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(2007) ‘Conditions and trends in urban crime and violence: The case of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil’, Unpublished case study prepared for Global Report on Interpretative Texts of International Human Settlements 2007 Covenants/ Zambuko, O. and Edwards, C. (2007) ‘Effective strategies Conventions of crime prevention: The case of Durban, South ‘Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social Africa’, Unpublished case study prepared for Global and Cultural Rights’ (1998) in Human Rights Report on Human Settlements 2007 Quarterly 20(3): 691–704 Zheng, Y. (2006) ‘A preliminary evaluation of the impact United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and of local accident information on the public perception Cultural Rights (CESCR) 430 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security

‘General Comment No. 2: International technical assis- I Security Council (S/…) tance measures (Article 22 of the Covenant)’, adopted at the fourth session, 1990 S/2001/1015. Enclosure: Report of the Panel of Experts ‘General Comment No. 4: The right to adequate housing pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1343 (2001), (Article 11 (1) of the Covenant)’, adopted at the sixth paragraph 19, concerning Liberia, session, 1991 www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/Liberia2/1015e.pdf ‘General Comment No. 7: The right to adequate housing S/2004/616. The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in (Article 11 (1) of the Covenant): Forced evictions’, Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies, Report of the adopted at the 16th session, 1997 Secretary-General, Available from ‘General Comment No 15: The right to water (Articles www.un.org/Docs/sc/sgrep04.html 11 and 12 of the Covenant)’, adopted at the 29th session, 2002 I Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (E/C.12/…) I United Nations Human Rights Committee E/C.12/1990/8. ‘Revised guidelines regarding the form ‘General Comment No 16: Article 17 (Right to privacy)’, and contents of reports to be submitted by states adopted at the 32nd session, 1988 parties under articles 16–17 of the Covenant on ‘General Comment No 27: Article 12 (Freedom of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, in Report of the movement)’ adopted at the 67th session, 1999 Fifth Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 26 November–14 December 1990, pp88–110 Declarations/Programmes of Actions of United Nations Conferences I Commission on Human Rights (E/CN.4/…) Agenda 21, adopted at the United Nations Conference E/CN.4/RES/1993/77. Resolution 1993/77: ‘Forced on Environment and Development (Rio de Janerio, evictions’ (adopted 10 March 1993) Brazil, 3–14 June 1992), endorsed by General E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2. ‘Guiding Principles on Internal Assembly Resolution 47/190 of 22 December 1992 Displacement’, Addendum 2 to ‘Internally displaced Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development, adopted persons’ the Report of the Representative of the at the World Summit for Social Development, March Secretary-General, Mr Francis M. Deng, Submitted 1995, Copenhagen pursuant to Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1997/39 Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in Resolution E/CN.4/RES/2004/28. Resolution 2004/28: ‘Prohibition 43/181 on 20 December 1988 of forced eviction’ (adopted 10 April 2004) Habitat Agenda and Istanbul Declaration, adopted at the Second United Nations Conference on Human I Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Settlements (Habitat II) (Istanbul, 3–14 June 1996), Protection of Human Rights under the endorsed by General Assembly Resolution 51/177 of Commission on Human Rights 16 December 1996 (E/CN.4/Sub.2/…) Millennium Declaration, adopted by General Assembly E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/8. Study Concerning the Right to Resolution 55/2 of 18 September 2000 Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation for Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements and the Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights and Vancouver Action Plan, adopted at Habitat: United Fundamental Freedoms, Final report submitted by Nations Conference on Human Settlements, Theo van Boven, Special Rapporteur (Vancouver, Canada, 31 May–11 June 1976) E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/7. Expert Seminar on the Practice of Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted at Forced Evictions (Geneva, 11–13 June 1997), Report the World Conference on Human Rights (Vienna, of the Secretary-General Austria, 14–25 June, 1993) E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/17. Housing and Property Restitution in the Context of the Return of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons, Final report of the Special United Nations Resolutions and Other Rapporteur, Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro Documents E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/17/Add.1. Explanatory Notes on the Principles on Housing and Property Restitution for I General Assembly (A/…) Refugees and Displaced Persons, Final report of the General Assembly Resolution 401 (V): ‘Land Reform’ Special Rapporteur, Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro (adopted 20 November 1950) A/RES/55/2. Resolution 55/2: ‘United Nations I International Human Rights Instruments Millennium Declaration’ (adopted 18 September 2000) (HRI/MC) HRI/MC/2006/7. Report on Indicators for Monitoring A/RES/58/289. Resolution 58/289: ‘Improving Global Compliance with International Human Rights Road Safety’ (adopted 11 May 2004) Instruments, Eighteenth meeting of chairpersons of A/RES/60/5. Resolution 60/5: ‘Improving Global Road the human rights treaty bodies, Geneva, 22–23 June Safety’ (adopted 1 December 2005) 2006. Fifth inter-committee meeting of the human A/60/181. ‘The Global Road Safety Crisis: Progress on rights treaty bodies Geneva, 19–21 June 2006 the Implementation of General Assembly Resolution 58/289, Note by the Secretary-General’ References 431

I United Nations Commission on Human Grootboom v Oostenberg Municipality and Others, Settlements (HS/C) 2000(3) BCLR277 (C) Maneka Gandhi v Union of India (1978) 1 SCC 248 HS/C/15/INF.7. Towards a Housing Rights Strategy: ‘Modderklip’ (Modder East Squatters, Greater Benoni Practical Contributions by UNCHS (Habitat) on City Council v Modderklip Boerdery (Pty) Ltd.), SCA Promoting, Ensuring and Protecting the full Realization 187/03, Decided by South Africa’s Supreme Court of of the Human Right to Adequate Housing Appeal on 27 May 2004 ‘Modderklip’ (President of the Republic of South Africa, the Minister of Safety and Security, the Minister of Relevant Court Decisions Agriculture and Land Affairs, the National Commissioner of Police v Modderklip Boerdery (Pty) Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation v Nawab Khan Gulab Ltd), SCA 213/03 Khan & Ors (1997) 11 SCC 121 Olga Tellis v Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985) 3 Akdivar and others v Turkey, European Court on Human SCC 545 Rights, Reports 1996–IV (99/1995/605/693), Decided Phocas v France, European Court of Human Rights, on 16 September 1996 Reports 1996–II, Decided on 23 April 1996 Chapman v United Kingdom, 10 BHRC 48, Decided by Port Elizabeth Municipality v Various Occupiers, 2005 (1) European Court of Human Rights on 18 January 2001 SA 217 (CC) Connors v United Kingdom, European Court of Human Ram Prasad v Chairman, Bombay Port Trust, AIR 89 Rights, Application no 66746/01, Decided on 27 May S.C.R. 1306, Decided on 29 March 1989 2004 Social and Economic Rights Action Center and the Center Cyprus v Turkey, Applications 6780/74 and 6950/75, for Economic and Social Rights v Nigeria, Report of the Commission, paras 208–210, European Communication 155/96 Human Rights Reports 4, p482 Spadea and Scalabrino v Italy. 12868/87 [1995] ECHR Francis Coralie Mullin v The Administrator, Union 35, Decided by European Court of Human Rights on Territory of Delhi, All India Reporter 1981 SC 746 28 September 1995 Government of the Republic of South Africa and Others v Zubani v Italy, European Court of Human Rights, Reports Grootboom and Others, 2000(11) BCLR1169 (CC); 1996–IV, Decided on 7 August 1996 2001(1) SA46 (CC)

