Empiricism Structuralism Functionalism Experimental

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Empiricism Structuralism Functionalism Experimental

SAMPLE OF HOW TO USE THE MODIFIED CORNELL NOTES Terms Notes My Thoughts What are the roots of Psychology? • 400 B.C.E, Socrates & Plato – knowledge is innate-born within us • 300 B.C.E, Aristotle – knowledge not innate but grows from our experiences and memories • 1650-1700’s: • Renee Descartes– Agreed with Plato & Socrates; attempted to figure Interesting that the political out how mind and body communicate. Brain fluid (animal spirits) philosophers are also the sends signals through nerves (hollows) to muscles. psychology guru’s. Begs the • Francis Bacon– a founder of modern science, believed in experiment, question: How are politics experience & common sense judgment, researched the mind and its and psychology related? failings. The human mind searches for patterns to make sense of things. • John Locke– “the mind is a blank slate” on which experience writes. With Bacon, helped to form modern empiricism. knowledge is based on experience and science should rely on Empiricism observation and experimentation. What are the beginnings of Modern Psychology? • 1879 – Wilhem Wundt, psychology’s first experiment measuring “atoms of the mind” – the fastest & simplest mental processes • Early branches of psychology include, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, Gestalt, Psychoanalysis Structuralism Edward Bradford Titchener, Cornell U; understand the structural elements of the mind through self-reflective introspection; unreliable from person to person, unexplainable – the why we do what we do can’t be answered Functionalism William James, Harvard; how mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable us to adapt, survive, and do well. Study the emotions, memories, willpower, habits, & streams of consciousness. • First female PhD in Psychology – Mary Calkins, Harvard denied her the honor, but first female APA Pres, 1905; Margaret Washburn Initial surprise that Harvard refused to recognize Calkin’s became first female PhD in Psych, APA Pres, 1921 • William James wrote first Psychology text, Principles of Psychology accomplishments, pg. 5 Explore behavior and thinking with experiments Experimental psychology How did psychology develop from 1920 – today? … Summary: CU’s: What are the five In trying to understand why we do what we do through observation, the science of psychology schools of early psychology? was born. The roots of psychology start with the early Greek philosophers Plato and Socrates, structuralism, functionalism, with Wundt being the father or modern psychology… behaviorism, Gestalt, Psychoanalysis Who is the father of psychology? Wilhelm Wundt What is psychology? The study of behavior and mental processes. .

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Perceptual Variation and Structuralism
NOUSˆ 54:2 (2020) 290–326 doi: 10.1111/nous.12245 Perceptual Variation and Structuralism JOHN MORRISON Barnard College, Columbia University Abstract I use an old challenge to motivate a new view. The old challenge is due to variation in our perceptions of secondary qualities. The challenge is to say whose percep- tions are accurate. The new view is about how we manage to perceive secondary qualities, and thus manage to perceive them accurately or inaccurately. I call it perceptual structuralism. I first introduce the challenge and point out drawbacks with traditional responses. I spend the rest of the paper motivating and defending a structuralist response. While I focus on color, both the challenge and the view generalize to the other secondary qualities. 1. Perceptual Variation Our perceptual experiences tell us that lemons are yellow and sour. It’s natural to infer that lemons really are yellow and sour. But perceptions vary, even among ordinary observers. Some perceive lemons as slightly greener and sweeter. This gives rise to a challenge that forces us to rethink the nature of perception and the objectivity of what we perceive. For concreteness, I’ll focus on the perceptions of two ordinary observers, Miriam and Aaron. I’ll also focus on their perceptions of a particular lemon’s color. These restrictions will make the challenge easier to understand and the responses easier to compare. But the challenge and responses are perfectly general. Toward the end of the paper I’ll return to sourness and the other secondary qualities. When Miriam and Aaron look at the same lemon, their perceptions differ.
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The Meanings of Structuralism : Considerations on Structures and Gestalten, with Particular Attention to the Masks of Levi-Strauss
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