E2213 Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized
Ministério da Energia
Avenida 25 de Setembro E S Maputo - Moçambique 2 1218 – C.P. 1381 Tel. 21357600 M F Fax: 21357668/44
Public Disclosure Authorized
P ACRONYMS ABBREVIATIONS ESMF
Acronyms & Abbreviations
CNELEC Energy Advisory Regulator DINAIA The National Directorate of EIA (Environmental Documentation) DNAIA Environmental Impact Evaluation Directorate - Direcção Nacional de Avaliação do Impacto Ambiental DNAPOT Territorial / Land Planning and Development Directorate - Direcção Nacional de Planeamento e Ordenamento Territorial DNFFB National Directorate of Forestry and Wildlife DNGA Environmental Management Directorate - Direcção Nacional de Gestão Ambiental DNPA Environmental Awareness Promotion Directorate - Direcção Nacional de Promoção Ambiental DPADER Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Rural Development DPCA Provincial Directorate for Coordination of Environmental Action EA Environmental Assessment EAR Environment Assessment Regulations EAS Simplified Environmental Assessment - Estudo Ambiental Simplificado EDM National Electricity Company - Electricidade de Moçambique s EFP Environmental Focal Point EFP/GP Environmental Focal Point/Governor’s Office s EFP/ME Environmental Focal Point/Ministry of Energy
e EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan c EPDA Environmental Pre-feasibility Study and Definition of the Scope - Estudo de Pré-Viabilidade Ambiental e Definição do Âmbito ERAP Energy Reform & Access Programme c ESIA Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
A ESMF Environmental and Social management Framework ESMP Environmental & Social Management Plan FIAP Preliminary Environmental Information Sheet - Ficha de Informação Ambiental Preliminar
& FUNAE National Energy Fund - Fundo Nacional de Energia GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gases GoM Government of Mozambique t GWh Gigawatt hour n HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HSEMP Health, Safety and Environmental Management Plan. e IEE Initial Environmental Examination
m INNOQ National Institute for Standardization and Quality kV Kilovolt p KW Kilowatt m Meter o ME Ministry of Energy l MEC Ministry of Education and Culture MICOA Ministry of Coordination and Environmental Affairs - Ministério para a Coordenação da Acção Ambiental e MISAU Ministry of Health
v MW Megawatt NCSD National Commission for Sustainable Development e NEMP National Environmental Management Programme NEP National Environmental Policy D NGO Non governmental organization OV Overhead lines PARPA Action plan for the reduction of absolute poverty y PEPA Environmental Quality Standards of Mozambique Projects g
t PGA Environmental Management Plan - Plan de Gestão Ambiental PPP Public-Private Partnership r PRS Poverty Reduction Strategy Pve Photovoltaic electricity e RAP Resettlement Action Plan n j RETs Renewable energy resources and technologies ROD Record of Decision E RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SADC Southern African Development Community SWAp Sector-Wide approach
P TORs Terms of Reference WB World Bank
P TABLE OF CONTENTS ESMF
List of Figures
Figure 1: Mozambique in its regional context...... 7 Figure 2: National grid (existing and planned)...... 9 Figure 3: Population density and settlement pattern...... 13 Figure 4: EDAP Subprojects by EDM and FUNAE ...... 18 Figure 5: Vegetation areas & Location of EDAP Subprojects...... 20 Figure 6: Applicable Legislation and Regulations ...... 38 Figure 7: EDAP Organisation Chart...... 49 s s e c c A & t n e m p o l e v e D y g t r e n j E P
P TABLE OF CONTENTS ESMF
Acronyms & Abbreviations ...... 2
List of Figures...... 3
1. Introduction ...... 7
1.1 Context ...... 7
1.1.1 Country Overview...... 7
1.1.2 Mozambique’s energy sector ...... 7
s 1.2 Outline of the Energy Development & Access Project...... 10 s 2. Project Description...... 10 e
c 2.1 Project justification ...... 10 c 2.2 Project relevance...... 11 A
2.3 Proposed project development objective...... 12 & 2.4 Project Components...... 13 t 2.4.1 Rehabilitation & Reinforcement of Primary Network and Grid Extension n 14 e m 2.4.2 Investments on Rural and Renewable Energy Component ...... 15 p
o 2.4.3 Institutional Strengthening & Capacity-Building ...... 17 l 2.5 Main subproject types ...... 17 e v 2.6 Main project activities...... 18 e
D 2.7 Biophysical & Socio-economic environments of EDAP...... 20
2.7.1 The Project Area ...... 20 y g t 2.7.2 Soils...... 22 r 2.7.3 Climate ...... 22 e n j 2.7.4 Topography ...... 23 E 2.7.5 Hydrology ...... 23 P 2.7.6 Natural Vegetation ...... 23
2.7.7 Fauna ...... 24
2.7.8 Wildlife & National Parks...... 24
2.7.9 Land Quality, Productivity & Degradation...... 25
P TABLE OF CONTENTS ESMF
2.7.10 Socio-economic Environment...... 25
2.7.11 Spatial Patterns of Peri-Urban Extensions...... 26
3. Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)...... 30
3.1 Rationale for Preparing ESMF...... 30
3.2 Purpose of the ESMF...... 30
3.3 Scope of ESMF ...... 30
3.4 Approach and Methodology in the Preparation of the ESMF...... 31 s 3.5 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)...... 32 s e 3.6 Monitoring Plan ...... 33 c
c 3.7 Capacity Building and Training for EDAP and its Components ...... 35 A 3.7.1 Proposed Training Elements...... 35
& 4. Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Framework ...... 38
t 4.1 Mozambique’s Environmental Policies and Regulations...... 38 n 4.1.1 The Legal Framework Supporting ESMF ...... 39 e m 4.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies ...... 40 p
o 4.3 EDAP Triggered Safeguard Policies...... 41 l 4.4 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations...... 43 e
v 4.4.1 Review and Approval of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report46 e 4.5 International Conventions ratified by Mozambique ...... 46 D
4.6 Institutional Framework...... 48 y g t 4.6.1 EDAP’s institutional arrangements ...... 48 r 4.6.2 Interface between the Ministry of Energy and MICOA ...... 50 e n j 5. Potential Social and Environmental Impacts ...... 51 E 5.1 Reinforcement of the primary networks and grid extension...... 52
P 5.1.1 Construction Phase...... 52
5.1.2 Operation and maintenance phase...... 55
5.2 Solar PV systems...... 58
5.2.1 Installation / construction phase ...... 58
P TABLE OF CONTENTS ESMF
5.2.2 Operation and maintenance phase...... 59
5.3 Micro Hydropower systems...... 59
5.3.1 Construction phase ...... 60
5.3.2 Operation and maintenance phase...... 61
6. The Environmental and Social Screening Process ...... 64
6.1 Step 1: Environmental and Social Screening of Subprojects...... 64
6.2 Step 2: Assigning Appropriate Environmental Category...... 64 s 6.3 Step 3: Conducting an EIA...... 65 s e 6.4 Step 4: Review and Approval of EIA...... 65 c
c 6.5 Step 5: Public Consultation and Disclosure...... 66 A 6.6 Step 6: Monitoring and Reporting ...... 67
& 6.7 Step 7: Monitoring indicators ...... 67
t 7. Conclusion and Recommendations...... 68 n 8. Annexure...... 70 e m Annex 1: Proposed Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF) ...... 70 p
o Annex 2: Socio-economic and Environmental Checklist / Conceptual ESMP ...... 75 l Annex 3: Environmental Guidelines for Contractors...... 83 e
v Annex 4: Overview of the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies ...... 89 e Annex 5: Proposed Terms of Reference for an Environmental & Social Impact D Assessment (ESIA) ...... 93 y Annex 6: Environmental & Social Checklist...... 95 g t
r Annex 7: Key References...... 100 e n j E P
P INTRODUCTION ESMF
1. Introduction
1.1 Context
1.1.1 Country Overview
Mozambique has achieved impressive economic growth since the end of the civil war. Although it remains a successful example of post-conflict transition, with impressive economic growth averaging 8 per cent from 2000 to 2006 and sustained macroeconomic and political stability, the vast majority of its 19.7 million inhabitants are classified as poor.
Figure 1: Mozambique in its regional context s s e c c A & t n e m p o l e v 1.1.2 Mozambique’s energy sector e
D Mozambique’s vast energy resources have the capacity to satisfy most of its domestic energy needs. They include hydropower, natural gas, coal, biomass, solar and wind. The country is endowed with a considerable hydropower potential which has been broadly estimated at 12,500 y MW with a corresponding annual energy generation potential of 60,000 GWh. It is estimated that g t around one third of this potential can be developed at a relatively low cost. The largest potential is in r the Zambezi River basin at sites such as Cahora Bassa north and Mphanda Nkuwa. So far about e 2,200 MW has been developed. In addition, the potential for small hydro is 190 MW, which includes n j 6 MW micro hydro (1
E (8>MW<15). Potential sites for these micro hydropower schemes are located within the mountainous terrain with perennial streams and rivers of the Manica, Tete and Niassa provinces.
P Mozambique receives a considerable amount of sunshine. With an annual average radiation of 5 KWh/m²/day, it offers very favourable conditions for photovoltaic and solar thermal energy development.
At the household level, the main requirement for energy is for cooking and lighting. The principal energy source for the majority of Mozambicans is biomass, particularly wood fuel. Within rural communities, this accounts for nearly all the total energy consumed. Charcoal production and use is widespread in small urban settlements, district capitals and around larger towns and cities.
P INTRODUCTION ESMF
Only around 10.5% of households have access to electricity with over half of them living in Maputo and its surrounding areas. All the provincial capitals and most of the municipal areas are also supplied with electricity. Most of these urban centres are connected to the main national electrical grid which is owned and operated by the Mozambican power utility, Electricidade de Moçambique (EDM). According to the Ministry of Energy’s Management Strategy for the Energy Sector (2008-2012), Mozambique is recording a yearly growth in the electricity demand of 7%. The objective of the Government of Mozambique (GoM) is to reach an electrification rate of 15% by 2019 (and 20% by 2020). EDM’s existing installed capacity is approximately 240MW (109MW hydro and 130MW diesel and gas). Nevertheless, most of EDM’s available supply capacity - about 136MW (61MW Hydro and 75MW thermal) - is generated by ageing plants which would require refurbishment. In 2005, the total energy consumption was 1,707 GWh and peak-demand was 284.6 MW. The total power generating capacity including the share from Cahora Bassa is in excess of what is needed in
s the country. However, due to lack of power transmission lines and distribution networks, the availability of hydroelectricity for the time being is largely restricted to urban areas. In other areas, s the electricity simply is not available and where it is available, is supplied from diesel generators. e By 2020, Mozambique should have a total energy need of 5.40 GWh and an electricity demand c close to 900 MW based on an annual demand growth of 7 - 8%. The main source of electricity to the national grid comes from hydropower plants. The remaining c centres have diesel or gas generators that supply electricity which is distributed through mini-grids A that are independent of the main national grid system. All except a few of these independent systems are owned by the State and operated by district administrations, municipalities or other
& government institutions. There are still many district capital and other rural localities with relatively high population concentration that are either not currently supplied with electricity or have old generation and t distribution systems which are no longer functioning.
n In low-demand rural centres, electricity development, connection and operation costs per customer are higher than those in larger towns and cities. Revenues from consumers rarely cover costs. Most e consumers fall within the domestic consumer category and very little electricity is used for economic m purposes. There are very few large consumers. Under the current regime of uniform tariffs
p throughout the country, there is an implicit cross-subsidy of consumers in these low-demand centres by consumers in the larger cities and towns. o l e v e D y g t r e n j E P
P INTRODUCTION ESMF
Figure 2: National grid (existing and planned) s s e c c A & t n e m p o l e Key: v e D y g t r e n j E P
P INTRODUCTION ESMF
1.2 Outline of the Energy Development & Access Project
Only a small fraction of the country’s vast potential energy resources are currently being exploited, despite a considerable amount of international and domestic resources being committed to the expansion of the main national grid network and the independent generation and mini-grid systems. Access to electricity remains extremely low. This unsatisfactory situation is partly due to the high cost of extending networks and increasing the number of connections in remote and relatively low- demand areas using conventional technologies and design standards. The three primary challenges facing the Government of Mozambique: ƒ Increasing access to modern energy, in particular electricity; ƒ Mitigating adverse environmental, livelihood and health impacts of traditional bio-fuels production and use; ƒ Promotion and prudent management of export-oriented energy projects. Access to energy is a precondition for sustainable economic development and social progress in s Mozambican’s peri-urban and rural areas. GoM has affirmed within the PARPA II (PRSP) the critical s role of the energy sector in reducing poverty. The importance of the energy sector is also
e emphasized in the World Bank’s 2008-11 Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) which identifies
c adequate access to energy resources and services as a key driver of growth and poverty alleviation. The CPS prioritises especially the provision of energy services to rural schools, administrative c posts, and hospitals. A
The energy-related goals set in the PARPA are being turned into strategies such as the Off-grid and
& Renewable Energy Strategy, Generation and Transmission Master Plan, North-South (backbone) Transmission Least-Cost Study, and National Bio-fuels Strategy. t The "Mega Projects" consisting of national and regional transmission project initiatives aim at n facilitating large scale investment on least power generation and regional trade. They will ensure, e among others, long term sustainable least-cost power generation in the country and help finance m rural electrification. The new GoM’s strategy for the energy and electricity sector will seek to secure p substantial private sector investments in generation and transmission "Mega Projects". o The proposed Energy Development and Access Project (EDAP) is fully consistent with the PARPA, l CPS and GoM’s new sector strategy. It will also be the continuation of ERAP’s investment e programme. v
e EDAP will specifically support: ƒ scaling up of electricity connections in peri-urban and rural areas; D
ƒ promoting rural and renewable energy resources and technologies; y ƒ capacity-building and institutional strengthening of the main sector agencies, i.e. Ministry of g t Energy (ME), Electricidade de Moçambique (EDM) and Fundo Nacional de Electricicação r (FUNAE); and e n j ƒ mainstreaming of a sector-wide approach (SWAp) and process by establishing a
E comprehensive donor partnership framework for coordinated and sustained financing of investment and a capacity strengthening aligned with national priorities and procedures.
P 2. Project Description
2.1 Project justification
The main objective of this project is to expand the delivery of affordable electricity services in peri- urban and rural areas of Mozambique so as to enhance social and economical development. This is in keeping with the GoM’s vision of providing 20% of the population with access to electricity by 2020.
P PROJECT DESCRIPTION ESMF
Peri-urban electrification through national grid extension is a specific project carried out by EDM. It started under the Energy Reform and Access Program (ERAP) initiated in 2003 and co-financed by the World Bank, African Development Bank, Nordic Development Fund and the Government of Mozambique. The project has brought impressive results to people and to the utility itself. It has partially met the demand emanating from potential customers residing in urban centres. ERAP also confirmed that substantial investments are still needed to proceed with the extension of distribution networks in peri-urban areas.
The fast growing house building phenomenon in peri-urban areas is presently putting EDM under considerable pressure to satisfy the escalating electricity demand.
Most of the existing primary distribution networks including the main substations and the main MV feeder lines and cables will rapidly become overloaded after the completion of the ongoing ERAP s electrification project. Part of the areas earmarked by ERAP will not be fully electrified and s consequently not all targeted potential customers will be connected and supplied with electricity at
e the end of the project. Many more settlements with potential new customers have developed on
c the outskirts of the main urban centres targeted by the outgoing ERAP project. c EDAP will be focusing on peri-urban areas of the selected five urban centres where the electricity A demand is considered as a short term priority. The selected five towns are:- Matola, Chimoio, Tete, Nampula and Pemba. EDAP is expected to generate a positive impact on local economic
& development.
Electricity supply can also generate major improvements of the quality of life in more remote rural t areas that the existing grid cannot reach. EDAP will aim at implementing in selected rural areas an n off grid renewable energy programme based on solar PV systems and micro hydropower projects. e Electricity supply will especially benefit schools and health centres as well as women and children. m With the electricity, new water pumping systems will be installed and women and children will no p longer have to walk long distances to fetch water. o 2.2 Project relevance l e In Mozambique, rural and per-urban electrification projects have shown that the electricity is a key v factor to foster development in local communities. Among others, the electricity supply makes it e possible to run electric grinding mills, develop small-scale business, install water pumps, start
D agro-industrial projects and other small industries, organise lessons in the evenings at the schools, provide better health care, etc. y Due to the fast expansion observed in peri-urban areas, it is expected that the electrification needs g t will strengthen. After the fairly successful implementation of ERAP, the Ministry of Energy intends r to proceed with peri-urban electrification based on network expansion and customer connections
e under the proposed EDAP programme. n j Moreover, in some of ERAP project areas, primary networks are expected to become quickly E overloaded due to increased load with significant new household connections. Consequently, rehabilitation and reinforcement of these heavily overloaded networks shall be prioritised with a
P view to ensuring sufficient network capacity and reliability to cater for both the already connected households and the future beneficiaries of EDAP.
The EDAP project will also comprise an Integrated Business Management, ERP/CIS, system which is believed to be the most adequate solution for utilities like EDM. The reason for this investment is that capital investments on network expansion and increased customer base should be accompanied by a simultaneous improvement of the utility’s efficiency through the setting up of an Information System for Customer Management.
P PROJECT DESCRIPTION ESMF
2.3 Proposed project development objective
EDAP’s overall project development objective (PDO) will be to increase sustainable and affordable access to modern energy services to low income peri-urban and rural populations and in doing so contributing to poverty alleviation and improvement of their quality of life. The outgoing ERAP which was implemented between 2003 and 2008/9 had similar objectives to accelerate the use of electricity for economic growth and improved quality of life in unserved and under-served rural and peri-urban settlements. The development objectives of EDAP are: ƒ To improve grid-based access to modern energy service through the reinforcement of the existing primary electricity network and the extension of the grid to unserved areas; ƒ To increase off-grid access to modern energy services in low income rural areas through the promotion of renewable energy resources and technologies (RETs); ƒ To improve the sustainability and quality of service of the power sector through the s reduction of energy losses and increase of the commercial efficiency;
s ƒ To improve the overall performance of the main sector institutions and their capacity to promote rural electrification and to mobilise new private sector and donor investment e through the provision of institutional strengthening and capacity development support; and c ƒ To improve Government-Donor coordination in the energy sector through the gradual
c mainstreaming of a sector wide approach and process (SWAp) aligned with the country’s priorities and procedures. A ERAP had two specific objectives that do not appear in EDAP’s Project Concept Note although they can also be achieved through EDAP’s implementation:
& ƒ To contribute to the emissions’ reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) as the use of diesel for power generation will be replaced by renewable energy in the targeted project areas; ƒ To remove some of the barriers which impede the development of renewable energy t especially solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and micro hydropower. n e m p o l e v e D y g t r e n j E P
P PROJECT DESCRIPTION ESMF
Figure 3: Population density and settlement pattern s s e c c A & t n e m p o l e v e D y g t r e n j E P
2.4 Project Components
As a continuation of ERAP, EDAP has been designed to achieve the scaling-up and broadening of the outgoing support programme components and interventions. As such, EDAP will be divided into three main components, which are:
P PROJECT DESCRIPTION ESMF
1. Reinforcement of the primary networks and grid extension in urban centres and their peri- urban extensions; 2. Promotion of renewable energy; 3. Institutional strengthening, capacity-building and technical assistance to develop a National Rural Electrification Strategy and to review new energy projects.