INDEX

ACHR (Asian Coalition for Housing Rights) 151 Bangalore (India), driver impairment 228 ActionAid 204 Bangladesh acts of commission/acts of omission 149, 150 community-based disaster risk management 205 adaptation 168 disaster impacts 180, 181 ADB (Asian Development Bank) 212, 229 forced evictions 126 addresses 17 risk insurance 10 ADPC (Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre) 289 road traffic accidents 221 adverse possession 141 urbanization 184 Advisory Group on Forced Evictions (AGFE) 132, 153 barrios sites 32, 77 Afghanistan, tenure security 139, 303–304 basic needs 8 Africa Bathurst declaration 274, 275 flooding 189 Belgium, housing rights 148 forced evictions 124 beneficial complicity 273 AGFE see Advisory Group on Forced Evictions Bhopal (India), human-made disaster (1984) 18, 174, 183, aid agencies 288 210 Algeria, land use planning 205 bicycle lanes 225 Americas, natural disasters 190–191 blat system 50 Amnesty International 273 Bogotá (Colombia), seismic risk 198 Angola, forced evictions 125 Bosnia-Herzegovina Annan, Kofi 266, 273 disaster-response training 294 apartheid 154, 316 security of tenure 131 architectural heritage 182, 205 Bradford (UK), crime prevention 97–98, 304–305 Argentina brain drain, crime and violence 73 disaster risk 179, 180 Brazil economics 4 adverse possession 141 Armenia arms trafficking 63 disaster planning 210, 296 City Statute 272 housing rights 148 favelas 76, 77, 187, 268, 311, 312 Millennium Development Goals 279 gun ownership 78 arms trafficking 62–63, 78, 257 illegal settlements 140 Asia, natural disasters 191 security of tenure 122, 151, 155–157, 268, 312–313 Asian Coalition for Housing Rights (ACHR) 151 tenure rights 148 Asian Development Bank (ADB) 212, 229 youth gangs 64 Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) 289 bribery 59 Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program (AUDMP) 202, Brownfield sites 198 205, 287 Bryant Park, New York 100–101 Auckland (New Zealand), non-motorized transport 226 Buenos Aires (Argentina) AUDMP see Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program crime and violence 20 Australia gated communities 33 crime prevention 90–91 villas miserias 16 expropriation 128 buffer zones 284 property crime 74 building-back-better agenda 214–215, 238, 292 traffic accidents 228 building codes, disaster risk 165, 187–188, 207–208, 322 automatic speed limiters 226 burglary 52, 56–57, 75–76, 240 Azerbaijan, security of tenure 150 business against crime partnerships 305 bus rapid transit 225 buyer affordability 122 434 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security

cadastres 144 disaster risk 184 Cairo (Egypt), City of the Dead 32 violence 12 calamity funds 212 civilization perspective 71 Cambodia civil law, security of tenure 263 community action 304 civil society 37–38 security of tenure 122, 313–314 clientalism 182 Canada climate change 17, 26, 27–28 crime prevention 89, 99, 257 disaster risks 185–186, 289–290 human trafficking 64 closed-circuit television cameras (CCTV) 98, 241, 305 natural disasters 190 coastal land erosion 205 security of tenure 123, 150 cocaine 61 cannabis 61, 228 codes of behaviour 40 capabilities 8 COHRE see Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions capacity-building Colombia crime and violence 92, 235, 256 conflict resolution 102 disaster management 281 crime and violence 13 car crime 240 driver impairment 228 car ownership 223 Millennium Development Goals 279 CBOs see community-based organizations natural disasters 190 CCTV see closed-circuit television cameras terrorist attacks 66 Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE) 16, 124, commercial secrecy 198 151 Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor 153, 154 CESCR see Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Rights (CESCR) 119, 133, 145, 150, 264, 271 chemical releases 167 common law, security of tenure 263 see also human-made... communal tenure 115 Chernobyl (Ukraine) (1986) nuclear disaster 18, 210 communication Chicago (US), heat waves (1995) 181 disaster risk planning 209 child abuse 58, 76 disaster risk reduction 165 child density 14, 70 Hurricane Katrina 290 children partnerships 253 disaster impacts 181 risk 210–211 disaster risk education 296 communitarianism 306 housing rights 155, 317 community action planning 9 human trafficking 63 community-based initiatives road traffic accidents 222 crime and violence 47, 96, 98–99, 105, 235, 242, 260 street 58–59, 76, 186, 308 disaster risk reduction 204 child soldiers 103 community-based organizations (CBOs) Chile, disaster impacts 182 HLP rights 236 China security of tenure 262 disaster impacts 18 community buy-in 14 infrastructure projects 128 community development councils 9, 304 large-scale evictions 128 community groups Olympic Games 129 crime and violence 47, 90–92, 98–99, 255 security of tenure 123, 131, 133 disaster risk 164, 202 urbanization 111, 122 partnership mechanisms 253, 254–255 urban villages 133 pre-disaster planning 165 cholera 10 response to crime 14, 242 chronic vulnerabilities 9, 25 tenure regularization 140 cities community justice 310 risk assessments 197–198 community participation violent crime trends 54–56 crime and violence 99 see also individual cities reconstruction 296 Cities Alliance 138, 153, 262 community risk mapping see participatory risk mapping city charters 272 community view 242 City Development Strategies 257 compulsory acquisition 126–127 city government see local government conditional freehold (‘rent to buy’) 115 city size conflict crime incidence 45, 68 forced evictions 124 Index 435

