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Cost-Share Cultural Resource Survey of 23 Areas of Historic Interest Within Culpeper County, Virginia

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Cost-Share Cultural Resource Survey of 23 Areas of Historic Interest Within Culpeper County, Virginia COST-SHARE CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY OF 23 AREAS OF HISTORIC INTEREST WITHIN CULPEPER COUNTY, VIRGINIA by Sean P. Maroney Prepared for Virginia Department of Historic Resources and Culpeper County, Department of Planning Prepared by DOVETAIL CULTURAL RESOURCE GROUP January 2009 Cost-Share Cultural Resource Survey of 23 Areas of Historic Interest Within Culpeper County, Virginia by Sean P. Maroney with contributions from Kerri S. Barile, Heather Dollins Marco González, Brad Hatch, and Kerry Schamel-González Prepared for Virginia Department of Historic Resources 2801 Kensington Avenue Richmond, Virginia 23221 and Culpeper County, Department of Planning 302 N. Main Street Culpeper, Virginia 22701 Prepared by Dovetail Cultural Resource Group 300 Central Road, Suite 200 Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401 Dovetail Job #07-066 January 2009 ABSTRACT In January of 2008, Dovetail Cultural Resource Group began a multi-phase reconnaissance-level investigation of architectural and archaeological resources located within 23 specified Areas of Historic Interest (AOHI) in Culpeper County, Virginia. The project was completed at the request of the Culpeper County Department of Planning in satisfaction of requirements outlined in the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR) cost-share survey program contract. The multi-phase survey comprised a Phase I- level investigation of all historic architectural properties over 50 years in age and a general evaluation of each area’s potential archaeological value. Following the fieldwork, a comprehensive Data Sharing System packet was completed for each surveyed resource, including an architectural description, statement of significance, location maps, and sets of both black & white and color digital photographs. In addition, three of the areas of interest deemed potentially eligible for listing as historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) were subjected to more in-depth investigations and documented in a Preliminary Information Form (PIF) to be submitted to the DHR for their review. The 23 surveyed AOHIs included: Brandy Station, Cedar Mountain Battlefield, Cunningham Farm, Fleetwood Hill, Griffinsburg, Hansborough Ridge, Hansborough Ridge Encampment, Hazel River, Jeffersonton, Jonas Run, Kelly’s Ford, La Grange, Lignum, Mitchell’s, Mount Pony, Mountain Run, Raccoon Ford, Rapidan, Richard’s Ford, St. James Church, and Stevensburg. Two other areas, Beverly’s Ford and the Rappahannock River Fortifications, were also among the original list of twenty-three AOHIs. However, due to issues with scheduling and restricted property access, surveys at each locale could not be completed in time for their inclusion in this summary of findings. Dovetail is still working to resolve the issues described. In total, Dovetail completed surveys of 274 new and previously-recorded historic properties in 21 of the 23 targeted areas of historic interest. The resultant pool of surveyed resources spans the entire spectrum of Culpeper County’s cultural development, dating from early prehistoric periods through the current millennium. The temporal distribution of individually recorded sites is consistent with the pattern seen in many other areas of the state: a scattering of pre-Civil War era buildings intermixed with a preponderance of buildings dating to both the postbellum period and the years between the two world wars. In Culpeper County, 99 of the 274 recorded properties (36.1 percent) were constructed between 1865 and 1917, and another 65 (23.7 percent) between 1917– 1945, the result of successive building booms, which took place in the wake of Reconstruction and again in the years following World War I. Culpeper County’s heritage resources also comprise a diverse collection of site types, landscape features, and built elements. Individually, they reflect an equally diverse spectrum of function and purpose: domestic, commerce/trade, transportation, industry, education, religion, and military. When examined collectively, this constructed historic i landscape also very clearly reflects the County’s rich rural heritage and pattern of lifeways and, to a slightly lesser extent its long-standing role as a crossroads community (i.e., transportation themes). Though many of Culpeper’s rural areas and landscapes have managed to survive largely intact, increasing pressures in recent decades from population growth, new development, and economic fluctuations have begun impacting many of the area’s cultural heritage resources. Signs of pervasive deterioration and neglect were noted in many of the areas of historic interest surveyed. The loss of this built heritage, in turn, impacts public memory and erodes the long-standing historic identities of many of Culpeper’s communities. Recommendations for future historic preservation efforts include the maintenance of a consistently-updated inventory, the hiring of a preservation planner, completion of a formal Countywide Preservation Plan, expanded preservation-oriented education and outreach efforts, and a more nuanced approach to heritage tourism. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... i INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................... 1 Current Survey and Report Organization ....................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... 3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY............................................................................................ 5 HISTORIC CONTEXT ...................................................................................................... 7 Prehistoric Periods .......................................................................................................... 7 Paleoindian Period (13,000–10,000 B.P.) ................................................................... 7 Archaic Period (10,000–3200 B.P.) ............................................................................ 8 Woodland Period (3200–400 B.P.) ............................................................................. 9 Contact Period ........................................................................................................... 10 Historic Period .............................................................................................................. 11 Settlement to Society Period (1607–1750) ............................................................... 11 Colony to Nation Period (1750–1789) ...................................................................... 12 Early National and Antebellum Periods (1789–1860) .............................................. 12 Civil War Period (1861–1865).................................................................................. 13 Reconstruction and Growth Period (1865–1917) ..................................................... 14 World War I and World War II Period (1917–1945) ............................................... 15 The New Dominion Period (1945–Present) .............................................................. 16 SURVEY RESULTS ........................................................................................................ 17 Overview of Survey Results ......................................................................................... 17 Individual AOHIs .......................................................................................................... 24 Brandy Station .......................................................................................................... 24 Cedar Mountain Battlefield ....................................................................................... 36 Cunningham Farm .................................................................................................... 43 Fleetwood Hill .......................................................................................................... 46 Griffinsburg............................................................................................................... 52 Hansborough Ridge and Hansborough Ridge Winter Encampment ........................ 57 Hazel River/Ryland Chapel ...................................................................................... 63 Jeffersonton ............................................................................................................... 70 Jonas Run and Mountain Run ................................................................................... 78 Kelly’s Ford .............................................................................................................. 86 Lagrange ................................................................................................................... 94 Lignum ...................................................................................................................... 99 Mitchells ................................................................................................................. 105 Mount Pony ............................................................................................................. 113 Raccoon Ford .........................................................................................................
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