DISSERTATION ASSESSMENT PROFORMA: Empirical 1
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Cardiff School of Sport DISSERTATION ASSESSMENT PROFORMA: Empirical 1 Student name: Daniel St Paul Student ID: ST10001361 Programme: SES Dissertation title: The Performance Analysis of Race Distribution for Elite Male 400m Hurdlers. Supervisor: Darrell Cobner Comments Section Title and Abstract Title to include: A concise indication of the research question/problem. Abstract to include: A concise summary of the empirical study undertaken. Introduction and literature review To include: outline of context (theoretical/conceptual/applied) for the question; analysis of findings of previous related research including gaps in the literature and relevant contributions; logical flow to, and clear presentation of the research problem/ question; an indication of any research expectations, (i.e., hypotheses if applicable). Methods and Research Design To include: details of the research design and justification for the methods applied; participant details; comprehensive replicable protocol. Results and Analysis 2 To include: description and justification of data treatment/ data analysis procedures; appropriate presentation of analysed data within text and in tables or figures; description of critical findings. Discussion and Conclusions 2 To include: collation of information and ideas and evaluation of those ideas relative to the extant literature/concept/theory and research question/problem; adoption of a personal position on the study by linking and combining different elements of the data reported; discussion of the real-life impact of your research findings for coaches and/or practitioners (i.e. practical implications); discussion of the limitations and a critical reflection of the approach/process adopted; and indication of potential improvements and future developments building on the study; and a conclusion which summarises the relationship between the research question and the major findings. Presentation To include: academic writing style; depth, scope and accuracy of referencing in the text and final reference list; clarity in organisation, formatting and visual presentation 1 This form should be used for both quantitative and qualitative dissertations. The descriptors associated with both quantitative and qualitative dissertations should be referred to by both students and markers. 2 There is scope within qualitative dissertations for the RESULTS and DISCUSSION sections to be presented as a combined section followed by an appropriate CONCLUSION. The mark distribution and criteria across these two sections should be aggregated in those circumstances. CARDIFF METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY Prifysgol Fetropolitan Caerdydd CARDIFF SCHOOL OF SPORT DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE THE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF RACE DISTRIBUTION FOR ELITE MALE 400M HURDLERS Dissertation submitted under the discipline of PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS DANIEL ST PAUL ST 10001361 DANIEL ST PAUL ST10001361 CARDIFF SCHOOL OF SPORT CARDIFF METROPOLITAIN UNIVERSITY THE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF RACE DISTRIBUTION FOR ELITE MALE 400M HURDLERS Cardiff Metropolitan University Prifysgol Fetropolitan Caerdydd Certificate of Student By submitting this document, I certify that the whole of this work is the result of my individual effort, that all quotations from books and journals have been acknowledged, and that the word count given below is a true and accurate record of the words contained (omitting contents pages, acknowledgements, indices, tables, figures, plates, reference list and appendices). Word count: 10563 Date: 18/03/13 Certificate of Dissertation Supervisor I am satisfied that this work is the result of the student’s own effort. I have received a dissertation verification file from this student Name: Date: Notes: The University owns the right to reprint all or part of this document. Table of Contents Page No: Acknowledgments i Abstract ii Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction to Study 1 1.2 Direction of Study 2 1.3 Limitations 2 1.4 Delimitations 2 1.5 Definition of Terms 3 Chapter 2. Literature review 2.1 Performance Analysis 4 2.2 The 400m Hurdles 5 2.3 The Coaching Process 9 2.4 Performance Indicators 10 2.5 Performance Analysis in the 400m Hurdles 12 Chapter 3. Method 3.1 Research Design 17 3.2 Data Collection 18 3.3 Coding Template 19 3.4 Procedure 21 3.5 Data Processing 22 3.6 Models 22 3.7 Reliability 22 Chapter 4. Results Page No: 4.1 Results 24 4.2 Touchdown Splits 24 4.3 200m Splits 25 4.3.1 PI1, PI2, PI3 27 4.4 Stride Pattern 28 4.5 Flight Time 30 4.6 Race Distribution 32 4.6.1 Models 32 4.6.2 Visualisation of Race Distribution 34 Chapter 5. Discussion 5.1 Discussion 37 5.2 Delhi 37 5.3 Touchdown Times 38 5.3.1 200m Splits 40 5.4 Stride Pattern 40 5.5 Flight Time 41 5.6 Race Distribution 42 5.6.1 Subject A 43 5.6.2 Subject B 43 5.6.3 Subject C 43 5.6.4 Subject D 44 5.6.5 Application 44 5.7 Limitations 45 Chapter 6. Conclusion Page No: 6.1 Conclusion of Study 46 6.2 Future Research 47 References 48 Appendices Appendix A A-1 Appendix B B-1 Appendix C C-1 Appendix D D-1 List of Tables Table Title Page No: 1. A matrix presenting performance indicators 11 identified by the relevant literature to date. 2. Performance indicators and operational definitions. 