security of tenure 134 youth gangs 64 conflict perspective 71 crime prevention 50, 106–107 conflict resolution 97, 102, 103–104, 247, 310 capacity-building 235 Confucianism 306 community involvement 98–99, 106, 312 construction see building codes design strategies 240 contact crimes 51–52 evaluation 252–253 contextual vulnerabilities 9, 25 guardianship 100–101 co-operatives 116 integrated development plans 91 coping capacity 168 international cooperation 85–88 corporate complicity, human rights abuse 273 mentoring projects 257 corruption 31, 59, 77, 249 national government 88–90 disaster relief 181 partnership mechanism 105–106, 235, 251–252 policy responses 84, 96 place-based 69 security of tenure 122 public-awareness campaigns 90 see also organized crime Safer Cities Initiatives 87 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 59 social capital 104–105, 247–248 Costa Rica staff training 236 land-use planning 227 urban planning 93, 96, 235, 239–240, 256–257, road traffic accidents 229 304–305 cost–benefit analysis 285–286 urban renewal 105 CPI see Corruption Perceptions Index women’s safety audits 102–103, 246–247 CPTED see crime prevention through environmental design youth crime 103 crime crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) cultural factors 306 69, 88, 97, 98, 106, 248, 256, 312 data 20, 52–53 crime prevention through social development 312 definition 50 Crime Trends Survey 56 fear of 56, 73 crime victimization surveys 20, 52 hotspots 45, 49 criminal damage 240 imprisonment 245–246 criminal justice systems 47, 96, 99, 244, 260 inequality 67–68 restorative justice 101 origins 12 criminal networks 49 recidivism 245–246 criminals, deportation 71 reporting 20, 52 Crips 64 risk factors 246 Crown land 116 young offenders 246 Cuba see also specific crimes disaster-related education 21, 298 crime and violence 3, 4, 5, 7, 11–15, 235–238 disaster risk planning 205, 212, 319–320 brain drain 73 response capacity 211 capacity-building 235, 256 cultural heritage 182–183 community groups 47, 255 culture 38 cultural factors 66–67 crime 66–67 data 20 security 37–38 death-related violence 11–12 violence 12 demographics 70 culture of fear 5, 19, 49, 55, 73 developing countries 92–93 currency reserves 179 economic growth 74 customary law, security of tenure 263 generic victims 35 cyber-crime 52 international cooperation 85–88, 257 local policy 47 DDMC (Dominican Disaster Mitigation Committee) 202 policy responses 84–85, 239–248 deaths policy trends 248–252 homicides 45, 52, 54, 65 predictable phenomena 49 road traffic accidents 10 social intervention programmes 307 suicides 54 tourism 73 terrorism 79 trends 45, 53 traffic accidents 219–220, 231 urbanization 68–69 violence-related 11–12 urban planning 47, 69–70 war casualties 54 victim categories 72 debt crisis, disaster risk 189 vulnerability 25 defensible space 31, 69, 74, 97 436 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security

deforestation 185 urbanization 167, 169–171, 192 Delhi (India) urban processes 183–189 Commonwealth Games 158 see also risk sustainable transport 226 Disaster Risk Index 174 deliberative processes 297 disasters 3–5, 7, 17–19, 163–166, 319–326 Democratic Republic of Congo, volcanic eruption 211 contagion effect 179 democratization, crime rates 46, 71 cultural assets 182 demographics data collection 20, 284 crime and violence 70 definition 163, 168 disaster risk 183 Disaster Risk Index 174 density 3, 10 evacuation planning 292 crime incidence 45, 68 financing reconstruction 189 deportation 46, 71 forced evictions 124 developing countries, crime and violence 92–93 groundwater pollution 178 development-based displacement 153 hazard mapping 164, 192, 196–197 development projects, forced evictions 147 hot spots 17, 163 Dhaka (Bangladesh), urbanization 184, 186 impacts 163, 175–183, 193 Diadema, São Paulo 94–95 cultural 182–183 disability, housing 264 direct 177–178 disaster loss, economic growth 174 economic 178–179 disaster management 167 environment 178 disaster recovery 168 household assessments 199 disaster-resistant construction 207–208, 238, 287–288 political 179–180 disaster response 167, 168, 213–216 social 179–180 building-back-better agenda 214–215 systemic 177–178 disaster-response training 294 industrial accidents 18 disaster risk 163, 168 information 35 assessment 164, 195–201 institutional capacity 25 building control 187–188 insurance 179, 294, 299 city size 184 international frameworks 278 climate change 185–186 microfinance 203, 204 communication 209, 210–211 Millennium Development Goals 278–279 debt crisis 189 mitigation 212, 279, 281 early warning 165, 210–211 policy 36 flooding 185 political space 181 Holistic Vulnerability Index 198 predictable 18 incidence 172 prevention 212 inclusive planning 296 public information campaigns 291 indigenous buildings 288–289 reconstruction 165, 189 infrastructure 165 resilience 38, 165, 201–205, 209, 237 international development policy 189 response 212 land use planning 165, 205 response capacity 165, 211 legislation 203 scale 168–169 mapping 205, 285 security of tenure 133–134 Natural Hazards Risk Index 174 shelter provision 293–294 participatory risk assessments 198–199 technological risk 204 perception 201 terminology 167–168 policy responses 195 training 208 poverty 10–11 vulnerability 9, 25, 167 reduction 169, 204–205, 279 age 181 education 297–298 disability 181 institutional reform 286–287 gender 180–181 land-use planning 283–287 infrastructure 165 legislation 287 reduction 281 private sector 298–299 slums 163, 186–187 simulation exercises 319–320 see also human-made hazards; individual disasters; natural training 289 hazards urban development 282–283 discrimination 133 retrofitting 288 Dispute Resolution Foundation (DRF) 247 Index 437 domestic abuse see intimate partner violence emergency preparedness 280 Dominican Disaster Mitigation Committee (DDMC) 202 emergency recovery loans (ERLs) 213 Dominican Republic emergency services 292 disaster response 215 employment 9 security of tenure 150 terrorist attacks 80 drainage 16 see also unemployment DRF see Dispute Resolution Foundation engineering, indigenous buildings 288–289 driver impairment 228 environment driver training 227 disaster impacts 178 drought 178, 182, 189, 197 urbanization 184–185 drug cartels 13 environmental criminology 69 drug trafficking 61–62, 77, 257 environmental health 167 environmental sustainability, Millennium Development early warning systems 165, 210–211, 237, 278, 280, Goals 279 290–292, 323 epidemic diseases 10, 167 Earthquake Disaster Risk Index 197 Equatorial Guinea, forced evictions 125 Earthquake Lethality Estimation Method 197 ERLs see emergency recovery loans earthquakes 167, 169 ethnic cleansing 144, 270 community participation 296 ethnic identity 13 disaster impacts 177 Europe disaster response 321–322 crime prevention 88 disaster risk 202, 205 natural disasters 191–192 engineering 208 European Court of Human Rights, security of tenure 151 hazard mapping 196 European Pre-Standard on Urban Planning and Crime insurance 321 Prevention 88 megacities 208 evacuation planning 292, 297 schools 197 evictions 123–127 secure tenure 133 compulsory acquisition 126–127 ecological features 3 large-scale 127–128 economic development zones 128 market-based 15, 126 economic growth 4 see also forced evictions crime and violence 74 ex ante actions 23 disaster effects 179 exclusion 4 disaster loss 174, 183 explosions 167 GDP 9 ex post actions 23 macro-economy 30 exposure 198 Ecuador expropriation 126–127 crime and violence 72 externalities 9 disaster-related education 298 extra-judicial killings 50 education 21 extreme weather events 186 conflict resolution 104 disaster resilience 210 familism 306 disaster risk 296, 319 famine 38 Millennium Development Goals 279 FAO see United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization road safety 227 fatigue, traffic accidents 228 self-reliance 297–298 favelas 76, 77, 187, 268, 311, 312 social capital 248 fearscapes 19 young offenders 246 finance Egypt disaster risk management 211–213 illegal settlements 140 reconstruction 294 sea-level rise 290 see also World Bank eijdal land 116 financial markets 27 elderly Finland, housing rights 270 disaster impacts 181 fire 185 heat shock 290 flash flooding 185 housing 264 flooding 3, 167, 169 e-learning 289 Africa 189 electricity 208 Americas 190 El Salvador, disaster risk reduction 283 climate change 28, 186 438 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security