2.4.1 Rehabilitation & Reinforcement of Primary Network and Grid Extension
Both the upgrade of the primary networks and grid extension components will be implemented by EDM. The existing primary networks have been overloaded as a result of the grid extension and new connections implemented under ERAP. The reinforcement of the existing distribution network will be combined with the extension and intensification of the medium and low voltage grid in peri- urban areas with potentially high number of new customers.
s In two of the cities where ERAP has been implemented, the new peri-urban connections and increased number of new customers have generated a substantial additional load which resulted in s the saturation of some primary substations and medium voltage lines. The upcoming extension of e the networks and continued growth of the customer base will further exacerbate the overloading c and saturation of substations and medium voltage lines. EDM has identified the need to upgrade the affected substations and medium voltage lines so as to ensure sufficient capacity and quality of c supply for both present and future customers. The two cities where it will be urgent to rehabilitate A and upgrade the primary network are Matola and Chimoio. In the project concept note, EDM describes what will be required in each town. In Matola, the
& current 10 MVA transformer at Matola Rio substation shall be replaced by a higher capacity transformer of 30 MVA. The corresponding concrete base for the power transformer and the corresponding power operating equipment (circuit breakers and switch disconnectors), metering, t control and protection devices will be upgraded accordingly.
n In Chimoio, most of the fairly long and old 6.6 kV lines do not have enough capacity to supply electricity to settlements which have been electrified under ERAP. The same lines would need to e be further extended to supply electricity to adjacent areas. This will worsen an already critical m situation. To address this problem, the distribution lines shall be upgraded to 22 kV. Consequently,
p the existing local substation at Chimoio will have to be upgraded with an additional transformer of 30 MVA, 66/22kV and with new 22 kV power bays to allow for the connection of the 22 kV lines. o l Impacts e EDM does not foresee that the upgrading of the primary networks will cause any major v environmental and social impacts. The power utility also points out that "the replacement of e transformers at the two substations will not require any site extension". The replaced transformers
D will not be disposed of but re-used in other small substations. Similarly, the upgrading of all power operating equipment, substation bays, monitoring and protection systems will be carried out within the existing substation sites and will therefore not require any acquisition of land and concomitant y resettlement and vegetation clearing. g t The expected positive impacts resulting from the upgrading of the substations and primary medium
r voltage networks are the increased availability and reliability of power supply. Besides improving satisfaction among existing customers, it will also allow for new individual connections to farms, e schools, hospitals, shops, commercial and public institutions, houses. EDM estimates that 30,000 n j existing customers in Matola and Chimoio will benefit from an improved power supply and that
E 20,000 new customers could be connected to the distribution network.
Extension of networks and individual connections P ERAP will not meet its electrification targets in the majority of the urban centres where it was involved due to a significant growth of customer density within these project areas through the rapid expansion of peri-urban settlements and proliferation of new ones. In these settlements, pressure exercised by people who demand house connections have led to the creation of some partially unplanned and ’rushed’ networks with substandard equipment. These ’pockets’ served by substandard networks are located within EDAP’s project areas. As mentioned earlier, five urban centres with a high electricity demand have been prioritised by EDAP in terms of network extension/upgrade and customer connections. Matola, Nampula,
P PROJECT DESCRIPTION ESMF
Chimoio, Tete and Pemba are respectively located in the provinces of Maputo, Nampula, Manica, Tete and Cabo Delgado.
Impacts / Implementation Methodology
As for the upgrade of the primary network, EDM does not expect the network expansion and individual connections to create negative environmental and social impacts. EDM emphasizes that the project will be implemented in peri-urban areas where streets, roads and other accesses exist. EDM envisages that the extension from the existing network will require relatively short medium voltage (MV) lines of less than 0.8 kilometres long and low voltage (LV) lines with a maximum length of 0.5 kilometres. Service cables of less than 0.03 kilometres will be extended from existing systems. EDM plans to develop MV and LV backbone lines along streets and roads in the targeted areas. Short line branches will be laid from the backbone lines and extended to houses. EDM undertakes to apply technologies and design parameters that will further reduce possible
s social and environmental impacts. For example, ABC (twisted) cables will be used in all LV lines and concentric (Airdac) cables will be used in service connections to new houses. The two types of s overhead cables planned to be installed are completely insulated to ensure mechanical and e electrical protection. Moreover, they can be extended close to walls and roofs without endangering
c the life of inhabitants. In addition to the two type of insulated LV cables, the project intends to use the special insulated XLPE cable in all MV overhead lines in order to avoid removing trees and c houses in places where with conventional technologies, it would have necessary to do so for safety A reasons.
Performance indicators &
EDAP will aim at extending the distribution networks in unserved areas and at replacing existing
t substandard networks that were developed without proper planning. In doing so, it will achieve a uniform and standardised networks in all project areas. Customers previously connected to n substandard networks will be transferred to the newly standardised extended networks together e with new potential customers. By the end of EDAP, EDM expects to have connected 42,580 m customers. p 2.4.2 Investments on Rural and Renewable Energy Component o
l This component will be implemented by FUNAE, in coordination with the Ministry of Energy. It
e aims at increasing and accelerating decentralized access to modern energy services by supporting the implementation and/or scaling-up of: v (i) decentralised small and medium-size investments on renewable energy production and e distribution systems, including small hydro, solar PV and thermal, wind, biomass (co-
D generation, pelletisation, biofuels and biogas) in rural and some peri-urban areas; (ii) demonstration projects to accelerate the sustainable market penetration of clean Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) in the agriculture, household, SME and y transportation sectors; and g t (iii) capacity development and institutional strengthening of FUNAE. When applicable, Private-Public Partnerships (PPPs) will be set up for the implementation of individual RET r projects. e Decentralised electricity technologies based on renewable energy sources hold a considerable n j promise to meet potential small, diverse demands for high value applications of electricity. This
E component will focus on accelerating access by rural institutions and households to electricity using renewable energy sources, principally solar PV energy.
P Institutional and household solar photovoltaic systems
The objectives of the solar PV systems sub-component are:
ƒ To improve access to renewable energy by rural institutions (i.e. schools, health clinics and hospitals) by installing PV Systems and providing PV potable water pumping systems.
FUNAE intends to electrify through PV Systems, 1,000 schools and 1,000 Health Clinics. Through this electrification programme, it expects to reach +/- 1.4 million beneficiaries.
P PROJECT DESCRIPTION ESMF
Protocols have been established with relevant entities in order to train technicians to be in charge of the operation and maintenance of the systems to be installed.
For rural institutional customers, the project aims at initiating the process for meeting efficiently the modern energy needs of these institutions through the provision of lighting, cooling for conservation of drugs and vaccines, electricity for other appliances.
For individual rural households and small commercial users, the project aims to provide solar home systems for lighting as well as for other uses. FUNAE intends to provide PV Systems to 60 villages in the rural areas of four provinces. These solar PV systems shall comprise household lighting equipment as well as water pumping systems, public lighting, and chargers. s Regarding project organisation and management, FUNAE intends to set up a Local Energy s Operator (Operador Local). FUNAE with support of local authorities and local leaders will appoint a e management committee to care of the off grid systems. The main responsibilities of this committee c are to maintain the systems and to collect monthly fees paid by the households. c
A Impacts
The electrification of these 60 villages is expected to reach about 146.000 direct beneficiaries. & No major infrastructure investment are associated with solar PV subprojects, the major equipment required being solar PV panels mounted on existing infrastructure or on poles of frame structures close to the point of use. The energy produced by solar PV system will allow the assembly and t operation of water pumps. n Another application of photovoltaic systems is solar lanterns. The use of these lamps has a e positive impact on the environment by reducing the burning of kerosene. FUNAE has estimated that the users of solar lanterns can on average save about 4 to 5 litres of kerosene per month. m p Increase in the numbers of viable PV distributors and other renewable energy business o The rapid expansion of access to electricity via solar PV and other renewable energy systems will l greatly depend on the government capacity to attract private sector participation. Private operators e will be incited to make investments for developing a renewable energy market. FUNAE will sign v several agreements with the private sector regarding the implementation of rural electrification e projects using photovoltaic systems, and after sales maintenance of installed systems. This
D incentive to the private sector will take the form of a subsidy to be paid per Wp supplied. The number of customers to be targeted by this pilot project should not be fewer than 400 customers
y per supplier, in each province and the minimum total Wp supplied not less than 40,000 Wp per
g province. t r Through the growth of private involvement in solar PV systems, the project aims at reaching e individual 7.500 beneficiaries. n j Micro Hydropower Schemes E
The project concept note emphasizes that there is a "need to encourage and promote the
P construction of small hydropower plants in suitable sites, as well as the rehabilitation of existing ones". Several sites have been earmarked for hydropower development. They are located in the following localities or administrative posts:- Chizolomondo, Kazula (Macanga district) and Ulóngue (Angónia district) in Tete province together with Chôa Mountains, Nhazónia (Bárue District) and Mafuia (Mussorize District), in Manica province. Small multipurpose hydropower schemes can provide an interesting solution to supply isolated power grids in unserved rural areas and water supply (incl. irrigation). This is particular true in certain provinces in Mozambique where good hydrological and topographical conditions exist. Tete and Manica provinces are two promising areas for developing small hydro schemes.
P PROJECT DESCRIPTION ESMF
The capacity of these projects is not specified. However, the project concept note indicates that the electrification through small hydropower generation is expected to reach approximately 97 000 beneficiaries, i.e. an average of 16,000 per project.
In the revised EDAP’s Programme Cost document, the micro hydropower component has been significantly reduced to two projects instead of the six initially planned.
Biomass
For this component, FUNAE wants to spread the use of improved stoves and ovens in rural areas, promote the recycling of agricultural and agro-industrial waste and improve the energy efficiency of biomass resources.
s This component is expected to produce improved stoves targeted at schools, health centres and other individual buyers. To reduce deforestation and the consumption of fuel wood, improved s technologies to produce coal and promote energy conservation in rural areas will be implemented e and disseminated. c
c According to FUNAE, these stoves save about two thirds of firewood which is spent in the three
A stones technology.
2.4.3 Institutional Strengthening & Capacity-Building & This component will include: t ƒ Capacity development and institutional strengthening of FUNAE on: management, project n evaluation, techniques of monitoring and assessing performance indicators, Private-Public e Partnerships (PPPs) for RET projects; m
p ƒ Capacity-building and training of EDM on: Modern Integrated Business Management
o system designated as ERP/CIS, management of large projects, loss reduction process and financial and Accounting Management. l e ƒ Institutional strengthening and capacity building of the Ministry of Energy with a view to v improving its performance, efficiency and governance. ME requires substantial
e strengthening to be able to effectively: (i) transfer its monitoring and supervisory functions
D to the energy sub-sectors, including the rapidly growing natural gas and biofuels sub- sectors; (ii) promote the development of renewable energy technologies and applications in the country; and (iii) lead the establishment and roll-out of a SWAp for the energy sector. y g t ƒ Institutional strengthening and capacity development support will also be provided to r CNELEC for it to effectively undertake is sector advisory/regulatory function. e 2.5 Main subproject types n j
E For the purpose of the ESMF and RPF, we have selected the subproject types and activities with potential impacts on the socio-economic and natural environments. If the size and extent of the subprojects were to be further modified by EDAP’s partners, their nature and types would remain P the same. The main types of subprojects that are likely to be implemented are: ƒ main grid investments in peri-urban areas:- new electricity distribution networks in currently un-electrified peri-urban areas and upgrading of primary networks including unplanned and substandard networks, using electricity supplied from the national grid; upgrading and expansion of existing distribution networks in partially electrified areas; ƒ Solar powered electrification of rural institutions: new solar PV systems dimensioned for rural institutions;
P PROJECT DESCRIPTION ESMF
ƒ Solar powered electrification of rural households: new solar PV systems dimensioned for the uses of rural household; ƒ Development of micro hydropower schemes (new or rehabilitation / expansion of existing ones) in rural areas to supply isolated mini power grids. 2.6 Main project activities
For each type of subproject, one or more main activities will be carried out during the implementation phase: ƒ Supply of electricity to new consumers through individual connections. ƒ Construction of new or upgrading of existing electricity distribution networks including 33 and 11 overhead lines, installation of new distribution transformers to enable the extension of MV lines, extension of 0.4 kV voltage network. ƒ Installation of solar PV systems in rural schools, health clinics and hospitals. s ƒ Installation of solar PV systems in villages for household lighting equipment, water pumping, public lighting, chargers, refrigeration. s ƒ Construction of new and/or rehabilitation of existing micro hydropower systems. e c c A & t n e m p o l e v e D y g t
r Figure 4: EDAP Subprojects by EDM and FUNAE e n j E P
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Ulongue) s s e c c A & t n e m p o l e v e D y g t r e n j E P
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2.7 Biophysical & Socio-economic environments of EDAP
Mozambique is extremely variable in all areas of the physical, biologic and socio-economic environment. The republic is located at the southeast of African Continent. Mozambique borders it at the North; Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Swaziland at the West; South Africa at the South and Indian Ocean at the East. Mozambique has approximately 799,380 km2 of national territory including inland bodies of water.
The country is relatively flat particularly in the coastal regions. From the coasts to the interior in an east-west direction, there is a coastal plain (40% of the territory and has the highest population density); plateaus with altitudes of 200 to 1,000 meters and finally high plateaus and mountains over 1000 meters high. Mozambique’s Indian coastline stretches for approximately 2,500 km. The proximity of the sea and the richness of the Mozambican River basins favour small scale and s industrial fisheries. The country is rich in wildlife and natural resources, such as coal and natural s gas. The following provides an overview of relevant parameters. e
c 2.7.1 The Project Area c EDAP activities will be implemented in all provinces except in the Sofala province. Subprojects with A highest potential social and environmental impacts, i.e. grid extensions and hydropower systems shall be carried out in the following provinces:- Tete; Manica; Cabo Delgado; Nampula; and
& Maputo. The subprojects shall be confined to peri-urban extensions of medium-sized urban centres and to a few hydropower sites in rural areas. t Fig. 5 shows the location of main subprojects in relation to vegetation areas. At this stage, it is n difficult to give a detailed account of the biophysical and socio-economic environments of EDAP. e The following sections present a broad description of these environments at the country level as m well as views of the peri-urban areas where the grid extensions will be implemented. Out of the six p proposed micro hydropower subprojects, it would seem that only a few would be developed. In the
o project documentation, it is not specified which subprojects have been selected. l Table 1: Population Statistics in the five urban centres (grid extensions) e Population Density v Targeted Urban Centres / Towns Population (inhabitants / km²) e
D Pemba 88,149 454 Nampula 314,965 984 y Tete 104,832 367 g t Chimoio 177,608 1,021 r Matola 440,927 1,176 e TOTAL POPULATION 3,267,290 n j Source: Population Census (1997 E
P
Figure 5: Vegetation areas & Location of EDAP Subprojects
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2.7.2 Soils
Soils in Mozambique are generally old and, in many areas, nutrient-poor. Northern Mozambique and some parts of the central and western areas have red soils of varying texture (from light sandy soils to clay loams).
Alluvial soils occur in the Zambezi river basin. Though prone to salinisation, particularly in delta areas, these soils have a high potential for agriculture. Due to slope, shallowness of soil and high rainfall there is a high potential for soil erosion in these areas. Generally speaking, river valley and delta soils are rich and fertile, but southern and central Mozambique has poor and sandy soils, and parts of interior are dry.
There are seven major soil groups according to the National Soils Map of the National Institute of s Agronomic Research. In general, soils (except for fluvisols, which are found in river floodplains)
s have low to medium fertility. The fertile fluvisols make up only about 6% of the soils of
e Mozambique. In high altitude and rainfall areas, acidic ferralsols and acrisols are found; these soils relatively have a relatively low fertility. Arenosols have very low fertility and low water storage c capacity, and occur principally in the southern part of the country. c
A Fertile soils are found in the northern and central provinces. These soils have greater water- holding capacity as compared to those in the South of the country, where sandy, infertile soils
& prevail. The northern soils, whose qualities allow agricultural potential to extend beyond the river valleys, have a higher content of red clay, and wide range of fertility. In contrast, the central region has a broad expanse of rich alluvial soils along the Zambezi delta. South of Beira, fertility is largely t limited to alluvial soils in the valleys of the Save, Limpopo, Incomáti, Umbelúzi, and Maputo rivers, n although several pockets of fertile but heavy soil occur southwest of Inhambane. e
m 2.7.3 Climate p Mozambique is essentially a hot country, as it is mostly situated at low elevation and is almost o entirely within the tropics. The climate is strongly influenced by altitude, proximity to the sea and l latitude. In the south, it is semi-arid and subtropical. In the north it is tropical with strongly seasonal e rainfall. There are two distinct seasons, a warm, wet season from November to March, and a v cooler, dry season from April to October. Rainfall varies between about 1,400 millimeters a year e near the Zambezi Delta to about 300 millimeters a year in the lowlands of the southern interior.
D The hot rainy season is from November to March and the dry winter months are cooler but still quite hot during the day; especially along the northern coast. y Of the country’s two main seasons, one wet and the other dry, the wet season is from November to g t March, average monthly temperature between 26.6°C and 29.4°C (80°F and 85°F); the cooler r temperatures is in the interior uplands. The dry season lasts from April to October and has June
e and July temperatures averaging 18.4° to 20°C (65°-68°F). The average annual rainfall is greatest n
j (about 56 inches) over the western hills and the central areas, and lowest in the Zambezi lowlands averaging 16 to 32 inches. The driest areas lie in the interior of Gaza Province. Mountains are in E the north and west and have around 2,000 millimeters of rainfall a year. Yearly precipitation variations are significant. P There is great variation in mean annual rainfall across the target area. Most of the coastline receives 750 to 1,000 mm of rain per year. The interior of the Zambezi Valley, in Tete province, is semi arid, receiving less than 600 mm average annual rainfall. There are a series of very humid pockets associated with mountains areas e.g., Mt. Binga (Manica Province), Mt. Gorongosa (Sofala Province) and Mt. Namuli (Zambezia Province) that receive more than 2,000mm of rainfall per year.
P PROJECT DESCRIPTION ESMF
2.7.4 Topography
Mozambique is 44% coastal lowlands, rising toward the west to a plateau 150 to 610 m (500– 2,000 ft) above sea level and on the western border to a higher plateau, 550 to 910 m (1,800– 3,000 ft), with mountains reaching a height of nearly 2,440 m (8,000 ft). The lowest point is the Indian Ocean. The highest mountains are Namuli (2,419 m/7,936 ft) in Zambézia Province and Binga (2,436 m/7,992 ft) in Manica Province on the Zimbabwean border. Proposed micro hydropower subprojects should be developed in the mountainous areas of the Manica Province (western part along Zimbabwean border) and of Tete Province (North-eastern corner).
2.7.5 Hydrology
Mozambique comprises some thirty-nine major rivers that drain into to the Indian Ocean along the s country's 2,700 km coastline. The most important ones are: the Zambezi (flowing southeast across s the center of Mozambique into the Indian Ocean), the Limpopo in the south, the Save (Sabi) in the
e center, and the Lugenda in the north. The most important lake is the navigable Lake Malawi (Lake
c Niassa). c The major perennial rivers of Zambezia province are the Licungo (Lugela), Raraga, M'lela, A Molocue, Ligonha and Meluli. The Zambezi River enters Mozambique at Zumbo where it immediately swells into the impoundment of Lake Cahora Bassa., lake formed by the
& impoundment of the Cahora Bassa Dam. The most important tributary of the Zambezi is the Shire River, which drains Lake Mozambique via the Rift Valley. t Hydrological connections have important implications for international rivers, a large number of n which flow through Mozambique from their watersheds in neighboring countries. For example, the e generally flat topography and slow drainage that are characteristic of the miombo eco-region mean m that forest cover and land use in neighboring countries in many cases, determine the flow of
p Mozambique’s rivers. o Forest cover is considered important in maintaining soil structure and water holding capacity. l Depending on what happens in Zambia and Zimbabwe, for example, floods may become more e common on the Zambezi, Pungwe, or Save Rivers. v
e 2.7.6 Natural Vegetation D In Mozambique the main broad vegetation type, is savannah woodland mainly miombo woodland of various types. There are several different types of miombo, determined by variations in rainfall y and soils. Together these two types of woodland cover approximately 70% of Mozambique. g t Woodlands and forests cover approximately 78% of the country, concentrating in much of Niassa, r Cabo Delgado, Nampula, Zambezia, Sofala, Manica and Inhambane provinces. The second most e extensive woodland is “mopane” woodland occurring in the Limpopo - Save area and in the mid- n j Zambezi Valley. Most woodland is largely inhabited and any farming is based on shifting E cultivation.
P Other vegetation types include: Acacia woodland. There are two extensive areas of Acacia woodland, a southern; formation (in the area of Moamba, Magude and Guija) and a central formation; running approximately in a northeast direction through Manica and Sofala provinces.
Natural resources supplied by forests and woodlands make a major contribution to the Mozambican economy. Wood supplies more than 80% of Mozambique’s energy demands. About 10 percent of the 5,700 plant species found in Mozambique are used in traditional medicine and conservation of forests, woodlands and other natural habitats will allow local people to continue to
P PROJECT DESCRIPTION ESMF
benefit from this traditional pharmacopoeia. Forests also provide “bushmeat” a source of protein for over 80% population.
