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Thiago Andrade N° d’ordre : ANNÉE 2013 THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 sous le sceau de l’Université Européenne de Bretagne pour le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 Mention : Biologie Ecole doctorale Vie Agro Santé (VAS) présentée par Thiago Andrade préparée aux unités de recherche ECOBIO « Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution » (UMR CNRS 6553) et IGEPP « Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes » (UMR INRA 1349) UFR OSUR – Observatoire des Sciences de l’Univers de Rennes Thèse soutenue à Rennes le 4 novembre 2013 devant le jury composé de : Evolution Joan van Baaren spatiotemporelle de PR, Université de Rennes 1 / directeur de thèse Yannick Outreman la diversité et du PR, Agrocampus-Ouest / co-directeur de thèse Jacques Brodeur fonctionnement d’une PR, Université de Montréal / rapporteur Sandrine Petit guilde de DR, Université de Bourgogne / rapporteur Philippe Vernon parasitoïdes DR, Université de Rennes 1 / examinateur David Giron CR, Université de Tours / examinateur Co-encadré par : Liliane Krespi MC, Université de Rennes 1 2 SOMMAIRE FINANCEMENT ........................................................................................................................... 6 REMERCIEMENTS...................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPITRE 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 11 A. Les Guildes Ecologiques ............................................................................................................... 11 I. Définition ....................................................................................................................................... 11 II. Propriétés d’une guilde ................................................................................................................. 12 B. Diversité d’une guilde .................................................................................................................. 13 I. Théorie des niches et spécialisation .............................................................................................. 13 II. Influence de l’environnement sur la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle .............................. 16 a. Contexte paysager local ........................................................................................................... 16 b. Influence du climat ................................................................................................................... 19 C. Fonctionnement d’une guilde ...................................................................................................... 22 I. Evolution des traits d’histoire de vie ............................................................................................. 22 II. Interactions écologiques et diversité phénotypique ..................................................................... 27 D. Contexte, objectifs et plan de la thèse ......................................................................................... 30 CHAPITRE 2 : MODELES BIOLOGIQUES .......................................................................... 32 A. Hyménoptères Parasitoïdes ......................................................................................................... 32 B. Pucerons ...................................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPITRE 3 ............................................................................................................................. 43 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 44 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 45 Materials and methods .......................................................................................................................... 47 Field Data ................................................................................................................................................ 47 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 48 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 49 3 Spatiotemporal structure of parasitoid communities ............................................................................. 49 Host resource availability and host-parasitoid trophic interactions ....................................................... 53 Host species exploitation ........................................................................................................................ 56 Discussion .............................................................................................................................................. 58 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................. 61 CHAPITRE 4 ............................................................................................................................. 62 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 63 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 63 Materials and methods .......................................................................................................................... 67 Study sites ............................................................................................................................................... 67 Parasitoid data ........................................................................................................................................ 67 Landscape variables ................................................................................................................................ 69 Data analysis ............................................................................................................................................ 69 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 71 Aphid-parasitoid community structure ................................................................................................... 71 Life history trait driving factors and trait correlations ............................................................................ 72 Functional diversity ................................................................................................................................. 76 Discussion .............................................................................................................................................. 76 Parasitoid species traits and trait trade-offs ........................................................................................... 77 Environmental filtering: annual and regional contexts ........................................................................... 78 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 80 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................. 81 CHAPITRE 5 ............................................................................................................................. 82 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 83 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 84 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................................................... 85 Estimation of host resource availability and exploitation ....................................................................... 85 Effects of host quality and host fidelity on parasitoid fitness ................................................................. 86 Statistical analysis .................................................................................................................................... 87 4 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 87 Estimation of host resource availability and exploitation ....................................................................... 87 Effects of host quality on parasitoid fitness ............................................................................................ 88 Discussion .............................................................................................................................................. 90 Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................................
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