Europe 192 geomorphology 183 hazard mapping 196 Germany land use planning 188–189 housing rights 270 poverty 188 human trafficking 64 urbanization 185 Ghana Florida (US), Safe Neighbourhoods Act 91–92 forced evictions 125 flow losses 177 land registries 144 forced evictions 15, 16, 112, 124–126, 236, 313 speed bumps 227 civil society responses 151–152 GHI (GeoHazards International) 197, 208 development projects 147 GIIF see Global Index Insurance Facility human rights 37, 146, 147 Gini coefficiency 67 infrastructure projects 124, 128–129 GIS see geographic information systems international law 236, 264, 276 Global Campaign for Secure Tenure 124, 152, 262, 263 international mega events 124, 129 Global Corruption Barometer (GCB) 59 international organizations 152–153 global economy 26, 27 land registries 145 Global Index Insurance Facility (GIIF) 294 legal protection 145–148 globalization moratorium 142, 236, 277 organized crime 61 procedural protections 147 tenure security 269 urban beautification 124, 129–130 Global Land Tool Network 143 forced labour 63 global markets 27 foreign currency 213 Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP) 230, 231 foreign investment global warming 17, 27–28 crime rates 46 governance 4, 39 urbanization 183 crime and violence 85 foreign workers 12 corruption 96 foster care 58 policy responses 239–242 France Port Moresby 95–96 disaster impacts 18, 208 processes 93–96 penal mediation 102 responses 88–92, 96–105 road traffic accidents 228 São Paulo 94–95 tenure rights 148 deliberative processes 297 fraud 52 disaster risk 164, 165, 281 freedoms 8, 9, 303 disaster risk reduction 296 freehold 115, 140, 268 reconstruction 295 free trade 4 uncertainty 28–29 Fukuoka Declaration (2001) 8, 274, 275 see also policies grassroots movements 21 gang membership 45 greenhouse gas emissions 186, 290 gang violence 3, 14 gross domestic product (GDP) 9 gated communities 33, 75–76 bribery 59 GCB see Global Corruption Barometer crime correlations 10, 13 GDP see gross domestic product disaster impact 163, 173 gecekondu sites 32, 141, 318 homicide rates 67 gender intimate partner violence 73 disaster impacts 180–181 traffic accidents 163, 220 equality 279 ground rent 116 inheritance 132 groundwater 178 road traffic accidents 222 GRSP (Global Road Safety Partnership) 230, 231 see also women guardianship 100–101 generic victims 35 Guatemala, youth gangs 64 gentrification gun violence 62, 70, 78, 311 forced evictions 124 women 72 market-based evictions 126 Guyana, disasters 212 geographic information systems (GIS) 164, 196, 205, 238, 284 Habitat Agenda 274, 280–281 geography of disaster risk 10 Habitat International Coalition (HIC) 151 geography of misery 10 hate crime 304 GeoHazards International (GHI) 197, 208 hazard, definition 219 Index 439 hazard management 169 Human Development Index (HDI) 174, 223 hazard mapping 164, 192, 196–197 humanitarian agencies, pre-disaster planning 165 hazardous facilities 198 human-made disasters 18, 167, 168, 183, 210 HDI see Human Development Index economic effects 178 health, deprivation 10 incidence 173–174 healthcare costs 78 human-made hazards 168, 197 health services risk assessment 198 crime and violence 74 human rights 36–37 disaster impacts 177 corporate complicity 273 disaster planning 209, 288 disaster risk 203 heat waves 17–18, 171, 181 forced evictions 37, 146, 147 climate change 186, 290 homeless people 270–271 HIC see Habitat International Coalition housing 113, 115, 121 HICs see high-income countries land registries 144 high-income countries (HICs), road traffic accidents 224 property rights 266 HIV 78 residential justice 275–276 HLP see housing, land and property rights right to security of place 267 Holistic Vulnerability Index 198 security of tenure 15, 37, 135, 151, 153–158, 262–268, Holland see Netherlands 317 home, respect for 265 human security home improvement loans 16 definition 8 homelessness 16, 118, 119, 236, 270–271 vulnerability 9 homicides 45, 52 human trafficking 45, 63–64, 78, 257 non-intentional 54 hunger, Millennium Development Goals 279 poverty 67 Hurricane Katrina (2005) 164, 190 rate 54 communication 290 victims 72 evacuation 297 young people 14, 65 governmental response 29, 325–326 Honduras media coverage 19 disaster risk communication 211 peer learning 39 housing rights 148 hurricanes 27, 167, 207 Hong Kong inclusive planning 297 crime and violence 67 hydrology 183 crime prevention 99–101, 107, 244, 306–307 Hyogo Framework for Action (2005–2015) 198–199, 203, response capacity 211 237, 281–282 honour killings 66 hyper masculinity values 67 households 34–35, 179 housing 30 IDB see Inter-American Development Bank crisis 112 ICESCR see International Covenant on Economic, Social and disaster impact 186 Cultural Rights disaster risk 187–188 ICVS see International Crime Victimization Survey loans 16 identity theft 52 market forces 114 IDPs see integrated development plans; internally displaced ownership 115 persons post-disaster borrowing 189 ILO see International Labour Organization price increases 112 imprisonment 245–246 right to adequate 263–264 incident-based reporting systems 20 housing construction inclusion 104, 296–299 building codes 165, 187–188, 207–208, 322 inclusive planning 296–297 corruption 77 India housing, land and property (HLP) rights 236, 266–267, community participation 296 274, 276, 281 disaster impacts 180 housing policy, security of tenure 111 disaster-related education 298 housing prices 123 disaster risk 184, 202 housing rights domestic violence 58 children 317 gun violence 78 legislation 313 hazard mapping 196 Hudood Ordinances 66 Millennium Development Goals 279 human capital flight 74 public transportation 225 440 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security