Use and management of natural resources such as forests and wildlife makes a major contribution to rural livelihoods in Mozambique, and so natural resource management (NRM) should be treated as an integral part of rural agriculture.
2.7.7 Fauna
Mozambique has rich diversity of mammal fauna; 211 terrestrial mammal species and 11 marine mammals have been recorded. Only one mammal species is considered endemic to Mozambique, a white-bellied red squirrel confined to Namuli Mountain (Zambezia province) is considered endemic to Mozambique. s Approximately 900 species have been recorded for southern Africa; of these 581 have been s recorded in Mozambique. There are a number of near endemic and restricted range species, e mostly associated with isolated mountains habitats such as Gorongosa (Sofala), Chimanimani c (Manica), Chiperone and Namrrli (Zambezia) Mountains. c
A The proposed subprojects are located in the urban and peri-urban areas and unlikely to have any significant environmental impacts on the Mozambique’s fauna.
& 2.7.8 Wildlife & National Parks
t Wildlife populations include water Buffalo, Elephant, Warthog, Leopard, Baboon, Giraffe, Lion,
n Zebra, antelope, and numerous species of ungulate and cat. Crocodiles and Hippopotamus are still found in slow-moving waterways. Snakes, including impressive pythons and dangerous puff e adders, cobras, and vipers, are found throughout the territory. m p Flamingos, cranes, storks, herons, pelicans, ibis, and other tropical water birds exist throughout o Mozambique but are more numerous in the moister areas of the northeast. Scavengers include
l crows, vultures, and buzzards, and game birds include guinea fowl, partridge, quail, and a range of
e geese and ducks. v Game reservations and national hunting areas are located largely in the central and southern e areas, with the exception of the important Niassa reserve on the Tanzanian border and the Gilé
D reserve southwest of Nampula. The largest game areas are just south of the Zambezi bordering the Chimoio highlands. The nation’s five hunting reservations are Niassa, Gilé, Marromeu,
y Pomene, and Maputo. g t Various national parks possess the conditions suitable for safaris and other similar activities. r Outstanding because of their importance are Gorongosa (Sofala), Zinave (Inhambane/Gaza), e Banhine (Gaza) and Bazaruto (Inhambane). There are also several hunting reserves, such as the n j Elephant Reserve (Maputo), Pomene (Inhambane), Gile (Zambezia), Marromeu (Sofala), and
E Niassa (Niassa), as well as other designated hunting areas scattered throughout the country.
The Gorongosa National Park (3,770 sq. km), once regarded as among the richest in Southern P Africa, is currently benefiting from rehabilitation work on its infrastructure and restocking of the animal population. The Bazaruto National Park, located on the island of the same name in Inhambane province, is the only marine park and constitutes an important tourist attraction due to the enormous possibilities it offers for diving and underwater fishing.
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2.7.9 Land Quality, Productivity & Degradation
Less than 20% of Mozambique’s land is wooded. Dense tropical rainforest is found in the river valleys, while a more open woodland-grassland cover dominates in the drier regions and uplands. Current land degradation, primarily caused by one or more factors includes: (i) loss of soil fertility, which is intrinsically linked to itinerant agriculture and it's shifting cultivation system prevalent across all provinces; (ii) soil erosion - the area of great risk is in the central provinces of Manica, Tete and Zambezia; (ii) soil salinisation; (iii) soil acidification; and (iv) loss of vegetation cover.
The practice of shifting or slash and burn cultivation is a major cause of damage to forests.
2.7.10 Socio-economic Environment
s Mozambique’s estimated population is approximately 19.7 million inhabitants. The natural growth
s rate is estimated at 2.4%. e Administratively, the country is divided into 10 provinces and Maputo City, the national capital, has c the status of a province. c
A The proportion of children under 15 years old, projected for 2006, is 43.5% of the population. Of the total population, about 75% lives in rural areas. However, during the past 10 to 15 years, there has been significant migration to urban centres due to protracted civil war (19976-1992) and lack & of economic opportunities. The unplanned and uncontrolled migration severely strained the existing inadequate and weak urban infrastructure, in particular water supply, housing, sanitation t and electricity supply. n In spite of significant economic growth, as indicated earlier, over 80 percent of Mozambique’s total e population of 19.7 million remains poor, according to the World Bank. Key factors that continue m contributing to poverty are: (i) low educational level of economically active household members, p particularly women (the illiteracy rate is about 60% in all subproject areas); (ii) low agricultural o productivity; (iii) lack of work opportunities; and (vi) poor development of infrastructure, particularly l in rural areas where poverty levels, compared to urban areas are high, 72.2 percent versus 62 e percent. v e D y g t r e n j E P
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2.7.11 Spatial Patterns of Peri-Urban Extensions
Although the precise location of grid extension subprojects was not known to us, the following images reveal the spatial pattern of the peri-urban settlements in the five towns where the distribution network will be reinforced and extended.
Pemba:
Unplanned settlement without proper efficient layout where the routing of OH lines s may involve s substantial
e restructuring of layout and c concomitant
c involuntary resettlement, loss of A land and assets.
Likelihood of & involuntary resettlement / loss of
t land & assets: High n e
m Pemba: p o Higher density l settlement with fairly e regular spatial
v pattern that offer some advantages:- e significantly reduced
D utilities costs; more household can be accommodated y without them loosing
g land or assets. t r e n j
E Likelihood of involuntary resettlement / loss of
P land & assets: Moderate
P PROJECT DESCRIPTION ESMF
Nampula:
Peri-urban settlements in Nampula are dense to very dense. Current layouts may need redesigned and restructuring for the provision of basic infrastructures. Grid extensions sub- projects may involve loss of land and s assets. s
e c Likelihood of
c involuntary resettlement / loss of A land & assets: Moderate &
Nampula: t n e Before any extension m of the distribution
p grid in this settlement, a more o efficient layout must l be achieved. Co- ordination between e layout design and v infrastructure design
e will be essential. Loss of land and D assets are to be expected. y g t Likelihood of r involuntary e resettlement / loss of n
j land & assets: High E P
P PROJECT DESCRIPTION ESMF
Chimoio:
In Chimoio, the peri- urban settlements are dense and have a regular spatial pattern. Current layouts will not need much redesign.
High density settlement with fairly regular spatial
s pattern offer some advantages:- s significantly reduced e utilities costs; more household can be c accommodated c without them loosing
A land or assets.
& Likelihood of involuntary
t resettlement / loss of land & assets: Low n e
m Chimoio: p o Another example of a l fairly regular spatial e pattern of settlement
v on the western side of a river. On the e other side,
D settlement was probably more recent. There, the y current layout may
g have to be t restructured to r achieve a more
e efficient use of land. n j E Likelihood of involuntary
P resettlement / loss of land & assets: Moderate
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Matola:
Very regular spatial pattern. The grid extension should not cause any significant loss of land and assets there.
Likelihood of involuntary resettlement / loss of s land & assets: Low s
e c c A & t n
e Matola: m p
o Very high density settlement without an l efficient layout where e the grid extension subproject may result v in a significant e amount of
D involuntary resettlement and layout redesigning
y work. g t r Likelihood of e involuntary n j resettlement / loss of land & assets: High E
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P INTRODUCTION ESMF
3. Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)
3.1 Rationale for Preparing ESMF
The rationale for preparing the ESMF is as follows: • Actual locations and potential adverse environmental and social impacts of future subprojects could not be determined prior to the appraisal of EDAP; therefore, the proposed environmental and social screening process is the crucial next step. • Mozambique’s environmental legislation does not require the screening of small-scale subprojects for potential adverse environmental and social impacts; therefore to comply with the requirements of OP 4.01, the proposed environmental and social screening process will be applied to all future subprojects. With the ESMF, the Ministry of Energy will have a working document that outlines principles and procedures governing the implementation of future EDAP subprojects. ME will also be able to share
s it with other relevant stakeholders. s 3.2 Purpose of the ESMF e
c The key purpose of the ESMF will be to screen and categorise subprojects. ESMF will provide a
c process to guide the subproject implementers to meet their specific requirements. The details of the environmental and social screening are discussed in chapter 6. A The Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF) shall enable EDAP subproject implementers to timely assess potential - including localised, cumulative and induced - environmental and social
& impacts. The form will allow subproject implementers to determine the prevailing local biophysical and social environment of proposed intervention areas. The process may lead to the need to
t conduct simplified EAs as defined in the national environmental legislation. Since EDAP will not fund any sub-projects that are the equivalent of category A projects as per national legislation and n the Bank’s OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment, there will be no need for carrying out a full e Environmental Impact Assessments as defined in the national legislation (see section 4.4). m
p Any resettlement and compensation measures will be implemented in accordance with the project’s
o Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), and proper resettlement planning (incl. identification of
l alternative land, budgeting and payment of resettlement costs) will have to be completed before any rehabilitation, extension or construction activities begin. e v 3.3 Scope of ESMF e
D EDAP's implementing agencies will have to ensure that environmental and social issues are adequately covered during implementation and within the decision-making process. Potential environmental and social impacts will result from main grid investments; investments in institutional y and household solar PV systems; and micro-hydropower systems. g t Even if significant environmental and social impacts are not envisaged for this Category "B" project,
r environmental assessments may need to be conducted based on the environmental & social screening results. In some instances, these assessments will have to include a proper resettlement e action plan (RAP) that will need to be prepared based on the provisions of the Resettlement Policy n j Framework (RPF) and approved by all stakeholders, including MICOA and the Bank to ensure that
E project affected persons are adequately compensated and/or relocated prior to the commencement of civil works. The ESMF has been prepared because the actual locations and potential adverse localised
P environmental and social impacts of future subprojects could not be determined prior to the appraisal of EDAP. The environmental and social screening process outlined in the ESMF (Section 6) is designed to ensure that future sub-projects are implemented in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner, consistent with Mozambique's environmental procedures as well as the Bank's safeguard policies (annex 4). ESMF's main users will be the Ministry of Energy and the two implementing agencies (FUNAE & EDM) and MICOA at both central and provincial or local levels. To ensure an efficient implementation, the ESMF also includes a conceptual Environmental and Social Management Plan
P ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL MANAGEMENT ESMF
(ESMP) that provides generic guidelines and mitigation measures. These will have to be further refined and detailed before implementation. The ESMF is the appropriate safeguard document at project appraisal stage. It establishes a unified process for addressing all environmental and social safeguards issues on subprojects from preparation, through review to approval, to implementation. Effective implementation of the ESMF will ensure that the concerns of the applicable World Bank’s Safeguard Policies will be satisfactorily addressed. The ESMF closes a gap between Mozambique’s environmental policies and the Bank’s safeguard policy OP 4.01. Indeed, this OP 4.01 requires that all investments are screened for potential adverse environmental and social impacts, whereas Mozambique’s legislation does not include a screening requirement for smaller-scale investments. The Environment and Social Screening Form (ESSF) shall enable EDAP subproject implementers to timely assess potential - including site specific, localised, cumulative and induced - environmental and social impacts.
s 3.4 Approach and Methodology in the Preparation of the ESMF s The methodology used to develop the ESMF is based on meetings with the Ministry of Energy and e EDAP’s implementing agents, i.e. FUNAE and EDM, the Consultant’s knowledge and experience of c grid extension and rural electrification projects (incl. small hydropower schemes) and resettlement
c planning. We have also reviewed all the relevant EDAP project documentation, Mozambique and the World Bank’s environmental guidelines, ESMFs prepared for other projects in Mozambique and A in other African countries, Integrated Datasheet and environmental and social screening process. It should be noted that no field visits or consultations with target groups were conducted to prepare
& the ESMF. The contents of the ESMF for EDAP are consistent with the requirements of the World Bank’s OP 4.01. In preparing this document, we have distinguish between (i) the Environmental & Social t Management Plan (ESMP) for EDAP; and (ii) the Environmental & Social Checklist for Sub-projects
n that aims at determining simple mitigation measures for sub-projects screened as B1 (see annex 6 entitled "Environmental & Social Checklist"). This annex lists generic environmental and social e mitigation measures based on experience to date with similar types of sub-projects. The mitigation m measures shall be adapted to the requirements of particular sub-projects as appropriate by qualified p personnel.
o The screening process will enable the project partners to proceed with the identification of potential adverse social impacts due to land acquisition which will require the implementation of the l Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) as appropriate. To ensure efficient implementation of EDAP, e the ESMF also comprises a conceptual Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The
v ESMP (Annex 2) identifies the potential adverse environmental impacts of future construction and rehabilitation activities under the component 1, and proposes institutional arrangements for the e implementation of mitigation and monitoring measures, including related time horizons and cost D estimates. Key elements of the EDAP’s ESMF are presented in Annexure: ƒ Proposed Environmental and Social Screening Form; y ƒ Proposed Terms of Reference for an EA; g t ƒ Environmental Guidelines for Contractors Undertaking Construction Works in EDAP; r ƒ Summary of the Bank’s Safeguard Policies and Their Relevance to EDAP; ƒ Summary of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for EDAP e implementation; n j ƒ Environmental and social checklist for EDAP sub-projects.
E Based on the results showing in the Environmental and Social Screening Form, a subproject will be categorised as either (i) Category B 1 – limited environmental and social impacts that can be easily mitigated via P the application of simple mitigation measures as per Annex 2; (ii) Category B 2 – more complex environmental and social impacts have been identified during the screening process and therefore a separate EIA report will need to be prepared (see Annex 5: Proposed EA Terms of Reference); or (iii) Category C – insignificant environmental and social impacts which will not require any additional environmental work and subproject implementation can proceed immediately. It should be noted that subprojects assigned the environmental category A will either have to be redesigned and re-screened, or they will have to be dropped. These subprojects could not be
P ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL MANAGEMENT ESMF
funded because EDAP has been assigned the environmental category B. For details pertaining to the definitions of the environmental categories as per OP 4.01, please refer to chapter 6. 3.5 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
This section distinguishes between (i) the ESMP for EDAP which outlines the institutional responsibilities for the mitigation and monitoring of environmental and social impacts due to EDAP construction activities; and (ii) ESMPs that shall be prepared for subprojects as part of the subproject EAs.
The ESMP process for EDAP will involve a series of steps to ensure that all its subprojects are screened to ensure conformance with safeguard policies and planned and carried out in a participatory manner. s During the preparation of subprojects, site specific and detailed ESMP will need to be prepared in s order to comply with applicable EA regulations. EDAP’s potential environmental and social impacts e along with their mitigation measures should be timely recognized during a subproject’s screening. c The potential environmental impacts can be effectively mitigated by following the guidelines, c especially the Environmental Guidelines for Contractors. The ESMP may also include:- a program of
A actions that may be required to provide support to local communities in the project area in order to lessen any negative socio-economic impacts to maximize economic opportunities arising out of
& EDAP’s implementation. The Contractor may consider recruiting an NGO to provide community liaison services, should the size of the subproject require it. t For mitigation of environmental impacts, the ESMP for a subproject will include:- assessment of all n potential impacts; mitigation measures, review of applicable legislation and regulations. For
e mitigation of social impacts, the Environmental Focal Point in the Ministry of Energy will need to
m make arrangements for the recruitment of a qualified Social Consultant to prepare and implement the appropriate social mitigation measures as per RPF, and may have to work with the Contractor, p local community leaders and role-players. On this aspect, a subproject’s pre-information via village o chief, town hall, and TV and radio broadcasts may prove useful to reach communities. l
e The ESMP approach will: (a) identify the set of responses to potentially adverse impacts; (b)
v determine requirements for ensuring that the measures are implemented effectively and in a timely
e manner; and (c) describe the means for meeting those requirements. More specifically, the ESMP includes: (i) monitoring; (ii) capacity Development and Training; and (iii) implementation schedule D and costs.
y The ESMP, as part of the ESMF, will be disclosed in Portuguese to the project areas and the g
t affected communities and authorities. r Implementation cost of ESMP e n
j Proper implementation of mitigation measures to minimise or eliminate adverse social and environmental impacts require qualified personnel with necessary skills and training. The cost E associated with implementing ESMP include: - labour costs associated with information dissemination; local travel costs for community members; cost of producing information materials; P use of media (radio and TV); and the costs related to the training mentioned above.
It is assumed that the Civil Works Contractors’ mitigation costs will be included in each Contractor’s negotiated final cost for a subproject.
The cost of deployment including salary etc. for the EFPs will be borne entirely by the Ministry of Energy. However, EDAP will provide all relevant training to Officers and other individuals associated with subproject implementation.
P ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL MANAGEMENT ESMF
The cost of conducting an EA for any subproject will not be part be part of EDAP’s, EDM and FUNAE will cover EA costs.
The following cost estimates are based on the assumption that the training will be held at District levels with possibly one training session in Maputo. Potential trainees will come from various parts of Mozambique. They will require travel allowances. Participants may come from the Ministry of Energy, EDM, FUNAE, CNELEC, and MICOA, provincial municipalities and village and/or local councils. Local trainees will receive per diem and travel allowance Proposed training should be carried out by one or more competitively selected Mozambican firms specialised in environmental planning and environmental legislation.
3.6 Monitoring Plan s Environmental monitoring during project implementation provides information about key s environmental and social aspects of the project, particularly the impacts of the project and the
e effectiveness of mitigation measures. c The overall objective of monitoring is to enable the project proponent to evaluate the success of c mitigation measures as part of project supervision and, if required to adopt corrective and improved A management actions.
& Monitoring of the implementation of mitigation measures will be largely the responsibility of EPF/ME with support from MICOA; the costs for these activities are included either in the project costs or in the contractors’ contracts. t Monitoring indicators will be incorporated into the EDAP M&E system and will be regularly
n monitored. e The monitoring plan specifies the monitoring measures to be carried out with linkages to the m potential impacts identified in Section and Annex 2. More specifically, the purpose of the plan is to: p
o a. Schedule and coordinate monitoring tasks; l b. Evaluate mitigation effectiveness; e
v c. Identify where applicable corrective management practices; e d. Ensure that monitoring findings are incorporated into future environmental management D decisions.
y Monitoring roles and responsibilities g t It is envisaged that many environmental and socio-economic impacts identified for the three r subproject types will be monitored during implementation and after commissioning. The monitoring e will involve all EDAP's stakeholders - ME, MICOA, EDM, FUNAE, Education and Health Authorities n j in the case of solar panels for schools and clinics, NGOs and local communities affected by the
E project. Communities will be regularly consulted for the monitoring of socio-economic indicators. It is also recommended that an external and independent Consultant be contracted to assist ME to carry
P out and co-ordinate monitoring activities and the preparation of regular monitoring reports. ME and its Project Coordination Unit will hold the main responsibility for monitoring.
The Ministry of Energy shall be responsible for M&E at national level. The ME will shelter the Project Coordination Unit with Representatives from FUNAE & EDM that will act as the Environmental & Social Focal Point (see Fig. 7). The Ministry of Energy will also establish Environmental Focal Points in the Governors' offices that will, among others, be responsible for M&E at provincial and local levels. MICOA at central and local levels (Provincial Directorates) shall oversee the monitoring process, join the monthly site visits organised by ME and conduct their own inspection visits.
P ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL MANAGEMENT ESMF
The activities that will require monitoring are:
ƒ community engagement and consultations during the planning and implementation phases;
ƒ selection of routing for OH distribution lines;
ƒ planning and design of infrastructures in compliance with EAs / EMPs;
ƒ works on the substations (i.e. PCB and asbestos risk assessment and removal plan and operations if needed);
ƒ determination of loss of land and assets and calculation of compensations;
ƒ construction works including occupational health and safety issues. s
s In the time allocated to the Consultant, it was not possible to assess whether M&E would be
e required. All of this should be informed by the ERAP’s lessons and needs assessment defined during the implementation of the outgoing project. Building on the experience of ERAP is a key c factor for the success of EDAP. c
A At this stage, one can only assume that some M&E capacity-building is required and that it should be targeted at the organisations mentioned above. It would seem that FUNAE has already put in
& place M&E mechanisms. On-the-job training and transfer of skills by selected Consultants involved in the compliance monitoring should be sufficient. In the planning phase, the compliance monitoring should ensure that:- the affected communities are being consulted and being given the opportunity t to express their grievances; EAs, EMPs, RAPs and/or community safety plans are adhered to; and n Project affected persons are adequately compensated for loss of assets or land. e
m Each main subproject (i.e. grid extensions and micro hydropower schemes) should be visited once
p a month during construction. Independent Consultants should be appointed to conduct the monitoring together with representatives from ME, FUNAE and EDM. o l The monthly costs of M&E have been estimated as follows: e
v Planning Phase: e ƒ Grid Extensions: US$4,680.00 D ƒ Micro hydropower schemes: US$2,818.00 y ƒ PV/Biomass: US$2,105.00 g t
r Construction / Installation Phase: e ƒ Grid Extensions: US$9,361.00 n j
E ƒ Micro hydropower schemes US$5,635.00
ƒ PV/Biomass US$4,210.00 P Operation Phase:
ƒ Grid Extensions US$2,340.00
ƒ Micro hydropower schemes US$1,435.00
ƒ PV/Biomass US$1,053.00
P ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL MANAGEMENT ESMF
These costs do not include the costs of the MICOA staff involved in M&E. During the planning and construction phases, M&E costs should be covered by the EDAP budget. During the operational phase, these costs should be borne by the EDM and FUNAE.