17 3. Mean absolute difference reliability test results on 23 Felix Sanchez’s performance at the 2012 London Olympic Games. 4. Matrix indicating levels of significance between 24 hurdle segments. 5. PI values for this study, excluding the Delhi final. 27 6. PI values for this study, including the Delhi final. 37 7. Matrix indicating levels of significance between 39 hurdle segments (excluding Delhi). One-Way ANOVA of touchdown splits from all 8. A-1 athletes (excluding Delhi). 9. Scheffe Post Hoc Test of touchdown splits from all A-2 athletes (excluding Delhi). 10. One-Way ANOVA of athletes’ 200m splits and PI1, B-1 PI2 and PI3. 11. Scheffe Post Hoc Test of athletes’ 200m splits and B-2 PI1, PI2 and PI3. 12. Stride pattern data of all the subjects. C-1 13. One-Way ANOVA of flight times (‘-1’ to ‘+1’) D-1 14. Pearson’s Correlation of flight times (‘-1’ to ‘+1’) D-1 Table Title Page No: 15. One-Way ANOVA of extended flight times (‘-2’ to D-2 ‘+2’). 16. Pearson’s Correlation of extended flight times (‘-2’ D-2 to ‘+2’). List of Figures Figure Title Page No: 1. Standard set up of the 400m Hurdles event. 8 2. A simple schematic diagram representing the 9 coaching process. 3. Some performance indicators that contribute to 10 success or improved performance in hurdle events, adapted from Hughes and Bartlett (2002). 4. Contact points extended to two strides either side 14 of the hurdle. 5. Coding window developed to quantify the 19 performance indicators chosen. 6. Diagram illustrating what each code button 20 represented in terms of instances in a 400m hurdle race. 7. Breakdown of the coding template. 20 8. Boxplot graph representing the range of touchdown 25 splits obtained by elite athletes within each hurdle section. 9. Boxplot graph representing the range of 1st 200m 25 times at each 400m hurdle final. 10. Boxplot graph representing the range of 2nd 200m 26 times at each 400m hurdle final. 11. Boxplot graph representing the range of 200m 26 differentials from athletes in each final. Figure Title Page No: 12. Comparison between performance indicator values 28 obtained by Greene et al. (2011) and this study. 13. Frequency distribution of the number of strides for 29 each race segment. 14. Frequency distribution of the number of strides for 29 each race segment (Ditroilo and Marini, 2001). 15. Scatter plot showing a weak positive relationship 31 between flight time (‘-1’ to ‘+1’) and performance time. 16. Scatter plot showing a slightly negative relationship 31 between extended flight time (‘-2’ to ‘+2’) and performance time. 17. Differences at each hurdle segment between the 32 proposed model, and the two other models obtained from elite athlete coaches. 18. Subject A’s three races plotted against Model 1. 33 19. Subject A’s three races plotted against Model 2. 33 20. Subject A’s race distribution 34 21. Subject B’s race distribution. 35 22. Subject C’s race distribution. 35 23. Subject D’s race distribution. 36 24. Boxplot graph representing the range of touchdown 39 splits obtained by elite athletes within each hurdle segment, excluding race data from Delhi. Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank Darrell Cobner for his continued support throughout the process of completing this dissertation. Secondly, I would like to thank my family and friends for their continued encouragement. i Abstract The finals of the male 400m hurdles events, at the 2012 London Olympics, 2012 London Diamond League, 2011 World Championships in Daegu and 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, were observed for analysis. A computerised notation system was used to examine performance indicators such as touchdown times, 200m splits, stride patterns and flight times, in order to understand the race distribution of present day, elite male 400m hurdlers. This study revealed that present day elite male 400m hurdlers tend to run a considerably quicker 1st 200m compared to their 2nd 200m. This resulted in greater 200m differentials, which disagreed with most previous literature that stated lower 200m differentials correlate to better overall performance. Furthermore, flight times were found to have a weak positive correlation to overall performance times, whereas, extended flight times were found to have a weak negative correlation. This study suggested that it was due to the importance of stride pattern and rhythm that these results were found. Race distribution was explored through a predictive model developed by this study. Dense, naturalistic and visual representations of athletes race distributions were conveyed in a form intuitive for coaches and athletes.