risk management 210 Programme 216 road traffic accidents 221, 223 international law 36–37 security of tenure 157–158 crime and violence 85–88 tenure rights 148 forced evictions 146, 236, 276 indigenous buildings 288–289 right to housing 264 individuals international mega events, forced evictions 124, 129 rights 7, 8 International Organization for Migration (IOM) 64 security 34–35 international tribunals 276 Indonesia, tsunami (2004) 17, 163, 171 International Tsunami Information Centre 210 industrial accidents 18 Interpol see International Criminal Police Organization inequality 3, 9, 303 intimate partner violence (IPV) 57–58, 67, 76 crime 67–68 crime prevention 102–103, 255, 310 policies 4 disaster impacts 180 infectious diseases, Millennium Development Goals 279 GDP 73 informal economic sector, forced evictions 126 investment, resilience 39 informal settlements 134–135, 142 investment schemes 27 upgrading 139, 303–304 IOM see International Organization for Migration see also slums IPV see intimate partner violence informal transports 224 Iran information disaster-response training 292 culture of fear 49 earthquake (2004) 171 institutions 35–36 Iraq, security of tenure 134 infrastructure ISDR see United Nations International Strategy for Disaster climate change 289 Reduction corruption 77 Islamic law, security of tenure 263 critical 208 Islamic tenure categories 116 disaster impacts 18, 25, 178–179 Istanbul Declaration 280 disaster-resistant 287–288 disaster risk 165 Jamaica forced evictions 124, 128–129 building codes 187 health services 209, 288 crime prevention 89–90, 243–244, 257 property crime 74 deported criminals 71 road safety 226–227 disaster-resistant construction 207 tenure security 16 homicide rates 67 terrorism 79 Operation Kingfish 89, 250, 307 inheritance, gender 132 police training 236 insecurity of tenure see security of tenure Japan institutional capacity 24, 33, 38 housing construction 208 institutional learning 39 retrofitting 288 institutions 24, 35 sea-level rise 290 crime and violence 48 typhoon Tokage 178 crime prevention 50, 105 jurisdiction 254 women’s groups 36 justiceiros 94 insurance disasters 10, 179, 294, 299 Karachi, tenure regularization 138, 139 earthquakes 321 Kenya Natural Hazards Risk Index 175 arms trafficking 63 integrated development plans (IDPs) 91 forced evictions 125 Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) 212 Mungiki movement 79, 308 interest rates 27 private security 75 internally displaced persons (IDPs) 125, 145 security of tenure 131, 150, 153, 154 housing 264 street children 58, 59, 308 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural traffic accidents 221 Rights (ICESCR) 8, 119, 120, 145, 149, 263 Kingston (Jamaica) International Crime Victimization Survey (ICVS) 51 crime and violence 14, 307–308 International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) 86 social capital 248 international development agencies, pre-disaster planning 165 Kobe (Japan) international development policy, disaster risk 189 earthquake (1995) 21, 177, 178–179, 321–322 International Labour Organization (ILO) Crisis Response insurance policies 295 Index 441

Kosovo, security of tenure 131, 145 heatwaves 197 public transportation 226 labour markets 70 transit terrorism 66 Lagos (Nigeria) longer-term shelter strategies 281 response capacity 211 security of tenure 315–316 machismo 103 land administration 143–145 macro-economy 30 land markets Maharashtra Emergency Earthquake Rehabilitation disaster impacts 179 Programme (MEERP) 296 tenure security 268 malaria 10 land registries 144 Malaysia, expropriation 127 land rights 17, 297 MANDISA (Monitoring, Mapping and Analysis of Disaster land sharing 269 Incidents in South Africa) 285 landslides 167, 185, 196 mangrove ecosystems 185 land subsidence 185 Manila, disaster risk reduction 203 land tenure 8, 116, 117, 137 manslaughter 54 land titling 126, 140–143, 216, 313 mapping land use 32 risk 164, 285, 291, 319 cost–benefit analysis 285–286 vulnerability 24, 279 crime prevention 69 marginalization, risk reduction 169 disaster impacts 177 market-based evictions 15, 126 disaster risk reduction 165, 205, 238 mass displacements 112, 124 planning 188–189, 227, 283–287 mass transit systems 66 planning maps 197 MDGs see Millennium Development Goals slums 205–207 media law enforcement 87 climate change 290 laws coverage 3, 19 forced eviction 145–148 culture of fear 49–50 local 8 disaster preparedness 291 see also international law disaster risk education 298 learning culture 84 MEERP (Maharashtra Emergency Earthquake Rehabilitation leasehold 115 Programme) 296 Leeds (UK), automatic speed limiters 226 megacities 183, 208 legislation Mexico disaster risk reduction 287 early warning systems 291 housing rights 313 housing rights 148 road safety 227 natural disasters 190 security of tenure 263, 316 security of tenure 150 see also international law Mexico City (Mexico) Lima (Peru) crime and violence 13, 30 insecurity 19 disaster impacts 182 risk assessment 200 disaster risk 202 linguistic barriers 290 earthquakes 322–323 livelihood losses 177, 280 reconstruction 216, 294 local government tenure insecurity 32 building codes 187 urbanization 183 crime and violence 74, 93–96, 105, 235 microfinance 203, 204 disaster impacts 174–175, 182 micro-insurance 294 disaster response 213–214 migrant workers disaster risk 165 housing 264 disaster risk reduction 202, 203–204, 216, 237 security of tenure 133, 314 finance 211–212 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 119, 138, 189, institutional capacity 33–34 203, 210, 237, 270, 278–279 partnerships 253, 254 misery, villages of 16 reconstruction 165, 213 mitigation 168, 179 resilience 39 modernization perspective 71 security of tenure 272–273 Monitoring, Mapping and Analysis of Disaster Incidents in spatial partnerships 254 South Africa (MANDISA) 285 London (UK) mortality see deaths 442 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security