3.7 Capacity Building and Training for EDAP and its Components
Technical capacity to identify and manage the environmental impacts associated with the implementation of the subprojects and any other related environmental and resettlement issues is lacking. This lack of capacity should not be a significant obstacle in building up the required awareness and skills as the type of knowledge required for EDAP implementation is of a practical (common sense) rather than an academic nature.
Short courses will have to be tailored to environmental conditions, needs of targeted beneficiaries s and specific issues and problems related to EDAP’s components. The design and organisation of
s the courses should be carried out by independent Consultants in close cooperation with MICOA who will incorporate in this environmental training all the lessons learned from the implementation of e ERAP. c The Environmental Focal Points in the Governor’s Offices (EFP/GO) should define such needs with
c input from the Ministry of Energy’s Environmental Focal Point and the regional MICOA Representatives. A Potential personnel to be trained should include: (i) Key members of the Ministry of Energy’s Project Coordination Unit to help review
& environmental screening results and environmental reports to make appropriate recommendations for the approval/disapproval of construction and rehabilitation activities to the Provincial Directorate of MICOA; t (ii) EDAP’s national and provincial Environmental Focal Points about the use and n application of the Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF), Environmental
e Checklist and other aspects of the ESMF; (iii) Selected staff from municipalities and other rural institutions where subprojects will be m implemented (i.e. rehabilitation of primary network, grid extensions, solar PV systems, p micro or small hydropower schemes);
o (iv) Local Management Committees responsible for the daily operation of Solar PV Systems (including community education, maintenance, disposal of batteries, ...) and l communities through education and information workshops. e Technical training for participants should focus on the need to analyse potentially adverse
v environmental impacts, to prescribe mitigation approaches and measures, and to prepare and supervise the implementation of management plans. e This training should cover issues such as community participation (needs and methods); D environmental analysis; reporting based on the environmental screening and other checklists; and subproject supervision and monitoring based on the defined Environmental and Social Management Checklist and Monitoring Plan. y g t 3.7.1 Proposed Training Elements r
e The following section provides some general elements for EDAP training. These should be adjusted to accommodate any site-specific needs. In many cases, inter-provincial training courses over 4 to 7 n j days will be logistically difficult to organise. Other capacity-building methods (train-the-trainers,
E mobile low-cost exhibition, etc.) may prove more suitable options for people at regional and local levels. The best strategy in terms of capacity-building and training should be informed by ERAP’s P experience and internal needs assessments within FUNAE & EDM. Moreover, any new training and capacity-building programme implemented under EDAP will have to be integrated with ongoing internal training programme organised at FUNAE & EDM.
A possible strategy would be to combine courses for FUNAE & EDM staff involved on EDAP at central level with decentralised shorter workshops at provincial and district levels.
The training at provincial and district level could be structured as follows:
P ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL MANAGEMENT ESMF
Environmental and social management process (3 days)
• Review of Environmental Social Management Process outlined in the ESMF;
• Use of Screening form and Environmental and Social Checklist to determine adverse impacts from sub projects activities and recommend simple mitigation measures;
• How to measure cumulative adverse impacts?
• How to manage social issues within EDAP?
• How to review and give clearance to subprojects?
• The importance of public consultation and disclosure; s s • How to monitor subprojects performance against EDAP’s objectives? e • c How to monitor subprojects mitigation measures? c Environmental and social policies, procedures and guidelines (3 days) A • Review and discussion of Mozambique’s national environmental policies, procedures,
& and legislation;
• Review and discussion of all ten World Bank’s Safeguards Policies and their t applicability to EDAP; n • e Review of Mozambique’s policies, laws and requirements for poverty reduction, local
m economic development, social protection; p • Strategies for consultation, participation and social inclusion. o
l Selected topics on environmental protection and health & safety (1 day) e • Natural resource management (incl. sustainable soil conservation, prevention of v deforestation, integrated watershed management); e
D • Pollution of water resources;
• Soil erosion; y g t • Health hazards and risks related to electricity and proper use and disposal of electrical r equipment; e • Health hazards and risk related to asbestos and PCB and safe disposal methods. n j
E The training materials developed for the decentralised workshop should include at least the following components: P ƒ Case studies (where possible developed by the workshop participants) based on ERAP and EA of other energy supply projects that would include for example construction of distribution lines;
ƒ Workshopping the screening guidelines developed and presented in Annex 1;
P ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL MANAGEMENT ESMF
ƒ An overview of the environmental assessment process (scoping, screening, EA methodologies, impacts and mitigation measures, public participation, monitoring and evaluation; implementation of the ESMF);
ƒ Review of relevant environmental legislation;
ƒ Review of MICOA’s regulations regarding EIA, and related guidelines and how they would be implemented under EDAP sub-projects, taking into account the Bank’s safeguard policies;
ƒ Designing effective public awareness campaigns.
The workshops should take place over two to four days and focus on: s ƒ An overview of subprojects and their potential environmental and social impacts; s
e ƒ Description of the subprojects' area of influence and possible constraints to project
c implementation; c ƒ Implementation of the ESMF A ƒ The EA process; & ƒ The ESMP and Contractors' responsibilities;
t ƒ The purpose of Environmental Guidelines for Contractors n ƒ Analysis of case studies from ERAP; e m ƒ Monitoring and evaluation; p ƒ Screening guidelines for mitigation and monitoring of subprojects; o l ƒ Incorporation of environmental clauses into tennder and contract documentation; e
v ƒ Fieldtrip to selected works sites and walk about with community members. e The training and capacity-building costs have been estimated as follows: D Needs assessment & training plan: US$2,500.00 y Training materials & training sessions: US$60,500.00 g t
r Road show / Exhibition in subproject areas: US$6,500.00 e Total: US$69,500.00 n j
E The ME may also decide to appoint a Technical Advisor to:- (i) assist in the establishment of the EFPs; (ii) coordinate the training & capacity-building programme; (iii) follow the implementation of
P the EMPs and monitoring plans.
Technical Advisor’s monthly costs (incl. salary): US$6,000
P LEGAL REGULATORY ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ESMF
4. Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Framework
This section describes EDAP’s environmental and social safeguard requirements. Figure 6: Applicable Legislation and Regulations s s e c c A & t n e 4.1 Mozambique’s Environmental Policies and Regulations m p Under the broad mandate for environmental protection, the over-arching resources and o development sustainability fall under Ministry of Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA),
l which is also the government lead environmental authority and regulator. To implement its environmental policies, the key instruments used by GoM are: e • The National Environmental Management Program (NEMP); v • The Environmental Law nº20/1997 of 1 October; e • The EIA regulations: The decree nº45/2004 of 29 September related to the EIA process; • D Other recent applicable regulations and guidelines for Environmental Impact Evaluation (EIE): The decree nº32/2003 of 12 August on Environmental Auditing (compliance monitoring); the decree nº18/2004 of 2 June on Environmental Quality Standards; the decree nº129/2006 of 19 y July on public participation; the manual of procedures for environmental licensing or clearance g t of October 2006; MICOA's Strategic Plan for the environmental Sector (2005 - 2015). • The Land Law n°19/97 of 1 October 1997 and regulations; r • The Forest (and Fauna) Law n°10/99 of 7 July. e A number of interrelated policies, laws, and programs of the GoM may have a bearing on EDAP. Of n j particular relevance are the National Environmental Policy (1995), and the Land Policy. In addition,
E the National Environmental Program (NEMP) seeks to promote and implement a sound environmental policy. This Master Plan includes a National Environmental Policy, Framework
P Environmental Legislation and Environmental Strategy.
At national level, there are also various laws and other instruments to safeguard environment and human health. The country’s Constitution compels the Government to promote initiatives guaranteeing ecological equilibrium and environmental conservation, as well as improving quality of life for all citizens.
Lastly, as a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), Mozambique participates in various SADC protocols; especially those related to shared watercourses and wildlife
P LEGAL REGULATORY ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ESMF
conservation. Mozambique is also a party to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); UN Convention to Combat Desertification; the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES); and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance.
4.1.1 The Legal Framework Supporting ESMF
The Environmental Law (1997)
The key objective of the Environmental Law, approved by the Parliament on October 1, 1997 is to achieve sustainable development and environmental management in the country. The law among its key provisions requires preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for projects and programs that have the potential of significant environmental impact. s These EIA regulations have subsequently been subject to some adjustments. New performance s standards and guidelines have been recently enforced through several decrees which define the e functions and responsibilities of public sector institutions involved in environmental management. c These are presented under the section on EIA regulations. c
A The Environmental Law is applicable to all public or private activities, which may influence the environment either directly or indirectly. Salient features of the Law include: ƒ Those who pollute, or in any way degrade the environment, are liable and under obligation & to rehabilitate the environment or to compensate for the resulting damage. ƒ The Law forbids the pollution of the soil, subsoil, water or atmosphere by any polluting substances, or any other form of degradation of the environment, which fall outside the t limits stipulated by the Law. n ƒ Projects and operations that are likely to have a negative impact on the environment are e subject to an environmental impact assessment by independent assessors.
m ƒ All activities that may threaten the conservation, reproduction, quality and quantity of biological resources, especially those in danger of extinction are prohibited. p ƒ To protect environmental components that have a recognised ecological and socio- o economic value, environmental protection zones can be created.
l ƒ Licensing of activities that are liable to cause significant environmental impacts is required. The issuance of an environmental license is dependent on an appropriate level of e environmental impact assessment being completed and accepted. v A National Commission for Sustainable Development (NCSD), linked to the Council of Ministers, e was created by a provision in the Framework Environmental Law in October 2000. This was to ensure the effective co-ordination and integration of sectoral policies and plans related to D environmental management at the highest level. In terms of this Law, activities that are liable to cause significant environmental impacts require an y Environmental License. The issuance of an environmental license is dependent on an appropriate
g level of environmental impact assessment being completed and accepted. t The Environmental Law imposes strict liability on anyone who causes material damage to the r environment. The State exercises its right to assess the damage, set the amount of compensation, e and to take countermeasures at the expense of the person causing the damage. The provision, n
j however, do not relate to hazardous wastes specifically. While Mozambique has a sound environmental legislation in place, institutional capacity to E implement environmental policies, laws and regulations, overall is generally considered as weak. The institutional roles and competencies are not well defined resulting in gaps and overlaps in
P environmental management especially in coastal and marine management. In addition to weak institutional capacity within sectors, there is also a lack of inter-institutional coordination between higher and lower levels of the government.
The Land Law and Regulations (1997)
The Land Law is relevant to the construction of transmission lines and substations.
The Land Law stresses that all the land belongs to the State, and no private land rights exist, and all holdings are secondary rights. It also maintains a bias toward land use planning for the good of
P LEGAL REGULATORY ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ESMF
society, rather than market mechanisms and decentralized control over resources. Under this law, two types of land rights are possible. One type is land leased from the State as a concession. To obtain title, the applicant must follow a legally described process. The second type of land rights is based on traditional occupation and customary norms and practices, if not contrary to the Constitution.
Both individuals and legally defined collective bodies (profit and no-profit associations and cooperatives) may obtain land titles for up to 50 years, renewable thereafter. The occupation rights of communities are supposed to have as much weight as rights acquired through formal titling procedures. The Land Law also specifies the responsibilities of different levels of government to grant rights in land. Provincial governors can approve land concessions or titles up to 1,000 hectares; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MADER) must approve land rights from 1,000 hectares up to 10,000 hectares, and the Council of Ministers must approve titles to areas of 10,000 hectares or s more. s
e Forestry Law and Regulations c Although the Forest Law may not be relevant to EDAP because the sub-projects will be c implemented in low income peri-urban areas and rural areas, we have included it to cover unlikely
A situations in remote areas (e.g. micro hydropower project areas). According to the Forest Law (Act n°10 of 7 July 1999), all the forest and wildlife resources in Mozambique belong to the State. The main objectives of this law are to protect, conserve, develop & and utilise the forest and wildlife resources of the country in rational and sustainable ways for economic, social, and ecological benefits for current and future generations. The Law and its Regulations also stress that the State may delegate the power of forest resource t management, including the objectives of replanting forests and restocking wildlife, to local n communities, associations or to the private sector. The Forest Regulations give a list of protected e species of animals and plants, and lists fines for hunting, killing, or other exploitation. m Water Law (1991) p
o The Water Law establishes general water management principles and rules for water utilisation,
l priorities, rights, and obligations of water users. The Water Law establishes all the water bodies in
e the public domain as: v • Inland waters, both surface and groundwater, belonging to the State; e • All dams, hydraulic equipment and other infrastructure built or funded by the State for
D • Public utility also belong to the State; • All public domain watercourses are State propriety and they cannot be alienated; and • The State water public domains and its management policy. y The micro hydropower project developer will have to establish whether a water abstraction licence is g t required. Good management practices of river catchment areas are also recommended. r Municipalities Law e n j This law aims at decentralisation of authority to district level. The Municipalities Law stipulates that
E mechanisms should be developed for involving traditional authorities as well as any future community institutions in local administration.
P 4.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies
The World Bank has ten Safeguard Policies and a Disclosure Policy (seen Annex 4). The objective of these policies is to: (i) Ensure that Environmental and Social issues are evaluated in decision-making; (ii) Reduce and manage Risk of project/program; and (iii) Provide a mechanism for Consultation and Disclosure of Information; In addition, BP17.50 is Public Disclosure Policy. It requires timely disclosure (and accessible public places in Mozambique and the Bank’s InfoShop) of information and document such as an ESMF.
P LEGAL REGULATORY ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ESMF
The ten policies are listed below: • OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment (EA); • OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats; • OP/BP 4.09 Pest Management; • OP/BP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples; • OP/BP 4.11 Physical/Cultural Resources; • OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement; • OP/BP 4.36 Forests; • OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams; • OP/BP 7.50 Projects on International Waterways; and • OP/BP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas. In addition to the GoM’s environmental and social regulations, the World Bank’s safeguard policies will also apply. The Bank’s Operational Policies further require that the GoM and the World Bank, as a condition for project funding, must disclose the ESMF as a separate and standalone document s before the Bank’s Appraisal of the proposed project. A review of Mozambique’s environmental s assessment laws indicates that they are less comprehensive than those of the World Bank.
e Application of the Bank’s Safeguard Policy OP 4.01 to EDAP will help ensure the environmental and social soundness of the projects, in addition to integrating the project’s environmental and social c aspects into decision-making process. c The Bank’s OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment requires Environmental and Social Screening of all
A Bank-financed projects. Based on the screening results, an appropriate environmental category is assigned. The Categories range from: Category A (significant negative impacts); to Category B (impacts less significant than those of category A project, and which can be mitigated effectively); to & Category C (no significant environmental impacts, and hence, no additional environmental assessment.
t Assigning an environmental category for EDAP subprojects, based on the Bank’s OP 4.01 should also accommodate GoM’s applicable requirements including the screening of subprojects for n potential environmental and social impacts. Thus, environmental and social work for future EDAP e activities will be carried out based on the results of the screening process outlined in the ESMF.
m The outcome of the screening exercise may require implementation of simple mitigation measures or in cases where impacts are potentially significant, further assessment through a simplified EIA, p following GoM’s procedures. As mentioned earlier, full EIAs for category A sub-projects will not be o carried out, because EDAP has been assigned the environmental category B, and hence will not
l fund category A sub-projects. e 4.3 EDAP Triggered Safeguard Policies v
e As indicated in Table 2 below, EDAP has triggered OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment and OP
D 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement. A summary of the Bank’s safeguard policies is provided in Annex 4. This summary indicates the steps to be taken in the event that a sub-project might trigger any of these policies. y According to the World Bank's (WB) Procedures on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01 January g t 1999), environmental assessment (EA) for a proposed Bank-financed operation is the responsibility of the borrower (the borrower here is taken to be the Government of Mozambique, through the r Ministry of Energy. World Bank's Staff may assist the Borrower when needed. e According to WB Operational Policies on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01 January 1999) the n j Bank classifies proposed projects into one of four categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental E impacts: Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse
P environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. EA for a Category A project examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts, compares them with those of feasible alternatives (including the "without project" situation), and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an EIA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectorial EA). Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas, including wetlands, forests,
P LEGAL REGULATORY ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ESMF
grasslands, and other natural habitats - are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The scope of EA for a Category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of a Category A EA. Like a Category A EA, it examines the project’s potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. The findings and results of Category B EA are described m the project documentation (Project Appraisal Document and Project Information Document). Category C: A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project. Category Fl: A proposed project is classified as Category Fl if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts.
s The WB’s task team has categorised the proposed project as a Category B Project. The Consultant concurs with this categorisation as all identified potential impacts for the subprojects are site- s specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in all cases mitigation measures can be readily e designed. c During the environmental and social screening process outlined in the ESMF and as part of the preparation of any separate EA reports that might be required, the Borrower will consult project c affected groups and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other relevant stakeholders A about the project’s environmental aspects and takes their views into account (OP 4.01 January 1999). In order to comply with OP 4.01 the consultants have prepared a separate framework for
& public consultation. The Bank Procedures on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12, December 2001) recognize that the planning of resettlement activities is an integral part of preparation for Bank-assisted projects. When t a proposed project is likely to involve involuntary resettlement the Task Team and borrower are
n required to: (a) assess the nature and magnitude of the likely displacement; e (b) explore all viable alternative project designs to avoid, where feasible, or minimize m displacement;
p (c) assess the legal framework covering resettlement and the policies of the government and implementing agencies (identifying any inconsistencies between such policies and o the Bank’s policy); l (d) review past borrower and likely implementing agencies’ experience with similar e operations;
v (e) discuss with the agencies responsible for resettlement the policies and institutional, legal, and consultative arrangements for resettlement, including measures to address any e inconsistencies between government or implementing agency policies and Bank policy;
D (f) Discuss any technical assistance to be provided to the borrower; (g) prepare a Resettlement Policy Framework and/or a Resettlement Action Plan as the case may be. y The rehabilitation of distribution lines, substations, powerhouses and other project related g t infrastructure is unlikely to require the acquisition of land over which individuals have land rights.
r The permanent loss of infrastructure and other assets is likely to be only minor. Existing trees and vegetation will be cut down along or near the path of the distribution lines during construction to e prevent interference with the lines or to allow access to construction sites. This represents a loss of n j assets belonging to affected parties, particularly in respect of productive fruit trees - these will
E require compensation. The land requirement for a sub-station or a switchyard is estimated to be relatively small - in the order of 250 m2 max, no new sub-stations will be constructed, only two existing sub-stations will be rehabilitated, and hence, no land is required. It is common practice, P wherever possible, to site substations on public land or unused "waste" lands. The nature of the subprojects therefore, precludes large-scale resettlement. Since some degrees of losses of land and/or livelihoods are expected, the consultants have prepared a stand-alone Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for EDAP. The provisions of the RPF will be implemented if the environmental and social screening process outlined in the ESMF has indicated that there is a potential for loss of land and/or livelihoods under a particular sub-project. A qualified Social Consultant will be hired to implement the provisions of the RPF as appropriate. Table 2: Safeguard Policies Triggered by EDAP
P LEGAL REGULATORY ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ESMF
Safeguard Policies Yes No Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) 9 Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) 9 Pest Management (OP 4.09) 9 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) 9 Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) (*) 9 s Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.36) 9 s Forests (OP/BP 4.37) e 9 c Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37)
c 9
A Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) 9
& Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) 9
t (*) If there are differences between the national legislation and OP 4.12, the requirements of OP 4.12 will prevail for the duration of EDAP implementation n e
m 4.4 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations p This section refers to Mozambique’s EA procedures and requirements. One needs to point out here o that while the screening of investments will be carried out on the basis of the ESMF which is l consistent with OP 4.01, any required simplified EAs will be carried out in compliance with
e Mozambique EA’s procedures. The key environmental protection and management tools for EDAP include: (i) Environmental v Screening; (ii) Environmental Assessment (EA) system for proposed projects,; (iii) Environmental e Management Systems (EMS) including Environmental & Social Management Plan (ESMP) and
D others, as applicable; (iv) Environmental Guidelines for Contractors; (v) Summary of the Bank’s Safeguard Policies; and (vi) Environmental quality guidelines, procedures and instruments as provided under the Mozambique’s Laws and the World Bank’s Environmental Guidelines. y The Environmental Law establishes the system of environmental licensing or environmental g t clearance based on the evaluation of environmental impacts. The decree nº45/2004 defines the
r process of conducting an Environmental Impact Evaluation (EIE) and creates three project categories: A, B & C. In the Energy Sector, coal fired plants, large and medium sized hydropower e plants, fuel storage facilities for and High Voltage transmission lines (110 kV upwards and more n j than 10 km long) are categorised as A projects and therefore require a full ESIA. Since EDAP has
E been assigned the environmental category B, sub-projects assigned the environmental category A cannot be funded under the proposed project. With the intention to define and guide the preparation of environmental assessment studies as
P defined in the decree nº45/2004, MICOA formulated two additional sets of guidelines related to the elaboration of environmental impact evaluations (decree nº129/2006 of October 2006) and to the public participation (decree nº130/2006 of October 2006) that guides and standardise the process of community involvement, including the participation of project affected people. The main articles of the decree nº45/2004 are outlined below. Article 2 specifies the scope of application. The provisions contained in the Decree are applicable to all public or private activities that may have a direct or indirect impact on the environment.
