zambia to the front. The These researchers also feel that if ZANU PF was really comrades needed the material to fight the enemy.
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