mortgages 16 Hurricane Katrina 164, 171 Mozambique crime and violence 19 disaster impacts 181 governmental response 29 flooding 31, 170, 323–324 peer learning 39 inclusive planning 296 tenure insecurity 32 Millennium Development Goals 279 New York City (US) mudslides 185 crime prevention 100–101, 309–310 Mumbai (India) crime rates 69 flooding 188, 324 disaster impacts 178 housing rights 158 evictions 122 tenure insecurity 32 World Trade Center attack 79–80, 81 terrorism 65 NGOs see non-governmental organizations urbanization 183 Nicaragua Mungiki movement 79, 308 disaster impacts 182 Myanmar, forced evictions 130 disaster relief 212 disaster risk planning 205 Nairobi (Kenya) housing rights 148 crime 46, 70, 308–309 youth gangs 78 Mungiki movement 79 Nigeria road safety 225 forced evictions 124, 125, 126, 152 Safer Cities Programme 87 security of tenure 150, 151 social capital 248 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) street children 59, 76 corruption 59 Natech events 177 crime and violence 235 National Development Foundation (NDF) 208 disaster risk 164, 202 national governments participatory risk assessments 198–199 crime and violence 73–74, 88–90 security of tenure 151, 157, 262, 273 disaster impacts 174, 182 non-intentional homicide 54 disaster response 215–216 non-motorized transportation 225–226 disaster risk 165, 203 norms 40 finance 212 nuclear disasters 18, 210 reconstruction 165 tenure security 147–148 OAS (Organization of American States) 202 see also individual countries Oceania, natural disasters 192 nationalist movements 13 OCPI (Organized Crime Perception Index) 60–61 natural disasters 167, 168, 319–326 Ogata, Sadako 7 Africa 189 Olympic Games 129 Americas 190–191 Operation Kingfish 89, 250, 307 Asia 191 Organization of American States (OAS) 202 economic effects 178 organized crime 45, 59, 60–61, 76–77 Europe 191–192 drug trafficking 61 incidence 172–173 street children 76 Oceania 192 Organized Crime Perception Index (OCPI) 60–61 see also individual disasters orphanages 58 natural hazards 168 over-consumption, disaster risks 185 mapping 196–197 ownership 199 Natural Hazards Risk Index 174–175, 197 natural surveillance 97 PAHO see Pan American Health Organization NDF (National Development Foundation) 208 Pakistan neighbourhood councils 91 building codes 187 neighbourhood watch 50 crime and violence 66–67 Nepal, earthquake safety 208 earthquake (2005) 17, 165, 171 The Netherlands security of tenure 152 crime prevention 257 structural violence 66 flood management 21, 324–325 Panama, forced evictions 146 institutional learning 39 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) 203, 205, 209, land use planning 206 288 New Orleans (US) pandillas 78 crime and violence 19 Paris (France), heat waves (2003) 181 Index 443 participation 38, 296–299 pollution, groundwater 178 participatory-GIS 284–285 population instability 68 participatory risk assessments 198–199 Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea), crime prevention participatory risk mapping 164, 291, 319 95–96, 245, 310–311 participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools 200 Portugal, housing rights 148 partnership mechanisms post-disaster loans 203, 294 capacity-building 256 post-disaster recovery 292 crime prevention 105–106, 251–253, 256, 312 post-traumatic stress disorder 72, 180 disaster risk reduction 281 poverty 3 implementation 253 crime 45, 67 spirit of partnerships 254, 260 disaster impact 186 structural problems 254–255 disaster risk 10–11 UN-Habitat Safer Cities Programme 258 flooding 188 pavement dwellers 16 indigenous buildings 288–289 peaceable schools 104 Millennium Development Goals 279 Peace and Love in Society 247 risk reduction 169 peace-building, security of tenure 134 road traffic accidents 223 pedestrian walkways 225 robbery 74–75 peer learning 39 tenure insecurity 16, 124 peer mediation 104 urbanization 4 penal mediation 102 violence 13 People against Gangsterism and Drugs 14 vulnerability 10, 24 People’s Republic of China, security of tenure 314–315 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) 189, 296 per capita income 9, 29 PRA (participatory rural appraisal tools) 200 perceptions 19–20, 201 pre-disaster registration 215 personal crimes 51–52 preparedness 168 Philippines primary education, Millennium Development Goals 279 disaster risk planning 206 prisons 247, 250 forced evictions 147 privacy, right to 265 housing rights 148, 149 private-sector companies, forced evictions 125, 273 security of tenure 150, 151 private security 14, 46, 75 Phnom Penh (Cambodia) private tenure 116 security of tenure 122 privatization 4 tenure types 118 property crimes 52, 74 physical vulnerability 23 property owners 37 Pinheiro Principles 265 property restitution 145, 265–266 place-based crime prevention 69 property rights 116, 265 point source data 198 property value, crime 46, 74 Poland, sea-level rise 290 prostitution 78 police 93 proxy data sources 198 architectural liaison officer 97 PRSPs see Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers disaster risk 209 psychological trauma 177 Hong Kong 99–100, 101, 244, 307 public consultation 37 public confidence 244–245 public housing 112 resistance to change 244 public information campaigns 291 Police Mediation Unit 247 public order offences 52 policies public safety 93–94 crime and violence 47, 84–85, 96–105, 239–249 public spaces 31, 75 non-traditional responses 250 public tenure 116 disaster risk 195 public transportation inclusive planning 296–297 road safety 225–226 participation 296–299 terrorist attacks 80–81 risk response 24 public understanding 21 road safety 229–230 tenure insecurity 137, 313 quality of life, culture of fear 73 tenure regularization 137–140 urban 39 recidivism 245–246 urban inequality 4 reconstruction 213–216, 238 political space 181 building-back-better agenda 214–215, 238, 293 444 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security