P LEGAL REGULATORY ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ESMF
Article 3 classifies the project activities into the three categories:- A requiring a full and complete EIA; B only necessitating a simplified environmental assessment; and C not requiring an EIA or a EA as negative impacts are minimal or non existent. Article 5 states that the Environmental Authority can issue an environmental license / clearance after the simplified environmental assessment (applicable to category B projects) has been approved. The post-evaluation process comprises monitoring reports, audits, inspections and more broadly controlling and supervising the activities which have been granted clearance. Article 6 specifies that in order to initiate the process of environmental impact evaluation, the project Proponent(s) must submit to the Environmental Authority at the central or provincial levels (DCPAs - Provincial Directorates for Coordination of Environmental Action) a project documentation that will include the project description, its justification, its legal framework, a summarised description of the biophysical and socio-economic conditions of the project areas, the current land use, the steps of the environmental evaluation process, the Environmental Information Sheet or Screening Form.
s Based on the screening forms and other project information to be submitted in terms of the article 6, MICOA undertakes a pre-evaluation (Article 7) that will result either in the project rejection, or in its s categorisation and determination of the environmental evaluations that should be carried out (i.e. full e ESIA or simplified EA), or even in the exemption to conduct environmental evaluation. c Article 8 defines the criteria that are used by MICOA to do the project evaluation:- number of project affected persons; affected ecosystems; location and extent of the affected area; probability, c nature, duration, intensity, significance of impacts; direct, indirect, potential, global and cumulative A effects; reversibility or irreversibility of the impact(s). The process of identification, evaluation of the environmental impacts and formulation of mitigation measures must comply with environmental
& performance standards that have been adopted in Mozambique. Article 9 describes the objectives and activities of the Technical Evaluation Committees who will review the project information for Category B projects and their environmental assessments. t Article 10 describes the Environmental Pre-Feasibility and Scope Definition Study that is
n compulsory for all Category A projects. This Study will be submitted to the National Directorate of Environmental Impact Evaluation (DNAIA). e Article 11 gives the typical Terms of Reference for an EIA or an EA. They comprise:- description of m the required Specialist Studies; description of the project viable alternatives that need to be further
p investigated during the EIA; the methodology used to identify and assess the environmental impacts during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases; description of the public o participation process that will be followed; presentation of the project Proponent/Developer and of l the team responsible to conduct the EIA or EA. e Article 12 presents the structure and contents of an EIA that will be ultimately submitted to DNAIA.
v The EIA contents must also include an Environmental Management Plan with monitoring mechanisms, emergency plans, and environmental education programme. The reports and records e of public participation / consultation also form part of the EIA report.
D Article 13 is about the simplified Environmental Assessment. For the EDAP subprojects, such EAs may be required as a result of the environmental and social screening process outlined in the ESMF. The project Proponents or developers have the responsibility to carry out EAs. Before y starting the EA, the Terms of Reference must be submitted to the relevant Provincial Directorate for g t Environmental Action (DPCA). The TORs must contain the following elements:- name and address
r of the Proponent/Developer; location of the project on a map at an appropriate scale to show the limits of its direct and indirect area of influence; the project framework and relations to existing land e development plans; description of the projects and its various related actions; the possible n j alternatives; its various implementation (planning, construction, exploration and in the case of a
E temporary activity, decommissioning; the public participation process; the identification of the environmental components that will be investigated; the methodology used for identifying, categorising and evaluating the potential environmental impacts of the project and its alternatives; P presentation of the team who shall carry out the EA. Following the approval by DPCA, the EA can start. The EA study report should contain at least the following sections:- a non-technical summary covering the main issues and conclusions; location and description of the project; the legal framework and the project integration into the existing territorial development plans for the project direct area of influence; the environmental diagnostic analysis presenting the baseline data (reference environmental situation); identification and evaluation of the project environmental impacts; the project’s environmental management plan that will include the impact monitoring, the environmental education programme and the emergency plans in case of accidents; presentation of the multidisciplinary team that carried out the EA; the records and reports related to public
P LEGAL REGULATORY ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ESMF
consultation and participation as stipulated in the Article 14 (9) when required. Once completed, the EA study report in Portuguese is submitted to the relevant Provincial Directorate for Environmental Coordination (DPCA). Article 14 describes the required process of public participation that takes the form of public meetings and consultations. It must comply with MICOA’s specific guidelines (cf. Decree nº129/2006 of 19 July on public participation). It entails project information disclosure, consultation of all (directly or indirectly) affected and interested parties, clarification requests, formulation of suggestions. The responsibility to conduct public participation from project conceptual design to completion of EIA/EA lies entirely with the Proponent. The public participation from the review of the TORs to the environmental clearance is the responsibility of MICOA. The DNAIA and DPCAs must ensure that the Project Proponent carries out public consultation and that its results are taken into consideration in the decision making process. If the public participation process is compulsory for Category A projects, it is only facultative for Category B projects except if the project involves permanent or temporary resettlement or the relocation of assets or the restrictions over the
s utilisation of natural resources. Articles 15 and 16 present the review process for the Environmental Pre-feasibility Studies and the s full Environmental Impact Assessments that are applicable to Category A projects. e Article 17 describes the review process for the simplified Environmental Assessment. The DPCA c sets up a Technical Evaluation Committee which will review the EA. This Committee consists of a Representative from DCPA (Chair), a Representative of the Provincial Directorate directly c concerned by the project, a Representative from the local authority where the project will be A implemented, other Representatives from government entities and training institutions or research centres involved in the environmental field, Technician(s) specialised in the project sector. Once the
& Committee's comments and requests have been incorporated in the final EA report, The DCPA takes a final decision on the environmental feasibility of the project. The final evaluation statement will be issued and will form the basis for the process of granting an environmental clearance. t Article 18 specifies that the period for the communication of decisions.
n The Central Environmental Evaluation Authority shall observe the following periods:- Pre- Evaluation, up to 5 working days; Environmental Pre-feasibility, up to 30 working days; EIA, up to 40 e - 50 working days. m The Provincial Directorates for the Coordination of Environmental Action shall observe the following
p periods:- Pre-Evaluation, up to 8 - 10 working days; TORs, up to 15 working days; simplified EA, up to 30 working days o Articles 19, and 20 describe the environmental clearance process. When the project environmental l feasibility is confirmed, the competent body, at the central or local levels, proceeds with the e immediate notification of the Proponent and of other supervisory entities. The Environmental clearance is issued after payment of the levies and taxes calculated in terms of the Article 25 of this v Article 25 decree. In case of objection, the Environmental Authority decides to reject either all the proposed e activities or part of them. Upon the granting of the environmental licence or clearance, the project
D must be initiated within two years. Article 21 is about the register of accredited Environmental Consultants. Article 22 specifies the responsibility of the Proponent. The Proponent needs to: y ƒ communicate in writing to MICOA the start, interruption, and end of the construction phase; g t ƒ comply with all applicable regulations, norms, guidelines and standards;
r ƒ contract accredited environmental consultants for the execution of EPDA, EIA, EA, etc; ƒ carry out the public participation process according to the approved standards; e ƒ bear all the costs related to the evaluation of his/her environmental submission; n j ƒ be aware that he/she would expose himself/herself to criminal charges should he/she:
E o not have submitted timely his/her project to the process of environmental clearance, o have made a modification without informing the environmental authorities, o have presented false or altered information or hidden information, P o have not implemented the mitigation measures as recommended in the technical studies, o have not obeyed the conditions stipulated in the environmental clearance; o have not conducted an environmental evaluation. Article 23 defines the responsibility of the environmental consultants who needs to have the required skills, professional experience, technical knowledge to carry out an environmental evaluation and public consultations, etc. Article 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28 describe the supervision, monitoring, sanctions and fines as well as taxes levied by the environmental authority. It is specified that MICOA will carry out regularly
P LEGAL REGULATORY ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ESMF
inspections and supervision of the environmental management and monitoring activities. For the environmental clearance, MICOA will levy a tax representing 0.1% of the investment’s total value. In the decree’s annexure, MICOA lists the project types and their corresponding categorisation. It also gives the Preliminary Environmental Information Sheet. The Proponent is compelled to complete this environmental screening form that has been developed by the Ministry. The pre- assessment will determine whether or not an environmental impact study is necessary. According to the EIA Regulations, all EDAP’s subprojects are subject to environmental screening. The 2004 decree requires licensing or clearance of any activities liable to cause significant environmental damage.
4.4.1 Review and Approval of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report
This section distinguishes between on one hand the review and approval of environmental and social screening results (B1 subprojects) and on the other separate EA reports (B2 subprojects). s
s MICOA’s Provincial Representatives (DPCAs) as well as its authorised Representatives at the Governor’s Office are tasked to review the simplified Environmental Assessments (EA) which will e apply to EDAP B2 subprojects. This review should also include determination whether any c landowners and inhabitants would be adversely impacted - through loss of land, loss of livelihoods, c etc. - as a result of project implementation. A Where applicable, these should be dealt under the provisions of the Resettlement Policy Framework
& (RPF) prepared as a separate EDAP's strategic document.
For EDAP, simplified EAs will be submitted to the Environmental Focal Point at the Ministry of t Energy (EFP/ME) who in turn will submit them to MICOA for review and approval. EFP/ME will work n closely with MICOA. When EAs are approved, EDAP's Project Coordination Unit will then apply for
e MICOA's clearance. m Sub-project EAs shall be paid for by the EDM and FUNAE. Any EA and concomitant mitigation p measures will have to be funded by the subproject. o
l The EA reports should include a clear, practical, and user-friendly Environmental and Social
e Management Plan (ESMP), prepared in accordance with the requirements of OP 4.01 of the World Bank. This ESMP should be a practical action-oriented plan specifying measures to be taken to v address the negative environmental and social impacts. e
D The Plan should also specify the actions, resources, and responsibilities required to implement the agreed actions and details on key social and environmental management, monitoring, and
y monitoring indicators. Moreover, the ESMP should ensure that the costs of implementing the recommendations of the EA report are budgeted - e.g. resettlement costs. g t r Responsibility for the preparation of the EAs/ESMPs will be contracted to qualified and competitively e selected Mozambique Consultants. The Consultants will work with the EFP/ME and, seek n
j participation of community members and their representatives to develop the ESMP. The ESMP, at a minimum should include:- (i) Summary of environmental and social impacts; (ii) Description of the E mitigation measures; (iii) A monitoring plan including monitoring indicators; (iv) Institutional arrangements; (v) a discussion of alternatives; and (vi) Capacity building needs to ensure effective
P implementation (vi) Implementation schedule and reporting procedures, and (vi) Cost estimates. EFP/ME will assist with the details required for the ESMP preparation in accordance with GoM’s requirements. 4.5 International Conventions ratified by Mozambique
Mozambique has ratified the following international and regional conventions, agreements and organizations regarding environmental aspects interfering with energy sector development
P LEGAL REGULATORY ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ESMF
(CONDES 2002, Energy Master Plan). We have underlined the ones which are relevant to the EDAP subprojects.
ƒ UN Basic Framework Convention on Climate Change (the Kyoto Protocol);
ƒ UN Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992; ratified in 1996);
ƒ UN Convention against Desertification;
ƒ The Vienna Convention for Protection of the Ozone;
ƒ The Montreal Protocol on Ozone Destroying Substances;
ƒ UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (Jamaica, 1982; Signed 1982); s
s ƒ Convention for the East Africa Coastal and Marine Development, Management and
e Protection (Nairobi, 1985; Ratified in 1996); c ƒ The Basel Convention on the Control of transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes c and their Disposal (Basel, 1989; Ratified 1997); A ƒ The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants - including Polychlorinated Biphenyls - PCBs (Ratified 2005); &
ƒ Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Paris, t 1972; Ratified 1982); n ƒ Convention on Conservation of New Breeds of Plants (Paris, 1961 (not signed); e m ƒ Convention on Wetlands of International Importance – “Ramsar Convention” (Ramsar, p 1971); o ƒ Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora – l “CITES, or Washington Convention” (Washington, DC., 1973, signed but not ratified); e
v ƒ Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn, 1979 not
e signed); D ƒ Convention on Migratory Birds (Bonn, 1991, not signed);
y ƒ International Maritime Organisation (Member since 1991); g t ƒ Organisation on the Indian Ocean Marine Affairs Co-operation-IOMAC. (Member since r 1991); e n j ƒ The Bamako Convention on the ban of the import into Africa and the control of trans-
E boundary movement and management of Hazardous wastes within Africa. (Bamako, 1991; Ratified in 1997);
P ƒ Protocol on Shared Watercourse Systems in the SADC Region (Signed, 1995)
ƒ The Zambezi River Basin Multilateral Agreement (Signed 1987)
ƒ International Convention to Combat Drought and Desertification (Ratified 1996).
P LEGAL REGULATORY ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ESMF
4.6 Institutional Framework
The main technical role-player for EDAP is the Ministry of Energy (ME). ME is EDAP’s Proponent or Promoter.
The following section describes the institutional arrangements and interfaces with MICOA and other project stakeholders.
4.6.1 EDAP’s institutional arrangements
EDAP’s possible institutional arrangement is presented on the organisation chart (cf. Fig.4). The Ministry of Energy will take the lead in administrative interface with the World Bank and other potential partners. s A project coordination unit or steering committee shall be established at the national level to s coordinate EDAP implementation. It would provide strategic oversight and direction to the project. e c It will consist of the Ministry of Energy and the two main implementing agents: c ƒ FUNAE for the rural electrification based on off grid rural and renewable energy and A
ƒ EDM for the peri-urban electrification through extensions of the distribution grid. & These implementing agencies shall be responsible to commission Consultants to carry out the screening and the EAs. These documents will be reviewed by MICOA. t n An Environmental Focal Point (EFP) shall be located within the Ministry of Energy and form part of e the EDAP Coordination Unit. The EFP will also centralise feedback, inputs and data provided by
m EDM & FUNAE’s own environmental units. p Monitoring and evaluation indicators shall be developed and will incorporate indicators at the output, o outcome, and PDO levels. These indicators will be further refined during the preparation phase of l subprojects.
e A number of other organisations and role-players will also participate in the project and shall be incorporated in the ESMF and the project organisational structure. The interface with the Governors’ v Offices in all provinces targeted by EDAP shall be done through provincial Environmental Focal e Points. These EFPs will include Representatives of Provincial Authorities and of FUNAE & EDM’s D decentralised offices or delegations. They will have to work closely with MICOA’s DPCAs. y g t r e n j E P
P LEGAL REGULATORY ADMNISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ESMF
Figure 7: EDAP Organisation Chart
WORLD BANK (and possibly other funding agencies)
Ministry of Energy
Project Coordination Unit MICOA Strategic Planning ESMF Environmental Focal Point RPF Guidelines + User-friendly Manuals (Project Teams / Contractors) Low cost road show / exhibition (Communities / Consumers)
Electricidade de Moçambique Fundo Nacional de Energia EDM Implementing Agencies FUNAE Grid extensions in peri-urban areas Off grid renewable energy
Project Teams Project Teams Peri-Urban Electrification Rural Electrification Planning Environmental Planning Environmental Unit Unit Unit Unit
Maputo Nampula Manica Tete C. Delgado Environmental Focal Points Solar PV Systems Micro Hydropower Biomass Provincial / Local Levels (Inst./ household syst.) between 2 & 6 projects - Governor's Offices -
Subproject Planning Simplified EA/ESMP Consultant(s) - Engineering + Environmentalists Consultant(s) - Engineering + Environmentalists RAP Occupational Health & Safety Plan
Implementation Compensation Civil Contractors - Site Supervisors Suppliers / Civil Contractors - Site Supervisors Monitoring / Inspection / Audits
Commissioning Local Management Committees Inspections / Audits (fare collection, maintenance, community education) Targeted Communities / Consumers Operation / Maintenance Audits
Targeted Communities & Institutions / End-users
MICOA Provincial Directorates for Coordination of Environmental Action (DPCAs)
P LEGAL REGULATORY ADMNISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ESMF
The EFPs shall particularly look at resettlement planning issues in the provinces of Maputo, Manica, Tete, Nampula and Cabo Delgado where grid extensions will be carried out. They will have to ensure that ERAP’s shortcomings are being corrected under EDAP, especially the need to and ensure that land is available for relocating project affected people and that the resettlement costs are covered. The Bank’s team is undertaking further work with EDM to determine the extent of safeguards compliance in ERAP and in determining appropriate actions as needed to ensure full compliance with Bank guidelines.
The main institutions with key roles and responsibilities for environmental and social management will therefore be: ƒ For EDAP’s environmental and social aspects, an Environmental Focal Point (EFP) will be appointed by ME (referred as EFP/ME) to help coordinate, and provide guidance and other related services for EDAP. The EFP shall be an individual with adequate authority and environmental background to cover project’s needs.
EFP will be responsible for: (i) overseeing environmental screening of subprojects at provincial levels, (ii) based on the results of ESSF, developing the Terms of References (TORs) for EAs; (iii) assisting in recruiting qualified Consultancy Firm(s) to conduct Environmental Assessments (EAs); (iv) reviewing reports and documents produced in partnership with the Ministry of Coordination and Environmental Affairs (MICOA) and; (v) coordinating with other agencies when needed. The subprojects' budget shall pay for the EA costs and MICOA's taxes as well as any costs required in the implementation of the ESMP/RAP activities (e.g. resettlement). ƒ EFP/ME will appoint qualified Representative(s) referred as EFP/GO, and place them at the provincial Governor’s Offices to manage subprojects at provincial and local levels. EFP/GO would be responsible for completing the Environmental and Social Screening Form; and the Environmental and the Social Checklists in coordination with MICOA’s local Representatives. They will also play a coordinating role in the monitoring of EDAP's impacts. Based on the results of ESSF, the subproject's Environmental Category - in line with the World Bank guidelines - will be confirmed (see chapter 6). This will include any applicable environmental mitigation measures that may be needed during the activity’s actual implementation. The category and the mitigation measures will be presented to the local MICOA Representatives. ƒ During the subproject’s physical implementation, the local EFP/GO (where subprojects would be implemented) will be responsible for environmental monitoring and also overseeing the implementation (by the private, civil works contractor hired for construction and rehabilitation works) of required mitigation measures. The Contractor will follow the Environmental Guidelines for Contractors presented in Annex 3. Identified social issues and problems will be managed through RPF implementation. ƒ Costs related to the appointment and training, particularly for environmental and social aspects, costs of deployment of the EFP/ME, EFP/GO would be borne by ME. To assist at the provincial level, EFP/GO may need additional qualified manpower, particularly Social Specialists. As EDAP subproject activities go through final planning for implementation, ME should assess all such needs to ensure timely and qualitative completion of various activities. Where in-house qualified staff exists, they should be preferred for delegation and mobilisation to save training time and costs.
