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Is the Sri Lankan Tourism Sector Prepared for Climate Change?

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Is the Sri Lankan Tourism Sector Prepared for Climate Change? Sounding the alarm: Is the Sri Lankan tourism sector prepared for climate change? by Sarah Tam A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2019 © Sarah Tam 2019 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract The United Nations has concluded that climate change is unequivocal and without a rapid decarbonization of the global economy there will be risks of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts. The World Bank also emphasized that no scenario exists by which the Sustainable Development Goals of 2030 could be met in a world transformed by climate change. Climate change has already affected the sustainability and competitiveness of global tourism yet it remains to be one of the least prepared economic sectors for the risks and opportunities of climate change. Several studies have highlighted persistent and significant regional knowledge gaps within the scholarship on tourism and climate change – particularly in the South and South- East Asia sub-regions where global tourism is expected to grow the fastest by 2030. Consequently, it is unclear the scale and scope of potential climate change impacts on tourism in these countries or how the tourism sector is planning for climate change in policy and practice. Tourism is Sri Lanka’s third largest economic sector and has been earmarked as one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change by the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment. This thesis fills the regional knowledge gap and examines the preparedness of Sri Lanka’s tourism sector at the national scale (Phase I) and the destination level (Phase II). Phase I established the state of knowledge of climate change risks and impacts facing the tourism sector and reviewed the policy coherence between Sri Lanka’s national tourism strategy and climate adaptation plan. Phase II examined tourism stakeholder perceptions’ of climate change and identified barriers to climate adaptation at the embedded case study site (Unawatuna). This study found that Sri Lanka’s tourism sector is not prepared for climate change. The policy review indicated that climate change receives minimal attention in the tourism strategy and therefore does not enable stakeholders to take a proactive and planned approach to adaptation. Interviews suggested that despite being acutely aware of changes in the climate system, climatic conditions were not a priority in the context of other more immediate challenges among tourism stakeholders in Unawatuna. In light of these findings, this thesis recommends the following actions: 1) Conduct research studies to improve understanding of sector relevant climate change risks and impacts; 2) Communicate climate change as a local problem to tourism stakeholders; and 3) Strengthen institutional capacities to mainstream adaptation. These findings can be used to inform future tourism policies and adaptation plans in Sri Lanka and can offer insight on mainstreaming adaptation in other developing countries facing similar challenges. iii Acknowledgements My Master’s journey has challenged me immensely but offered equal opportunities for growth, friendships, and discovery over the past few years – and for that I am grateful. To current and prospective Master’s candidates, I encourage you to seek your relationships for support because they will be the light through moments of uncertainty and self-doubt. I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Daniel Scott, for his continued support and guidance. Your work at the intersection of global change and tourism provided a foundation for me to develop my research. Whether it was through an email or a Skype call – to Sri Lanka or Singapore - I thank you for sharing your time, knowledge, resources, and constructive comments. To my committee member, Dr. Johanna Wandel, your insights about community- based vulnerability from around the globe have been immensely helpful in situating my research at a destination level. I would also like to extend my appreciation to the participants who offered time and space for this study. Thank you for sharing your insight, memories of harder times, and laughter. This research would not have been possible without the support of my dear friends in Sri Lanka and colleagues at WUSC, Uniterra, and RTB. A special note of appreciation to Esther McIntosh, Harshani Samarajeewa, and Nishantha Samaratunga - thank you for believing in me and my research, for helping me navigate through the complexities of the development space, and for the filling me with fresh coconuts and pol sambol delight. To Aslam Anver, I am grateful that our friendship blossomed from a two-hour tuk-tuk ride. Thank you for your conversation and powers of connection. Sri Lanka will forever hold a special place in my heart. To the GEMs of 2016 – what a ride it has been since we questioned geography in GEOG 691. A special thank you to Megan Sutton and Dana Moss, who have always been a source of friendship despite being cities and oceans away. Thank you to Vivan Chan, Emma Tamlin, Jessica Low, Alvanny Ng, Matthew Leung, Anthony Lau, and Connie Kuang for always checking in on me and for being a welcomed distraction – when needed, of course. To Khim Jean-Pierre, thank you for cheering me on no matter the circumstance. Last but not least, my utmost gratitude and appreciation for my family. To my parents, Kenny and Corinna, thank you for walking with me throughout this journey and for your reminders of faith. You have been the firm foundation when I needed it the most and I am forever grateful to have such loving and understanding parents. To my siblings – Josh, Ben, and iv Anna – thank you for helping me see the bigger picture. I can honestly say that I would not be where I am today without your mentorship and encouragement since the beginning. To my in- laws – Louisa and Dave, you have both been wonderful additions to my life and I am lucky to have you both as confidants. To my nieces – Selah and Madeline, time to watch Paw Patrol and Frozen ten more times! v Dedication 這篇論文是獻給我的祖父母的: 譚津 黃雄 馮仲嬌 蔡金鳯 This thesis is dedicated to my grandparents. Your hardships do not go on unnoticed. Thank you for paving this path for me. vi Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ ix List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. x List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Study context ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Study goals and objectives ................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Structure of thesis ................................................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Climate change ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 Climate change observations and projections through the 21st century ............................. 5 2.2.2 Key concepts in climate change adaptation ...................................................................... 7 2.3 Tourism ................................................................................................................................. 9 2.3.1 Sustainable tourism.........................................................................................................10 2.4 Coastal tourism and climate change ...................................................................................13 2.4.1 Impact of climate change on coastal tourism ...................................................................14 2.5 Vulnerability of the coastal tourism sector to climate change ...........................................16 2.5.1 Coastal tourism vulnerability to sea level rise and storm surge ........................................17 2.5.2 Coastal tourism vulnerability to ocean temperature and acidification ..............................17 2.5.3 Coastal tourism vulnerability to human influence ............................................................18 2.6 Challenges facing adaptation implementation....................................................................18 2.6.1 Addressing the challenges ...............................................................................................21 CHAPTER 3 ..................................................................................................................................23 3.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................23
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