community participation 296 RMC (risk management committee) 209 disaster risk reduction 216 road safety 165 disaster survivors 293 driver impairment 228 financing 165, 189, 212 infrastructure 226–227 governance 295 international cooperation 230 insurance 294–295 land-use planning 227 record-keeping 215 policies 229–230 refugees 31 safe behaviour 227–228 housing 264 urban planning 224–225 property restitution 145 road traffic accidents 10, 163, 165 re-housing 206 data collection 230 relief aid 179 driver impairment 228 relocations 38, 153 economic impacts 220–221 see also forced evictions global trends 219–221 remote sensing 164 mortality 219–220, 231 renting 115, 186 prevention 224–230 respect for home 265 response 228 resettlement 138 risk factors 222 residential justice 275–276 safety equipment 229 resilience 23, 24, 35–39, 168 urbanization 223–224 civil society 37–38 vulnerability 221–222 disaster 201–205 robbery 52, 56, 74–75 disaster risk assessment 198 Roman–Dutch law, security of tenure 263 disasters 38, 165, 169, 209 Russian Federation international law 36–37 housing rights 148 investment 39 see also Soviet Union local government 39 Rwanda, market-based evictions 126 microfinance 203 urban development 296 safe havens 85 response capacity, disasters 165 Safe Neighbourhoods Act 91–92 restorative justice 101–102, 103 Saint Lucia, housing construction 208 retrofitting 288 salt intrusion 185 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) San Francisco (US), earthquakes 177 crime and violence 311 sanitation 9, 16, 208 disaster risk 187 São Paulo (Brazil) land use planning 188 car ownership 223 risk crime prevention 98–99 definition 23 crime rates 69 see also disaster risk Diadema 94–95, 99, 247 risk assessment 200–201 disaster risk 185 disasters 164, 195–201 homicide rates 55 early warning 210 tenure regularization 139 participatory 198–199 satellites 197, 201 risk categories 10 school buses 297 risk chain 23 schools risk communication 210–211 building codes 187, 207, 288 risk factors 10, 23 disaster planning 210 crime and violence 47, 96–97, 246 earthquakes 197 crime prevention 102–105 non-violent conflict resolution 247 risk management 23 violence 104 finance 211–213 young offenders 246 risk management committee (RMC) 209 sea-level rise 3, 28, 182, 186, 290 risk mapping security GIS 285 community factors 34 participatory 164, 291, 319 cultural factors 37–38 risk outcome 24 disaster response 215–216 risk perception 201 evidence 20–21 risk response 23 global forces 26–27 risky events 167 human rights 267 Index 445

individual 34–35 Shimla (India), disaster risk 184 municipal factors 33 silent complicity 273 national factors 29–31 Simmel, Georg 12 New York 100–101 Singapore, land-use planning 227 perceptions 19–20 situational crime prevention 69 privatization 14 skyscrapers 185 public understanding 21 slope instability 185 urban factors 31–33 slums 9, 114 security of tenure 3–4, 7, 15–17, 111–114, 117–121, 262 disaster risk 176 acts of commission/acts of omission 149, 150 disaster vulnerability 163, 186–187 civil society responses 151–152 forced evictions 16 corruption 122 health threats 10 disasters 133–134, 186 land-use planning 205–207, 284 evictions 15 population increase 121–122 expropriation 126–127 security of tenure 111, 120–121, 135, 237 forced evictions 15, 16, 112, 124–126, 236, 312–319 upgrading 137–140, 279 civil society responses 151–152 vulnerability 3, 10, 163, 186–187 development projects 147 see also favelas infrastructure projects 124, 128–129 Small Arms Survey 62, 70 international law 236 social capital 37, 47, 97, 104–105, 107 international mega events 124, 129 crime and violence 235, 247–248 international organizations 152–153 disaster resilience 201 land registries 145 disaster risk 319 legal protection 145–148 social development, crime prevention 99 procedural protections 147 social fragility 198 urban beautification 124, 129–130 social isolation 186 human rights 15, 37, 135, 151, 153–158, 262–268, 317 socialization 311 impacts 120–121 social vulnerability 23 informal settlements 134–135, 303–304 solidarity 87, 202 infrastructure projects 128–129 South Africa international law 36 crime prevention 305–306 international organizations 152–153 culture of fear 73 land administration 143–145 disaster risk mapping 285 land titling 126, 140–143 expropriation 127 local government 272–273 forced evictions 145 market-based evictions 15, 126 housing rights 148 measurement 20, 119–120 inheritance laws 132 migrant workers 133 integrated development plans 91 Millennium Development Goals 119, 138 murder rates 71 policy responses 137, 158–159 private security 75 statutory tenure 142 road traffic accidents 229 tenants 131–132 security of tenure 122, 154–155, 156, 316–317 tenure regularization 137–140, 142 technological risk 204 urban poor 131 vigilantism 14 violations 148–151 violence 14 vulnerability 25, 26, 31–32 violence against women 59 women 37, 132 Soviet Union sediment deposition 205 ‘blat’ system 50 seismic protection skills 296 see also Russian Federation Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) 37, 216, Spain, housing rights 148 279 spatial change 33 self-reliance 297–298 spatial partnerships 254 self-report crime surveys 20 special social interest zones 151, 269 Sen, Amartya 7, 38 speed bumps 227 SEWA (Self-Employed Women’s Association) 37, 216, see also road safety 279 squatters 34, 68, 116 sex tourism 78 adverse possession 141 shadow economy 49 crime and violence 310 shelter provision 293–294 disaster impact 186 446 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security

gecekondu sites 318 Trinidad and Tobago, tenure rights 148 informal cities 134–135 tropical cyclones 186 Turkey 112 tsunami (2004) 17, 163, 171, 320–321 Sri Lanka ecological damage 178 community development councils 304 land titles 216 disaster response 215 reconstruction 165, 215, 293 disaster risk management 202 risk communication 210 secure tenure 133, 142 risk perception 201 stakeholders 201, 256 secure tenure 133 statutory tenure 142 tsunamis 169 stock markets, disasters 179 Turkey stool land 116 building codes 187 street children 58–59, 76, 186, 308 disaster impacts 182 street layouts 70, 97 disaster-resistant construction 207, 287 street lighting 97 earthquake (1999) 177, 179 street widening 69 gecekondu sites 32, 141, 318 structural violence 51, 66 illegal settlements 140 substance abuse 228 Natech events 177–178 Sudan, forced evictions 125, 273 security of tenure 318–319 suicides 54 squatter communities 112 Sungusungu 50 supply shock 70 Uganda earthquake safety 208 tabloids 49 tenure rights 148 Tajikistan, Millennium Development Goals 279 UK see United Kingdom Tanzania uncertainty 28–29 crime and violence 50 UNDP see United Nations Development Programme tenure rights 148 unemployment target effect 65 crime prevention 50 technological risk 204 crime rates 45 telecommunications 208 young people 70–71 tenants, security of tenure 131–132, 142 UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and tenure, types 115–116 Cultural Organization) 182, 205 tenure insecurity see security of tenure UN-Habitat 119, 296 tenure regularization 137–140, 142 UN-Habitat Framework for Sustainable Relief and community-based upgrading 140 Reconstruction 281 terrorism 47, 79 UN-Habitat Global Campaign for Secure Tenure 113 urban terrorism 65–66, 81 UN-Habitat Global Campaign on Urban Governance 104 Thailand UN-Habitat Safer Cities Programme 86–87, 236, 258–260 disaster-related education 298 capacity-building 256 housing 30 criminal justice 245, 249 road traffic accidents 229 non-traditional approaches 250 security of tenure 151–152, 269, 317–318 Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea 95–96 tenure regularization 139 scaling up 259 tornadoes 167 social capital 104–105 Toronto (Canada), crime prevention 99, 100, 243–244, strategic focus 259–260 311–312 urban planning 241 tourism, crime and violence 73 vulnerability 107 traffic UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) 58–59, 298 congestion 225 United Kingdom (UK) management 228–229 adverse possession 141 see also road safety; road traffic accidents bicycle use 227 traffic lights 226 buyer affordability 122 transients 68 closed-circuit television cameras 98 transit points 63 crime prevention 88, 89, 251 Transparency International 31, 60 Bradford Unitary Development Plan 97–98, 304–305 transport accidents 169 international support 257 see also road traffic accidents urban planning 241, 257 tribal rights 116 disaster risk reduction 203 Index 447