4.6.2 Interface between the Ministry of Energy and MICOA
ME will liaise with Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) and seek guidance from the Environmental Authority whenever needed. Due to the interlinked and variable character of the environment, the significance of the working relationship will vary. ME and MICOA should be important partners in dealing with the development of energy projects in Mozambique. MICOA is responsible for implementing the National Environmental Management Program and associated environmental policy and legislation. Its primary responsibilities: ƒ to revise and develop policies and sustainable, inter-sectoral development plans; ƒ promote sectoral legislation; ƒ co-ordinate policy implementation; ƒ educate and promote public awareness; and ƒ create regulations
P POTENTIAL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ESMF
Key areas of MICOA activity include: ƒ Environmental Impact Assessment; ƒ Environmental Audit and Inspection; ƒ Environmental Quality Standard. Regulating Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) is one of the most important roles of MICOA. This role requires significant interaction and coordination with other government sectors involved in development and investment projects and, consequently MICOA has assumed a much more visible and higher profile. To achieve his mandate, MICOA is divided into five National Directorates with specific functions: ƒ The Environmental Impact Evaluation Directorate - DNAIA (Direcção Nacional de Avaliação do Impacto Ambiental) responsible for ensuring that Environmental Impact Assessments are conducted according to regulations and standards and for reviewing these EIAs / EAs. DNAIA will be the main interlocutor of EDAP’s Coordination Unit; ƒ The Environmental Management Directorate - DNGA (Direcção Nacional de Gestão
s Ambiental) responsible for environmental management of coastal areas, of natural resources and urban areas, and formulation of policies and strategies; s ƒ The Territorial / Land Planning and Development Directorate - DNAPOT (Direcção Nacional e de Planeamento e Ordenamento Territorial), c ƒ The Environmental Awareness Promotion Directorate - DNPA (Direcção Nacional de Promoção Ambiental), with responsibility for environmental awareness raising campaigns; c ƒ The Planning Directorate - DNP (Direcção Nacional de Planificação) with responsibility for A strategic planning of MICOA´s activities and development. Other Ministries and Departments may become involved where an energy project directly impacts
& their sphere of operation. For example if an energy project affects natural forests, the National Directorate of Forestry and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development may become involved. t n 5. Potential Social and Environmental Impacts e
m No large scale, significant and/or irreversible negative impacts are associated with EDAP. Accordingly, as a stand-alone project, EDAP has been categorised as a Category B project. This is p based on the nature of the subproject's predicted adverse impacts, which are relatively few in o number, generally restricted to a relatively small geographic area and readily addressed provided l that well understood mitigation measures are implemented. e
v Most of the potential environmental and social impacts are likely to come from rehabilitation of distribution networks and grid connections and extensions. In all cases, potentially adverse impacts e will be manageable. D
Given that EDAP operates essentially in settled areas, sub-projects are not expected to negatively y affects ecologically sensitive areas. In the event that a sub-project is likely to have negative impacts g t on natural habitats, it will not be funded under EDAP (see also Annex 4). r Potential negative social impacts and aspects include:- the non use of local qualified manpower e during the rehabilitation and construction of the infrastructures, potential loss of livelihoods, access n j to economic assets and land as adverse social impacts due to land acquisition. This could cause
E some frustrations and social tensions at local level, potentially leading to social conflicts. It is important to note that unemployment is widespread, particularly during the dry season. To the
P extent possible, employment of local residents in targeted communities should be encouraged. This will also foster local buy-in for the project.
Contractors' vehicles may hold up the traffic, causing mobility problems and unsafe conditions for the community, in addition to exposing population to increased noise, dust, etc. Stored cement, sand and other construction materials may cause public nuisance and irritation if not properly managed. The different pollution and nuisances associated with the works could have some, most likely temporary, effects on the health of neighbouring populations, individually and/or collectively.
P POTENTIAL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ESMF
Poor maintenance may lower intended impacts in local communities resulting in disillusionment with such electricity supply projects. This may occur due to a lack of funds, negligence of staff, poor supervision, or deficient monitoring. On the positive side, energy supply subprojects can improve quality of life, contribute to local economic development, business development and job creation in localities where subprojects are implemented. During construction, subprojects may also employ local skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers. In order to accommodate involuntary resettlement and related issues, EDAP has prepared a separate Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) to help guide the implementation of mitigation measures related to land acquisition, compensation and relocation of project affected people. RFP’s implementation must ensure that affected communities and people are fairly treated and the provisions of the RPF are implemented by qualified Social Specialists. The following section describes the main impacts and mitigations during the construction and operational phases. An Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is presented in Annex
s 2. s 5.1 Reinforcement of the primary networks and grid extension e
c For a main grid subproject, the national grid high voltage transmission lines will deliver electricity to
c a substation in or close to a peri-urban area or small town. From the substation, electricity will be
A distributed via a medium and low voltage network to various points in the supply area. No new substation shall be built under EDAP. Only distribution transformers in existing substations will be replaced and upgraded. A few impacts will arise from the construction and extension of distribution & networks. Minor and temporary land and habitat disturbances will occur during the construction of new distribution lines but only when such lines do not follow existing way leave along the roads and t paths. Distribution routes that are likely to have impacts on forest, wildlife reserves and any other n ecologically sensitive areas will not be funded. e The issue of displacement of people living on or near the line route should be carefully examined. m Current track-record and performance in terms of resettlement of affected households should be p improved. The Bank’s team is undertaking further work with EDM to determine the extent of o safeguards compliance in ERAP and in determining appropriate actions as needed to ensure full l compliance with Bank guidelines. e According to the Project Concept Note, transformers will be replaced at two substations but no new v substations will be built under EDAP (During operation and maintenance of the distribution lines, e minimal environmental impacts are anticipated. The section below presents examples of potential D impact that may occur during construction and operational phases.
y 5.1.1 Construction Phase g t Permanent loss of land and assets during the construction of OH lines r
e The main socio-economic potential impact will be the permanent losses of land and assets due to n
j the construction of overhead lines. Poles supporting low and medium voltage distribution lines in small towns and peri-urban settlements will be erected along existing streets, public thoroughfares E and stream banks, through open areas, and sometimes along the boundaries between adjacent properties. This is done to cause as little disturbance as possible to people and property and also
P serves to provide easy access for maintenance. In some peri-urban areas, 33 & 11 kV lines may also be erected across fields. In this case, it may not be necessary for people and activities to be totally excluded from rights of way associated with MV and LV overhead distribution lines. In the Project Concept Note, EDM commits itself to introduce technologies that will allow for the routing of the distribution lines very close to buildings and trees without endangering lives and requiring substantial land clearing. This being said, the creation or extension of distribution networks will likely result in the cutting of existing trees and vegetation along or near path of the distribution lines during construction in order to prevent interference with the lines and to allow access to construction sites. This represents a loss of assets belonging to affected parties (e.g. fruit trees).
P POTENTIAL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ESMF
It is usual that land underneath or close to MV and LV distribution lines may continue to be used after construction for a variety of activities, such as the production of crops and vegetables. Permanent restrictions will be places on certain activities, such as the construction of buildings and planting of tall vegetation, immediately underneath or close to the lines. For affected people, this will represent some reduction in access to land, although the amounts of land involved are likely to be very small. If the construction of distribution lines is unlikely to require the acquisition of land and to result in substantial permanent loss of infrastructure and other assets, it must emphasized that based on ERAP experience better information and public disclosure mechanisms must be put in place. It would seem that in some instances, the project affected persons (PAP) had not been sufficiently informed and adequately re-housed. In future, it is recommended that prior to any resettlement, the various stakeholders and especially the local authorities ensure that adequate land and housing alternatives are offered to PAPs. EDAP must correct any of the shortcomings in terms of resettlement planning that have been observed under ERAP. The Bank’s team is undertaking
s further work with EDM to determine the extent of safeguards compliance in ERAP and in determining appropriate actions as needed to ensure full compliance with Bank guidelines. s Î Mitigation e
c It will be necessary to ensure that, wherever possible low and medium voltage distribution lines are routed along existing roads, streets and public thoroughfares and not through c properties over which people have use and benefit rights. Certain problems may be A encountered in situations where there has been minimal physical town planning, but there would need to be assessed on a case by case basis. Should distribution lines have to cross
& land over which people have use or benefit rights, they should be routed across areas for which the loss of land and access to land represents the least impact. In the event that land has to be permanently taken for distribution lines it should be fully and t fairly compensated according to a resettlement and compensation action plan prepared
n according to the RPF and approved by all parties involved, including the Bank. This plan will make sure that suitable alternative land and housing are made available to PAPs. e Compensations should also be provided in situations where significant permanent m restrictions of use are placed on portions of land.
p The distribution network should also be aligned so as to cause the minimum loss of assets belonging to affected people. Where this is unavoidable, the loss of any infrastructure and o assets should be assessed and fully compensated. l As appropriate, the provisions of the RPF will be implemented. e Permanent loss of land and assets during the upgrading of substations v e Besides the possible risk associated with the PCB contamination of transformers, potential socio-
D economic impacts resulting from the planned works on substations appear to be fairly limited. EDM points out in the Project Concept Note that the existing substations will not require any expansion and concomitant acquisition of adjacent space. y g t Temporary losses of land and assets due to the construction of overhead distribution lines r During the construction of overhead distribution lines, the path of the lines will be cleared, holes dug e for poles, the poles erected and the lines strung between the poles. Construction teams will need to n j gain access to construction sites, temporarily store oil removed from holes, store construction
E materials nearby and perform activities, such as concrete mixing. In the process, small areas of land may be temporarily lost to people who have the rights of use and benefit over the land, although the resulting impacts are not expected to be significant. The nature of land use is unlikely to be
P permanently altered. Temporary losses of land and assets may also result from the replacing and moving of the transformers and associated works at substations. The construction works may temporarily interfered with assets belonging to local people. For instance, crops, vegetables, fruit trees, lawns and ornamental plants may be cleared, cut or damaged and paving stones may be lifted and damaged.
Î Mitigation
P POTENTIAL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ESMF
Construction work sites should be carefully chosen so as to cause as little interference as possible to land and assets. The implementation of the Environmental Guidelines for Contractors should be monitoring, and designated "waste" areas should be used. Where this is unavoidable and the temporary use of land interferes with a person’s activities or livelihood, suitable compensation will need to be provided consistent with the RPF. Land used temporarily by construction teams should be restored to its original condition. Damage property should be replaced, restored or otherwise compensated for. The temporary loss of productive assets such as crops, should be compensated for according to the provisions of the RPF.
Interference with cultural heritage sites and graveyards by overhead distribution lines and substations
The only cultural sites of significance are likely to be cemeteries or isolated graveyards in peri-urban
s areas and rural towns and villages. While overhead distribution lines would probably not caused major disturbances, there may be occasions where construction activities could threaten some of s these sites. e Î Mitigation c Cultural heritage sites and graves should be identified before construction starts. The overhead distribution lines should be aligned in such a way that they avoid these sites. c Where interference is unavoidable the issue should be discussed with the affected people A and the local authorities so as to find and agree on appropriate mitigation measures. A ’chance finds’ procedures should also be developed by the Civil Works Contractor to
& ensure that any graves or artefacts inadvertently uncovered during construction will be dealt with a culturally appropriate manner through the responsible national and provincial institutions and consistent with OP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources. t
n Temporary job creation during construction of overhead distribution lines e The construction activities will not generate substantial employment opportunities. As a result, the m number of unskilled and semi-skilled workers which may vary from project to project will be minimal.
p Preference should be given to people who are adversely affected by subproject activities. o Health and safety issues during construction of overhead distribution lines l
e Unsafe labour practices can have a significant impact on the health and safety of the workers and of the public. Worker productivity may be also adversely affected. It is anticipated that most unskilled v and semi-skilled workers will be recruited locally so that there will be no significant influx of workers e into a particular subproject area. The incidence of diseases normally associated with the influx of
D workers into a particular subproject area will be limited. Î Mitigation Worker and public health and safety should be safeguarded at all times through application y of health and safety measures required by law and by internationally accepted standards g t which need to be complied with. All workers and especially the temporary labour recruited locally should be equipped with r adequate H&S protection or personal protective equipment (see also Annex 3). e n j Waste pollution E During construction, non hazardous waste and domestic waste may pollute the subproject areas. Given the nature of the project, we do not anticipate that hazardous and semi-hazardous materials
P will be used during the construction of the distribution lines. This being said, the subcomponent that aims at replacing distribution transformers should be carried out after their PCB status had been determined. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are highly toxic compounds which are employed as heat exchange fluids in electric transformers and capacitors. Î Mitigation Littering and the random discard of solid waste on the site must be prevented. Proper storage and disposal of waste must be carefully planned.
P POTENTIAL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ESMF
Units that will be found to be contaminated with PCBs will have to be carefully removed. A sustainable solution to the possible PCB contamination will have to be defined in compliance with the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Another risk assessment at the two substations that will be upgraded could be conducted to check the presence of asbestos in the fire insulating panels and their current conditions.
Visual intrusion and loss of aesthetic value
Distribution lines will be constructed in built-up areas and will not really affect their aesthetic value. Î Mitigation A common measure to reduce the visual intrusion of the lines is to align the distribution poles behind tree lines or existing infrastructure.
Removal of indigenous vegetation along the corridor beneath distribution lines s The construction of new distribution lines will involve the clearing of a narrow corridor free of s obstacles along the selected route for use of vehicles and machinery. The opening of this corridor e may result in the removal of indigenous vegetation. In steep areas or river banks, this may cause
c erosion and sedimentation in drainage lines, streams and rivers. Î Mitigation c Based on experience, it is suggested that the width of this corridor never exceed 5 metres.
A This minimal width will minimise any adverse impacts on the natural indigenous vegetation. In areas with high erosion potential, especially along river banks and streams, removal of vegetation must be reduced to a minimum. Where vegetation is removed, this should be & restored to ensure ground cover.
t Pollution by waste being produced during maintenance of distribution lines and existing substations n e It is anticipated that any potential PCB and asbestos problems at the substations where upgrading m took place, will have been satisfactorily addressed.
p During maintenance of the upgraded substations, semi-hazardous wastes such as lubricants and thermal insulation products may contaminate the ground. The proper disposal of oil and oil o containers need to be considered. l
e Î Mitigation Maintenance technicians will have to be trained in the fields of occupational health, safety v and environmental procedures on how to handle such materials. Semi-hazardous materials e need to be confined in proper storing places that are properly sealed to avoid leakage and
D soil contamination.
Propagation of alien plants y g t The cleared and regularly maintained corridor beneath the distribution lines can become a terrain where alien plants such as Opuntia sp. and Lantana camara will propagate. r Î Mitigation e The maintenance teams working along the lines should be trained to identify such plants n j and systematically proceed with their elimination. This labour intensive alien removal activity will comply with the national labour laws. Awareness of residents living near the lines should E also be raised on the need to combat alien invasive plants.
P 5.1.2 Operation and maintenance phase
Loss of assets during routine maintenance of distribution lines
For maintenance purposes, vegetation touching or threatening overhead distribution lines will need to be removed. In some instances, fruit trees or branches will be cut. This loss of productive assets is not expected to be significant. Î Mitigation
P POTENTIAL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ESMF
Public awareness programmes dealing with the requirements of lines maintenance should be instituted. Local residents should be made aware that they cannot plant tall-growing trees under or close to distribution lines. It should be made clear that if they do so, they will not be eligible for compensation if the trees have to be cut or removed.
Improvements to livelihoods due to operation of overhead distribution lines (increased access to electricity)
The construction of new distribution networks and the expansion of existing ones will enable more people to have household access to electricity in peri-urban areas and small rural centres. Benefits will include: ƒ increase availability of lighting ƒ cleaner and more reliable energy for heating and cooking ƒ cleaner regular energy supply for electrical appliances (e.g. radios and televisions)
s ƒ improved health conditions from reduced smoke and fumes due to decreased use of wood fuel and petroleum products, and s ƒ less noise and pollution from existing small privately operated generation sets that will no e longer be used c Improvements to social services and facilities due to the operation of overhead distribution c lines (increased access to electricity) A Evidence from existing electrification initiatives in Mozambique reveals that electrification promoted
& improved social welfare in a very short period of time. Schools are able to offer a better learning environment and may open for night classes and for other community purposes such as adult literacy. Clinics can operate for longer hours and provide safer services. Street light provide safer t streets and will further develop economic and social life in small towns. The availability of electricity
n in previously under-served or un-served settlements enables the establishment of new or improved telecommunications. e m Health and safety issues during operation of overhead distribution lines p Unsafe working practices can have a significant impact on the health or workers and the public. o Illegal or inadequate wiring in homes and businesses can lead to fire or electrocution. Improper use l of electricity is also a serious health risk, particularly for people and children who are not fully aware e of the dangers of electricity. Poorly maintained overhead distribution lines and electrical installations may pose a threat to v maintenance workers and the public. Poorly insulated components and hanging or loose lines can e cause electrocution.
D A probable consequence of expanded economic and social life in small rural centres and peri-urban settlements due to improved access to electricity will be an increase in the number of bars, night clubs and other entertainment focal areas. If development is uncontrolled the possibility of y unhygienic conditions (i.e. accumulation of litter and stagnant water) increases. Certain social g t phenomena such as increased drunkenness and prostitution are likely to occur. The chances of
r increased transmission of HIV/Aids and other sexually transmitted infections may thus increase. Î Mitigation e Worker and public health and safety should be safeguarded at all times through application n j of health and safety measures required by law and by internationally accepted standards
E which need to be complied with. Environmental Guidelines for Contractors will be attached to the bidding documents to ensure environmentally and socially sustainable construction practices are adopted under EDAP sub-projects. P In order to avoid improper use of electricity and related accidents occurring in homes and local businesses, a public awareness campaign should be carried out in newly electrified areas. All overhead distribution lines and electrical installations should be properly maintained at all times to avoid dangerous situations. Components, such as pole mounted transformers, should be placed out of the normal reach of people. Workers and local residents should be sensitised about the potential dangers associated with faulty components, loose wires and hanging lines.
P POTENTIAL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ESMF
Development of these peri-urban settlements should not be restricted to electrification but include supply of adequate clean water, sanitation and refuse disposal. Public awareness campaigns should be organised or strengthened to warn people about the danger of unhealthy practices (e.g. poor disposal of refuse) and of HIV/Aids and other sexually transmitted infections.
Improved business and economic development during operation
Rural and peri-urban electrification projects increase access to reliable power supply and in doing so also promote local economic development. Small businesses and local service industry are expected to grow and expand in the subproject areas.
Loss of economic opportunity and income sources during operation of overhead distribution lines s With the advent of increased access to electricity through both grid based and solar PV systems s and related growth in household connections, vendors who make a living by selling paraffin, fuel e wood and charcoal sales may loose customers or by charging car batteries loose most of their
c customers. As time goes on many adversely affected vendors may become absorbed into other expanding c business opportunities that are generated by the increased access to electricity, e.g. small shops, A taverns, restaurants, local selling of light bulb and small electrical appliance. Job losses may also result from the shift to gas or diesel generation to grid connections. Î Mitigation & Adversely affected local vendors and business people should be given preference for employment and training opportunities. t Improved local environment due to shift from diesel or gas generation to grid connections n e In some peri-urban settlements, electricity supply comes from independent mini-grids that are fed by m diesel or gas generators. With main grid connections, noise and fumes from these generators will be
p considerably reduced as these generators will only be used during power outages. People living in the vicinity of these generators will benefit from improved health and living conditions. o
l Job creation and employment during operation e Local distribution networks, whether linked to the main national grid or part of independent grids, are v unlikely to employ a large number of people on a full time basis. Staff will primarily be required for e service line connection, line and installation maintenance, metering, billing and collection. The
D number of employees will increase as the networks expand and the number of connections increases.
y Health, Safety and Environmental risk - Electrical equipment contaminated with PCBs g t Before replacing transformers and using them in other substations, all transformers and auxiliary r equipment should be checked for PCBs (both Askarel and Chlophen). The replacement and e disposal of the electrical equipment that may be contaminated with PCBs should be carried out in n
j compliance with the recommendations of the Stockholm Convention on persistent Organic Pollutants (POP). E According to Annex A part II of the Stockholm Convention (ratified by Mozambique in October 2005), Parties to the Convention are obliged to eliminate equipment and oils containing PCBs from
P use by 2025 and bring these under environmentally sound waste management by 2028. Main obstacles encountered concerning the environmentally sound management (ESM) of equipments and oils containing PCBs are lack of capacities, resources and technologies. Efforts to manage PCBs in an environmentally sound manner are already under way: Individual countries, holders of PCBs, NGOs and International Organisations all are involved in supporting countries to manage PCB containing oils and associated equipment. In order to harmonize and coordinate these activities and facilitate information exchange, the Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention proposes the establishment of a PCBs Elimination Club (PEC).