gun ownership 78 Africa 189–190 Homeless Persons Act 271 climate change 290–291 housing rights 270 crime rates 68, 81 human-made hazards 197 disaster risk 10–11, 167, 169–171, 183–184, 192 land use planning 188–189 environmental hazards 184–185 private security 75 flooding 185 security of tenure 132, 268 housing 111 tenure rights 148 human security 9, 303 United Nations, road safety 230 road traffic accidents 223–224 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) 58–59, 298 urban life, road traffic accidents 219–220 United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized urban planning 39, 40 Crime 60, 85–86 crime and violence 47, 69–70, 85 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 174, crime prevention 93, 96, 235, 239–240, 256–257, 196, 212 304–305 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural disaster impacts 179 Organization (UNESCO) 182, 205 disaster risk reduction 165, 238, 283 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) inclusion 296–297 134, 143 private sector 299 United Nations Global Compact 273 road safety 224–225 United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement traffic accidents 165 264 urban poor United Nations Housing Rights Programme 120 security of tenure 131 United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction tenure categories 117 (ISDR) 207, 279, 298 tenure regularization 138 United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC) 60 urban processes, disaster risk 183–189 United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security (UNTFHS) urban regeneration 139, 303 disaster impacts 179 United States (US) forced evictions 124 adverse possession 141 urban renewal, crime prevention 105 Bryant Park 100–101 urban terrorism 65–66, 81 crime prevention 88–89, 100–101, 252, 257, 309–310 urban villages 133 crime rates 20, 53 US see United States deportation 71 gun ownership 78 vehicle burglary 56, 75 heat stress 18 Venezuela, disaster resilience 202 homicide death rate 70 victims housing construction 208 burglary 75 human-made hazards 197 categories 72 human trafficking 64 vigilantism 14, 101 hurricane risk perception 201 villas miserias (villages of misery) 16 inclusive planning 297 violence natural disasters 190 arms trafficking 78 New York 100–101 categories 51 Safe Neighbourhoods Act 91–92 child abuse 58 school security 104 cities 12 security of tenure 122 cultural factors 66 traffic accidents 228, 229 definition 51 university cities 128 forced evictions 124 UNODC see United Nations Office on Drug and Crime interpersonal 13 UNTFHS see United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security intra-family 12 urban authorities, disaster risk 164 schools 104 urban beautification, forced evictions 124, 129–130 state-sponsored 13 urban design 39, 240 terrorism-related 47 urban development women 102, 246 disaster risk reduction 282 see also crime and violence; gun violence; intimate Habitat Agenda 280 partner violence resilience 296 violence continuum 11 urban government see local government violence-related deaths 11–12 urbanization volcanoes 184 448 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security

Africa 189 gender equality 279 early warning systems 291 human trafficking 63 hazard mapping 196 inheritance 132 risk communication 210–211 intimate partner violence 57, 67, 76 vulnerability mobilization 37 capacity of institutions 24 reconstruction 215 community level 34 safety audits 102–103, 246–247 crime and violence 72–73, 107, 235, 311 security of tenure 132 definition 23 shelter reconstruction 293 disasters 9, 25, 163, 167 structural violence 66 age 181 tenure insecurity 37 disability 181 women’s organizations 21, 35 gender 180–181 women’s safety audits 102–103 infrastructure 165 World Bank local capacity 204 disaster financing 207, 212, 213 Natural Hazards Risk Index 174–175 post-disaster borrowing 189 scale 169 reconstruction 294 Holistic Vulnerability Index 198 tenure security 268 household level 34–35 World Health Organization (WHO) human-made hazards 198 disaster mitigation 288 human security 9 intimate partner violence 57 institutional capacity 24, 33–34 traffic accidents 163, 219 isolation 290 violence definition 51 macro-economic factors 30–31 violence-related deaths 11–12 national factors 29–30 World Heritage List 182, 205 per capita income 29 World Seismic Safety Initiative 208 poverty 10, 24 World Summit on Social Development (WSSD) (2005) 8 road traffic accidents 221–222 World Trade Center attack 79–80 security of tenure 130–133 WSSD (World Summit on Social Development) (2005) 8 slums 3 traffic accidents 165 young people urban level 31–33 crime and violence 47, 311 vulnerability mapping 24, 279 disaster impacts 181 early marriage 58 Walking School Bus 226 mortality 70 wantok system 310 non-violent conflict resolution 247 war casualties 54 road traffic accidents 222 Washington (DC, US), murder rate 55 youth waterborne diseases 10 crime 70, 103, 246 watersheds 205 gangs 64–65, 78–79, 308 wealth 4 homicides 65 weapons 62 unemployment 70–71 weather patterns 186 violence 14 welfare, per capita income 30 white collar crime 52 Zambia WHO see World Health Organization culture of fear 73 Williams, Jody 266 disaster risk reduction 205 windstorms 169, 190, 196 domestic violence 58 women security of tenure 151 crime and violence 47, 72 zero tolerance 14 crime prevention 102–103, 246 Zimbabwe disaster mitigation 296 disaster impacts 181 disaster response 215 forced evictions 16, 126, 129–130 disaster risk 202, 203 zoning 205 discrimination 133