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In the Project Concept Note, it is reported that all transformers are in good conditions. Î Recommended actions The transformers’ conditions and their PCB status should be determined through a proper risk assessment. All EDM’s electrical equipment contaminated with PCB should be identified, located and registered for phasing out and proper disposal Their current ’good’ conditions would make the transformers relatively safe and no risks of leakages should be expected in the short term. They should however be closely monitored. Obviously, the new transformers that will be installed at the two substations - Chimoio and Matola - should be free of any PCB. During EDAP, a sustainable solution to a potential PCB problem would need to be defined in order to comply with the Stockholm Convention. Before carrying out any works on the transformers that could be contaminated by PCB, EDM should:- periodically check the correct operation and the absence of leakage of the transformers currently being used; undertake a decontamination of the transformers contaminated with PCBs; organise the disposal and elimination in an approved processing
s centre of all the following transformers severely contaminated with PCB (Askarel and Chlophen); replace them all with dry transformers in compliance with CEI standards (CEI s 70076). e
c Health, Safety and Environmental risk - Asbestos in the Electrical Facilities c First, the asbestos risk should be determined through rapid visual inspections. If the presence of A asbestos is detected, an asbestos risk assessment should be carried out. It would include air concentration monitoring (counting of asbestos fibres: f/ml), localising and assessing the conditions
& of all asbestos containing materials, the detailed inventory of places where asbestos can be found, the placing of asbestos notices and warnings. A removal plan would be then defined. The removal
t plan should be implemented by a registered asbestos contractor under the strict guidance and control of an approved asbestos inspection authority. All asbestos waste should be bagged and n buried in a suitable dedicated site. e m 5.2 Solar PV systems p
o The photovoltaic technology is seen to be generally of benign environmental impact, generating no noise of chemical pollutants during use. Very few environmental adverse effects are foreseen as a l result of the system implementation. e
v 5.2.1 Installation / construction phase e Loss of land and assets due to the installation of solar PV systems D Institutional and household solar PV systems subprojects will mainly affect localised areas in rural localities. Solar PV systems typically occupy almost negligible areas of land. They are typically y installed close to the point of demand on land allocated to, or under the influence of the institution or g t individual household concerned. It is therefore most unlikely that any form of displacement may r occur. Only very minor temporary losses may be attributed to institutional and household solar PV
e subprojects. n j
E Î Mitigation In the very few cases where temporary losses of land and assets occur, suitable replacement or compensations should be applied. P Local business development during installation of solar PV systems
Local businesses that will be involved in EDAP’s solar PV component are expected to benefit from increased sales of solar PV systems.
P POTENTIAL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ESMF
5.2.2 Operation and maintenance phase
Improved livelihoods due to the operation of solar PV systems and the access to electricity
The introduction of household solar PV systems will enable more rural households to have access to electricity. Depending on the capacity of individual systems, potential benefit arising out PV electricity (PVe) will be: ƒ increased availability of lighting for domestic and community activities ƒ clean and regular energy supply for radios, televisions and other electrical appliances ƒ in some cases, improved health conditions due to the reduction of paraffin’s smoke and fumes inside homes ƒ and, a diminution in the household budgets of items related to the purchase of paraffin and other sources of lighting like candles. Therefore, PVe improves the quality of life and may contribute to reduce migrations. s Potential impact - Improvements to social services and community facilities due to the operation of
s institutional solar PV systems and the access to electricity Rural schools will be able to provide a better learning environment and may be used at night for e other community and learning purposes such as adult literacy classes. c With a reliable electricity supply, clinics will be able to operate for longer hours and provide safer
c services. Clinics will be able to get equipped with vaccine refrigerators and possibly with other electric medical devices. A Health and safety issues during the operation of solar PV systems & Solar PV systems are generally safe. There is a small risk of electrocution or shock, particularly among people who are unaware of the potential dangers associated with electricity. There are also t health and environmental risks, although limited, that can be caused by spillage of battery acid.
n Î Mitigation To minimise the few health and safety risks of PVe, vendors should inform future users e about the risks and dangers. Standard safety measures should be applied to ensure that m bare wires are not left unexposed. p As batteries contain chemical substances, they should be properly recycled. o Pollution from improper storage and disposal of batteries l
e In the case of these stand alone solar PV systems, the effects on health of chemical substances included in the batteries should be assessed. These batteries contain acid and lead parts. v Inadequate storage and informal disposal of batteries may pollute the environment, causing e localised pollution of soil and water.
D Î Mitigation Old batteries must be disposed according to applicable standards. MICOA had not defined guidelines and standards for this type of disposal of hazardous substances They should be y properly stored and sent back to the manufacturer or supplier for recycling or disposal in g t designated sites. If this could not be achieved, used batteries should be transported and
r disposed of in adequate landfill sites located in provincial capital. FUNAE has been contacted on this specific issue of batteries disposal. FUNAE has recently e implemented a strategy for the safe disposal of batteries. Detailed information are still n j expected. E 5.3 Micro Hydropower systems
P Micro hydropower is one of the least environmentally damaging power generation options. Several environmental and social guidelines have been produced on small and micro hydropower projects and could form the basis for anticipating impacts and formulating mitigation measures.
P POTENTIAL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ESMF
5.3.1 Construction phase
Permanent loss of land and assets due to the construction of micro hydropower systems
Micro hydropower subprojects will mainly affect localised areas. These may include areas occupied by rural communities but may also include very small rural centres. Micro hydropower development usually consists of a small weir, an intake or headrace canal, penstocks or pressure pipes, mill or electricity generation installations (i.e. powerhouse), return outlet pipes or tailrace canals, transmission or distribution lines and transformers usually mounted on distribution line poles. The area occupied by this infrastructure is dependent on the size of a scheme and circumstances specific to each site. Where schemes are used for mechanical energy only (e.g. milling) no transmission or reticulation network is needed. Micro-hydropower systems will be set up in rural farming areas. Depending on the purpose and size of the schemes which is not specified in the project concept note, electricity may be supplied to a s few households or small villages or even to a small rural centre. In that latter case, the socio-
s economic impacts of erecting distribution lines and supplying electricity to consumers in the centre will be similar to those occurring for main grid subprojects. e Laying of pipelines and construction of canals and powerhouses will require strips of land. The c sitting of this infrastructure is highly dependent on technical considerations. The amount of land
c requires is usually fairly small and it would be normal practice to locate the infrastructure so as to interfere as little as possible with people and their activities. A Some land clearing is likely to occur along the alignment of the canals and at the powerhouse sites. This may represent a loss of productive assets belonging to affected parties, particularly in respect
& of crops, fruit trees, grazing land for livestock and, possibly buildings and other structures. While land above underground pipelines may continue to be used for certain activities, such as livestock grazing, permanent restrictions will be placed on certain activities like the construction of t buildings and planting of crops and trees. For affected people, this will represent some reduction in n access to land, although the amounts of land involved are likely to be very small. The development of a micro-hydropower scheme may also result in the reduction in stream flow e along stretches where the stream is diverted. For people who currently rely on such stretches for m water supplies this would represent a reduction in access to resources. p Land take and restrictions of access to land and other productive assets due to micro-hydropower
o subprojects will be highly dependent on the nature of a specific subproject. The installation of micro hydropower schemes is, however, unlikely to require large acquisition of land. The permanent loss l of infrastructure or assets is likely to be minimal. e Î Mitigation
v It will be necessary to ensure that, wherever possible, micro hydropower infrastructure (e.g. headrace and tailrace canals, pressure pipes, powerhouses and distribution lines) are e located along on public land and not through property over which people have use and D benefit rights. In cases where infrastructure has to be established on land over which people have use and benefit rights, it should then be sited in areas for which the loss of land and access to land y (and river) cause the least impact. In the situations where land has to be permanently taken g t for infrastructure, it should be fully and fairly compensated for. Compensation should also r be provided in situations where significant permanent restrictions of use are placed on
e areas situated along the micro hydropower facilities. The infrastructure should be aligned so as to cause the minimum loss of assets or n j resources belonging to or being used by other people. Where this is unavoidable, the loss of
E any infrastructure and assets, such as fruit trees and grazing land, should be fairly compensated. The success of the hydropower subprojects will highly depend on the relationship between P the developer and the affected local land owners and users. In a situation where a local community becomes the subproject developer, most of the infrastructure is likely to be developed on land over which the community holds user and benefit rights. Adversely affected community members will usually be catered for and compensated for through community mechanisms. Where ’common’ land is affected, no compensation measures are likely to be applied. In a situation where an "outsider" is the subproject developer and the micro hydropower facilities are developed on land over which a community or an individual holds use and benefit right, land and asset losses will need to be evaluated and compensated.
P POTENTIAL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ESMF
To ensure the potential adverse environmental impacts of micro-hydropower sub-projects are properly addressed, EDAP will carry out a simplified EA prior to the commencement of civil works.
Temporary losses of land and assets due to the construction of micro hydropower schemes
During the construction of micro-hydropower subprojects, trenches for pipelines and canals may be excavated. As for the canals and pipelines, the vegetation will be cleared in the areas of the future forebay and powerhouse as well as along the alignment of the distribution lines. Construction teams will need to gain access to construction sites, properly dispose of the excavated soil, store building materials, open borrow pits and quarries and perform activities such as stone crushing and concrete mixing. In the process, small areas may be temporarily lost to people who usually enjoyed user and benefit rights over the land. For these micro hydropower projects, the impacts are not expected to be significant and the nature of land use is unlikely to become permanently altered.
s Assets such as fences, crop fields and fruit trees belonging to local people may be temporarily affected. The access to river by cattle owners may also be restricted. s e Î Mitigation
c Construction work sites should be carefully selected and planned to cause as little interference as possible to land and assets. Wherever possible, public land and ’waste’ c areas should be used. Where this is unavoidable and the temporary use of land interferes A with a person’s activities or livelihood, suitable compensation should be provided for. Land used temporarily should be restored to its original condition. Damaged property should be replaced, restored or otherwise compensated for. The temporary loss of productive assets, & such as crops, should be compensated for. EDAP will ensure that the Environmental Guidelines for Contractors are properly t implemented. n Interference with cultural sites by micro hydropower schemes e
m Micro hydropower infrastructure may in some cases interfere with cultural heritage sites and graves. p Î Mitigation o Infrastructure should be located so as to avoid cultural heritage sites and graves. Where l interference is unavoidable, the issue should be discussed in light of OP 4.11 with affected
e people and relevant authorities with a view to defining and agreeing on acceptable measures. If no acceptable solution can be found, the sub-project in question cannot be v funded (see Annex 3). If no graves or cultural heritage sites have been identified during the e planning stage, a ’chance finds’ procedure should still be developed by the Civil Works
D Contractor to ensure that any graves or artefacts inadvertently uncovered during construction will be dealt in a culturally appropriate manner through responsible national institutions and in compliance with OP 4.11. y g
t Destruction of riverine habitat r The earthworks during the construction of the weir, diversion canal, forebay, pressure pipes may be e located in ecologically sensitive areas and destroy riverine habitats. n j Î Mitigation Location of these water conveyance structures should be carefully planned to prevent E destruction of sensitive stream bank habitats and riparian vegetation. EDAP subprojects shall be implemented outside any ecologically sensitive habitats.
P
5.3.2 Operation and maintenance phase
Improvements to livelihoods due to the operation of micro hydropower system (increased access to electricity)
Depending on the size and nature of a particular micro hydropower system, the introduction of new schemes or the rehabilitation of existing systems will enable more people to have household access
P POTENTIAL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ESMF
to mechanical or electrical energy in rural areas and small rural centres. Possible benefits will include: ƒ less time spent by women grinding grain by hand ƒ increased availability of lighting ƒ clean and reliable energy for heating and cooking ƒ clean and regular energy supply for household electrical appliances ƒ improve health connections from the reduction of the dependency on wood fuel and petroleum products which generate lots of smoke and fumes.
Improvements to local economies and social services resulting from the operation of micro hydropower systems
The improved availability of renewable energy sources in rural areas and small rural centres will stimulate economic activities and enhance social services as it does for main grid connections. The
s extent of the economic benefits brought to rural communities will depend on the characteristics of each micro hydropower scheme and particularly their installed capacity. s e Community health and safety issues during operation of micro hydropower systems c Illegal or substandard wiring to homes and business can lead to fire or electrocution. Improper use c of electricity is also a serious health risk, particularly for people and children who are not aware of A the potential dangers of electricity. Poorly maintained overhead distribution lines and electrical installations may pose a threat to maintenance workers and the public. Poorly insulated components and loose or hanging lines can cause electrocution. & Other community related risks include those associated with fast-flowing water in the project canals, especially risks for children (and possibly cattle) that may fall accidentally in these water t conveyance structures and get injured or drown.
n Although malaria is a significant health risk in the targeted areas, the project will not create additional mosquito breeding habitat and all canals will involve fast-flowing water. e Î Mitigation m To avoid improper use of electricity and accidents occurring in homes and businesses a
p public awareness campaign should be organised. All infrastructure and electrical installations should be properly and regularly checked and o maintained to avoid faulty and dangerous functioning. l Components such as pole mounted transformers should be placed out of the normal reach
e of people. To prevent unauthorised access, electrical installations should be adequately fenced and authorised access prevented. Proper signage indicating risks and dangers v should be placed in critical points. e Public awareness initiatives should be organised to inform workers and communities about
D the potential dangers of faulty components, loose wires and hanging lines. The canals should be designed so that they are not too deep. Bridges or a few covered sections to allow for people and cattle to cross at various points should be built. y In terms of community engagement, consultations with local communities should be g t organised and targeted at community leaders, village elders, members of the local and
r district government as well as directly and indirectly affected households. Besides information meetings, the Developer could also prepare brochures in both Portuguese and e the local language providing information concerning project activities, applicable regulations, n j entitlements, grievance procedures and potential for income restoration. Moreover, it could
E develop and use visual aids showing the locations of project components during public meetings. A greater emphasis should be given to community interactions. A Project Participatory Committee could also be established to act as a general forum
P mediating between the Developer and affected communities. Its main functions will be to monitor, record and resolve grievances related to land acquisition, river access, relocation of crop fields and other project impacts, assist in the identification of alternative river access points, engage with the Developer and its partners around community development initiatives, mobilize affected communities thereby enhancing community participation in the project and involve vulnerable groups in decision making processes. As a result of these various initiatives, project affected people would become better informed about this project and its key issues. They would also be actively involved in suggesting mitigation options especially related to the human environment.
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Disruption of stream / river ecology
A micro hydropower system diverts part of the flow into the headrace canal. This affects negatively the stretch of the river situated downstream of the water intake. The length of the bypassed stretch or river and the percentage of diverted flow will determine the extent of the impact on the river ecology.
Î Mitigation
During the design and construction phases, the flow reserve or volume of water to be released at the weir in order to maintain the environmental requirements downstream must be carefully assessed.
s River reaches to be affected by these subprojects should be classified in terms of their state of “pristine” or “impacted-ness”. For “pristine” state, the reserve flow requirements will be s set at more stringent standards in order to maintain the biodiversity and riverine ecological e condition in accordance with the habitat preference methods. However, there is no simple c figure that can be given for the environmental flow requirements of river ecosystems. c
A We would generally recommend that the environmental flow reserve should not be less than 10% of the mean flow and that proper baseline data be gathered in order to enable Specialists to refine this in-stream flow requirement that will support the local ecosystem. &
Erosion in the discharge area t The turbined water is released at the powerhouse and relayed back into the river or stream. Erosion n and scouring can occur in these areas. e m Î Mitigation
p During the design phase, the release area should be carefully sited. The release area can be protected with gabions or energy dissipaters that will reduce erosion and scouring. o l e v e D y g t r e n j E P
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6. The Environmental and Social Screening Process
The purpose of the screening process is to determine whether subprojects are likely to have potential negative environmental and social impacts; to determine appropriate mitigation measures for activities with potentially adverse impacts; to incorporate mitigation measures into subproject design; to review and approve subproject proposals and to monitor environmental parameters during a subproject’s implementation.
The extent of environmental work that might be required for subprojects prior to construction and utility upgrade will depend on the outcome of the screening process described below. Moreover, the checklist will have to be periodically updated by qualified persons, and reviewed and approved by
s Ministry of Energy and MICOA’s provincial or central Representatives. s 6.1 Step 1: Environmental and Social Screening of Subprojects e
c The initial environmental and social screening will be carried out, in accordance with the provisions
c of the World Bank’s Safeguard Policy, OP 4.01, through the use of Annex 1: Proposed Environmental and Social Screening Form. The process will lead to the assignment of the A appropriate environmental category as indicated below under Step 2. This form will be completed by an EFP/GO at the provincial level in collaboration with the MICOA’s provincial Representative. Local
& community leaders and the EDAP's project teams should also be involved. 6.2 Step 2: Assigning Appropriate Environmental Category t
n Based on the ESSF screening results, the EFP/GO with oversight from EFP/ME (and input, if
e needed from the local MICOA Representative) will be responsible for assigning the appropriate
m environmental category to the proposed subprojects. Such assignments must be in accordance with the requirements of OP 4.01. The local MICOA Representative should be kept informed during the p process. The subprojects need to be filtered through the following Environmental Categories. o l (a) Category A: a proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant
e adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. EA for a Category A v project examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts, compares e them with those of feasible alternatives (including the "without project" situation), and recommends
D any measures needed to prevent, minimise, mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. For a Category A project, the Borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an ESIA (or a suitably comprehensive or sectoral EA) that includes y elements such as environmental audits or hazard and risk assessments. g t With regard to EDAP’s funded subprojects, should any subproject be assigned the environmental
r category A as a result of the environmental and social screening process, it would have to be either redesigned or abandoned because the parent project EDAP has been assigned the environmental e category B. n j (b) Category B: a proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental
E impacts on human populations or environmentally sensitive areas - wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats - are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be
P designed more readily than for Category A projects. The scope of EA for a Category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of Category A. Like Category A, it examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimise, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. Since not all category B subprojects are likely to require a separate EA report, the screening process will recommend the assignment of (i) category B1 to subprojects requiring only the application of simple mitigation measures (using the Environmental and Social Checklist); and (ii) B2 for those subprojects requiring a separate EA report due to the severity of their potential adverse environmental and social impacts (using the generic EA Terms of Reference).
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(c) A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project. In cases where the results of the screening process indicate that the subproject will not have significant adverse environmental and social impacts, if any, no additional environmental work will be required and subproject implementation can proceed immediately (d) Category FI: A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of World Bank funds through a financial intermediary in subprojects that might result in adverse environmental impacts. This environmental category will not apply to any of the EDAP funded subprojects as they will not involve the investment of World Bank funds through financial intermediaries. 6.3 Step 3: Conducting an EIA
EFP/ME, in coordination with EFP/GO and MICOA, will assist in the preparation of EA terms of s reference by adapting the generic TOR provided in Annex 5 of the ESMF; competitively recruit a s qualified Mozambican consultancy firm to carry out the EAs. The completed EAs will be reviewed by e EFP/GO and EFP/ME and provide comments provided to the Contractor. The updated EA will be c submitted to MICOA for review and acceptance. c The completed EA should identify and assess the potential environmental impacts for the applicable A subproject, assess alternative solution and included mitigation, management and monitoring measures, as applicable. All these measures should be included in the Environmental and Social
& Management Plan (ESMP) for the subproject.
t 6.4 Step 4: Review and Approval of EA and Screening Results n With participation of the local Representative of MICOA, the EFP/GO, with EFP/ME providing e oversight, will review the environmental and social screening results as well as the environmental m checklists that were completed in the course of a subproject’s preparation to ensure that all p environmental and social impacts have been identified and successfully mitigated. The local o community/village leaders should be informed of the results. l If the screening form includes “Yes” entries, or unjustified “No” entries, the Project Teams and e EFP/GO should (adequately) explain and demonstrate from its design that the issues raised earlier v have been appropriately addressed and/or mitigated. e
D The EFP/GO and EFP/ME must also ensure that the subproject designs include monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation. MICOA and the Project Coordination Unit should be informed of all outcomes and their opinions considered. The EA report y will be sent to the World Bank and MICOA for review and clearance before commencement of civil g t works. r
e Based on the results of the above review process, EFP/GO will make recommendations - accepted,
n rejected, or need more work - to the MICOA Representative for the approval of the ESSF results j and of the EA report. If the EA as well as the results of the Screening Process is approved, MICOA E will issue the applicable environmental permits or clearance to EFP/GO who in turn will communicate the same to EFP/ME, EDAP's Coordination Unit. P For subprojects which have received an environmental clearance, MICOA may give a conditional approval for detailed planning, construction and operation of the investment. These conditions may include such measures as public involvement, siting or routing restrictions, implementation of the required construction and operation practices, restoration of disturbed areas, the complete implementation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), and construction supervision to ensure the approval conditions are being followed.
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If MICOA finds that the submitted design is not consistent with the findings of the environmental screening form and the environmental checklist, the EFP/GO would be requested to redesign (e.g. make modifications and/or choose other sites), re-screen the project and re-submit it for review.
MICOA will then review the revised application and, if acceptable, will recommend for consideration for approval. If it is still not acceptable, it would be referred back to EFP/GO, with information to PIU, to conduct more work e.g. carry out a subproject EIA, in the event that one was not done before or had been denied clearance altogether.
6.5 Step 5: Public Consultation and Disclosure
Public consultations are critical in preparing effective and sustainable EDAP subprojects. This requirement supports the participatory planning process as required by GoM. It also applies to local s level governments when subprojects covering local areas are being identified. EDAP, being a s participatory project, it is important that beneficiaries are involved in the project cycle, from design to e implementation and monitoring. The same applies to relevant stakeholders including village councils c and municipality departments where the subproject is located. c The first step in this process is to hold public consultations with the local communities and all other A interested/affected parties during the screening process and the EA preparation. These consultations should identify key issues and determine how the concerns of all parties will be & addressed in the EA’s Terms of Reference (TORs).
t To facilitate meaningful consultations, the local governments through their EDAP local agent, i.e. EFP/GO, should be provided with all the relevant material and information in a timely manner, and n in a form and language that are understandable and accessible. The location of the relevant e documents should be advertised through commonly used media. Depending on the public interest in m the potential impacts of the subprojects, a public hearing may be required to better convey p community concerns. The results of the public consultations will be incorporated into the design of o the subproject as appropriate. l Once the subproject has been reviewed and cleared by the relevant local community, including the e municipality, EFP/GO will inform the public about the results of the review. The Village Government v or Village Leader(s) will be responsible for taking the minutes of the public disclosure meeting. e
D It is important to note that any affected or interested individual or group has the right of appeal, if dissatisfied with the decision reached at any stage in the EIA process. The appeal process will be carried out in accordance with the Mozambique’s Environment Act and other applicable legislation. y The EFP/GO should seek guidance from EFP/ME. g t r To ensure that an appropriate public consultation mechanism is put in place, the following relevant e elements should form part of the approach: n j (i) The environmental and social screening process outlined in the ESMF clearly E includes such a requirement; (ii) Individual subproject’s ESMP and RAP should be properly disseminated. These
P documents should include public input during consultations organised at the project preparation stage; (iii) For cleared subprojects, the EFP/GO will inform the public about the results of the review; and (iv) Beneficiary communities will play an active role in both compliance monitoring and effects monitoring throughout the subproject cycle. The ESMF and RPF will be translated into local language, as applicable, in addition to Portuguese and English.
P ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL SCREENING ESMF
6.6 Step 6: Monitoring and Reporting
The objectives for monitoring are:
(i) to alert project authorities by providing information about the result of the EA process and review as outlined in this ESMF in such a manner that changes can be timely made, if required;
(ii) to make a final evaluation in order to determine whether the mitigation measures have been successful in reducing, minimising or eliminating negative.
Environmental monitoring needs to be carried out during the rehabilitation/construction as well as operation and maintenance of EDAP subprojects in order to measure the success of the mitigation s measures implemented earlier. A number of indicators would be used. Indicators may include:- How s many more people have electrical connections to their homes? How many temporary/permanent
e jobs were created? Are vulnerable groups being included and have benefited from the subprojects?
c Have health and education services improved? Is there greater community and business activities due to improved electricity supply? c
A It may be useful to define monitoring milestones and provide resources when deemed necessary in order to carry out the monitoring. The proposed indicators may be further elaborated and validated
& to accommodate any significant site-specific needs. Input from MICOA should probably add value to the monitoring process. Trained community Representatives should also participate in monitoring activities. This should be t done throughout the subproject cycle: (i) during the planning phase, the communities should
n participate in the identification of indicators for monitoring the mitigating measures; (ii) during implementation phase, the monitoring will include the verification of Civil Works Contractor’s e compliance with the provisions of the Environmental Guidelines for Contractors (Annex 5); and (iii) m during the operation and maintenance phase, the overall environmental monitoring and warning on
p any emerging environmental hazards will be carried out in parallel with the ongoing subproject activities. o Field monitoring activities and site inspections will be conducted by EFP/GO - the designated, l qualified person in the Governor’s office - again with oversight of the local MICOA Representative. e The results would be discussed with the EFP/ME and also the whole Project Coordination Unit. Any v changes in monitoring parameters must have the approval of: EFP/ME, the Project Coordination
e Unit and the local community Representatives. The communities will be able to share and pass on
D their observations and grievances through approved mechanisms to the Local Authorities and EPF/GO, EFP/ME and MICOA. y Monitoring indicators including environmental indicators such as soil erosion, water pollution and g t loss of vegetation as well as the extent of land cleared should be further developed during r subproject appraisal. e 6.7 Step 7: Monitoring indicators n j
E The following are some of the pertinent parameters and verifiable indicators that can be used to measure ESMF progress, mitigation plans and performance. P ƒ Have improved access to electricity resulted in increased business activities and better living standards of the impacted community?
ƒ Number of people in local community councils that have successfully received ESMF training?
ƒ Number of communities who have adopted ESMF process as required for their subprojects’ implementation?
P ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL SCREENING ESMF
ƒ How has the adoption of the ESMF requirements improved the environment and health conditions of the participating community?
ƒ Has ESMF adoption resulted in sustainable land use, good environmental and occupational health practices?
ƒ Improved efficiency of maintenance and operating performance of rehabilitated primary distribution lines and substations?
ƒ Are periodic monitoring reports being completed and sent to EFP/ME?
ƒ Are processes defined in the ESMF proving to be practical and working well?
s ƒ Based on the results of the monitoring, are any changes and adjustments to the ESMF needed? Should there be additional training and capacity building actions so as to increase s performance of local role-players including community leaders? e c 7. Conclusion and Recommendations c
A EDAP will contribute to economic development and improved quality of life in Mozambique’s peri- urban and rural communities. The ESMF incorporates some of the lessons learnt during the implementation of ERAP and gathered through key-informant interviews. The ex post evaluation of & ERAP shall provide valuable information and further enhance EDAP’s. Project’s potential negative impacts resulting from proposed activities (i.e. pole construction, t overhead distribution lines) are rated moderate. These risks should be easily manageable and/or
n reversible. In line with this, the World Bank has classified EDAP as a Category B project. Thus, all
e subprojects must fall within this category or lower categories. A subproject that falls outside Category B will not be funded by EDAP. m p The conceptual or preliminary Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) included in o this study (Annex 2) provides measures to help classify and mitigate any potential environmental l and social impacts that may arise as a result of subprojects implementation. It shall focus on the
e EDAP activities such as the construction of distribution lines, rehabilitation of sub-stations, disposal
v pf PCB and asbestos. The ESMP shall require additional work in order to propose the appropriate mitigation and monitoring measures, including cost estimates and time horizons. The ESMP will be e included in the Project Implementation Manual. The application of Environmental Guidelines for D Contractors (to be attached to the bidding documents) should be among the mitigation measures, and their implementation should be monitored by ME/EFP. y g
t The Environmental Screening Process (Annex 1) will help define additional potential of environmental and social impacts. The proposed Environmental and Social Screening Form meets r the requirements of the World Bank Safeguard Policy OP 4.01. e n j It is recommended that EDAP's partners including Civil Works Contractors: E (i) identify and adhere to good environmental practices;
P (ii) EDAP/EFPs/MICOA conduct regular environmental supervision missions of project’s activity sites to ensure that the mitigation measures are being carried out; and
(iii) conduct training and environmental awareness activities as recommended in the ESMF to achieve the implementation of sound and appropriate measures.
Any resettlement must follow the guidelines defined in the RPF. Alternative land and money for compensations and other resettlement costs will have to be secured before proceeding with the implementation of subprojects that will require land acquisition.
P CONCLUSION ESMF
During EDAP implementation, audits and compliance monitoring should be commissioned to independent Experts. Some should also be performed by the Environment Focal Points (EFPs) at ME and at the provincial governor’s offices and by MICOA Representatives. These individuals should document progress in the implementation of the ESMP. The Contractors’ performance should be closely monitored and possible need for corrective actions should be rapidly identified. Effective monitoring would help achieve a win-win situation for all EDAP participants. The cost of these audits and compliance monitoring audits should be covered by the EDAP budget. s s e c c A & t n e m p o l e v e D y g t r e n j E P
P ANNEXURE ESMF
8. Annexure
Annex 1: Proposed Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF)
The MICOA Pre-assessment Form called “Ficha De Pre-Avaliação” for environmental and social screening has been consolidated into an Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF). This Screening Form has been designed to assist in the evaluation of planned construction and rehabilitation activities under EDAP. It will provide to reviewers the relevant information to identify site-specific mitigation measures and to determine possible needs for additional environmental analysis.
The ESSF contains information that will allow reviewers to determine if endangered or threatened species and/or their habitat, protected areas or areas of relatively intact forest are likely to be affected, and if further investigation and baseline monitoring are therefore required. The ESSF will allow reviewers to determine the characterization of the prevailing local biophysical and social environment and will also help identify potential socio-economic impacts that will require mitigation measures and/or resettlement and compensation. It is important that all the following sections of ESSF are fully and accurately completed by qualified environmental individual(s).
Name of subproject: ……………………………………………………. Sector: …………………………………………………………………… Name of the region/community in which the construction and rehabilitation of training facilities is to take place: …...... …………………………………………… Name of Executing Agent: …..………………………………………… Name of the Approving Authority: …..………………………………… Name, job title, and contact details of the person responsible for filling out this ESSF:
Name: ...... Job title: ...... Telephone numbers: ...... Fax Number: ...... E-mail address: ...... Date: ...... Signature: ......
PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT Please provide information on the type and scale of the construction/rehabilitation activities including construction work areas and access roads:- project area, required land take, area covered by vegetation, approximate size of total building floor area, production capacity, amounts of power generation, location and lengths of distribution lines. Describe how the construction/rehabilitation activities will be carried out, including support/activities and resources required. PART B: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS (a) Describe the vegetation within or adjacent to the Project Areas (should include a map) ______
(b) Describe the land formation, topography, and vegetation in/adjacent to the training facility’s area ______
(c) Estimate and indicate where vegetation might need to be cleared.
P ANNEXURE ESMF
______
Environmentally sensitive areas or threatened species Are there any environmentally sensitive areas or threatened species (specify below) that could be adversely affected by the project? (i) Intact natural forests: Yes ______No ______(ii) Revering Forest: Yes ______No ______(iii) Surface water courses, natural springs: Yes ______No ______(iv) Wetlands (lakes, rivers, swamp, seasonally inundated areas): Yes ______No ______(v) How far is the nearest wetland (lakes, rivers, seasonally inundated areas)? ____ Km (vi) Area of high biodiversity: Yes ______No ______(vii) Habitats of endangered/threatened or rare species for which protection is required under the Mozambique’s national law/local law and/or international agreements: Yes ______No ______(viii) Others (describe): Yes ______No ______River Hydrology Is there a possibility that, due to construction and installation of structures such as weirs and bypass structures for the micro hydropower projects, the river ecology will be adversely affected (flow reserve required to be calculated)? Attention should be paid to water quality and quantity; the nature, productivity and use of aquatic habitats, and potential variations of these over time. Yes ______No ______
Protected Areas Does the project area (or components of the project) occur within or near any protected areas which are designated by the government as national parks, national reserves, world heritage sites, etc.)? Yes ______No ______
If the subprojects are outside of, but close to, any protected area, are they likely to adversely affect the ecology within the protected area areas (e.g. interference with the migration routes of mammals or birds etc.) Yes ______No ______
Geology and Soils Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas of possible geologic or soil instability (prone to soil erosion, landslide, subsidence, earthquake, etc)? Yes ______No ______
Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas that have risks of large scale increase in soil salinity? Yes ______No ______
Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas prone to floods, poorly drained, low-lying, or in a depression or block run-off water Yes ______No ______
Contamination and Pollution Hazards Is there a possibility that the Solar PV installations or the substations undertaking upgrading works will be a source of contamination and pollution (accidental leakages, etc.)? Yes ______No ______Do the electrical transformers to be replaced contain PCB? Yes ______No ______
Do the existing electrical installations have asbestos containing materials? Yes ______No ______
Landscape/Aesthetics
P ANNEXURE ESMF
Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the aesthetic attractiveness of the local landscape? Yes ______No ______
Historical, Archaeological or Cultural Heritage Site Based on available sources, consultation with local authorities, local knowledge and/or observations, could the project alter any historical, archaeological, cultural heritage traditional (graveyards, sacred or ritual area) site or require excavation near same? Yes ______No ______
Resettlement and/or Land Acquisition Will involuntary resettlement, land acquisition, relocation of property, or loss, denial or restriction of access to land and other economic resources (i.e. crop fields and rivers) be caused by project implementation? Yes ______No ______If “Yes” OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement is triggered. Please refer to the separately prepared Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for EDAP’s appropriate mitigation measures to be undertaken.
Loss of Crops, Fruit Trees and Household Infrastructure Will the project result in the permanent or temporary loss of crops, fruit trees and household infrastructure (such as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens, livestock shed, etc.)? Yes ______No ______If “Yes” OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement is triggered. Please refer to the separately prepared Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for EDAP’s appropriate mitigation measures to be undertaken.
Blockages of access, routes or disruption of normal operations in the general area Will the project interfere with or block access, routes etc (for people, livestock and wildlife) or traffic routing and flows? Yes ______No ______
Noise and Dust Pollution during Construction and Operation Will the operating noise level from the operation of equipment, machinery etc. used during project implementation exceed the allowable decibel level or noise limits? Yes ______No ______
Will the operation result in emission of copious amounts of dust, hazardous fumes? Yes ______No ______
Degradation and/or Depletion of Resources During Construction and Operation Will the operation involve use of considerable amounts of natural resources (construction materials, water usage/spillage, land, energy from biomass etc.) or may lead to their depletion or degradation at points of source? Yes ______No ______
Solid or Liquid Wastes Generation Will the project generate solid, liquid or hazardous wastes? (including human excreta/sewage, asbestos, PCB etc.) Yes ______No ______
If “Yes”, does the work plan comprise provisions for their adequate collection and disposal? Yes ______No ______
Occupational health hazards Will the project require large number of staff and labourers; large/long-term construction camp? Yes ______No ______Are the construction/rehabilitation activities prone to hazards, risks and could they result in accidents and injuries to workers during construction or operation? Yes ______No ______
P ANNEXURE ESMF
Will the project require frequent maintenance and/or repair? Yes ______No ______
Public Consultation and Disclosure Has public consultation and participation been sought? Yes ______No ______
P ANNEXURE ESMF
PART C: GENERAL MITIGATION MEASURES For all “Yes” responses, describe briefly the mitigation measures taken in order to meet the compliance requirements of the World Bank and/or GoM, whichever are more stringent. Once the Environmental and Social Screening Form is completed, it is reviewed and analysed by the Environmental Focal Points at the Governor’s Office and at ME, an appropriate environmental category based on ESSF will be assigned. If EFP/GO deems it necessary, the individual may seek assistance from the local MICOA Representative. RECOMMENDATIONS: Based on the above, the proposed subproject will fall under: (a) Category C and it will not require any environmental work; subproject implementation therefore can precede immediately______(b) Category B 1 and it will require the implementation of simple mitigation measures as per Environmental and Social Checklist (Annex 2)______(c) Has been categorized as category B 2 and will require preparation of a separate EA report; (for generic EA terms of reference refer to Annex 6)______
Any EDAP subproject assigned the environmental category A as a result of the environmental and social screening process will have to be either redesigned or abandoned because as a whole, EDAP has been categorised as a category B project. Therefore, category A subprojects cannot be funded under EDAP.
P ANNEXURE ESMF
Annex 2: Environmental and Social Management Plan
An Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is in the table 3 below. This ESMP will be further detailed and adapted to the requirements of individual subprojects by qualified personnel wherever necessary. We have included in this list mitigation measures and monitoring activities.
The costs related to the travel costs for training and the costs for dissemination have not been fully included. Moreover, should a local Environmental Specialist be recruited, his/her cost (+/- US$80,000 for the first year) should also be added. This cost should be paid for by the Ministry of Energy. The Monitoring & Evaluation costs (compliance monitoring) are difficult to precisely assess. Independent monitoring during construction shall be required on the main subprojects (grid extensions and micro hydropower) and will require monthly visits, i.e. on average US$ 2,200 per sub-project. This will amount to a monthly cost of about US$15,400. PV systems will not require as frequent inspections as for grid extensions and micro hydropower subprojects. Moreover, it would seem that FUNAE has already established an efficient M&E capacity with the help of a foreign Technical Assistant. An additional monthly sum of US$ 2,200 should be provisioned for the monitoring of the PV Systems by an Independent Consultant. Other Specialists, e.g. HS Specialist, Expert in Aquatic Habitat / Flow Reserve may be required on an ad hoc basis. Their costs will be covered by the ME.
P ANNEXURE ESMF
P ANNEXURE ESMF
W F Budget / Cost H Socio-Economic Project Life Cycle M # Impacts Mitigation Measures Specific Actions Monitoring Activities Responsibility Estimates UR / Environment / Phase 3 (USD)
CAPACITY-BUILDING & TRAINING $69,500.00
Lack of knowledge of World Bank's Training and capacity building tailored Definition of a comprehensive training Defined training plan, practical and Planning ME Safeguard Policies and Mozambican made and targeted at all ESMF's intended plan & identification of accredited accessible to all targeted people environmental/social performance users at various government levels environmental organisations $2,500.00 standards as well as health & safety (national, provincial and local) and guidelines communities Organising Environmental Planning Number of training sessions Planning / ME and Assessment training by an organised in Maputo and in project Implementation accredited training organisation areas $60,500.00
Road show to raise awareness on the Number of people reached by these Implementation EDM & FUNAE EDAP project and its subcomponents awareness-raising campaigns - highlighting potential impacts and Implementation of precautionary and risks and remedial and safety actions safety activities $6,500.00
Appointment of Technical Advisor to Planning / ME assist in the establishment of an Construction / Environment Unit and coordination of Commissioning the training programme, and to follow the implementation of the environmental management and monitoring plan (optional - not budgeted)
Requirement that the Civil Building capacity within EDM & FUNAE to Drawing up of detailed description of Monitoring of the implementation of Planning / EDM & FUNAE Contractor adheres to the manage projects and Contractor in order the requirements of the ESMP & environmental and social guidelines Construction Environmental & Social to meet criteria set by ESMF inclusion of this description in by Contractors; better coordinated Management Plan (ESMP) that contract with Design & Build preparation of resettlement planning mitigates environmental, health & Contractor on subprojects that required people social impacts associated with site to be relocated (proper alternatives construction activities. Site offered to Project Affected People) preparation activities covered by this ESMP to be implemented primarily by the Contractor & Implementation of measures set out Planning / EDM & FUNAE performance against it monitored in the ESMP, contractual obligation on Construction by the Developer or Project the Contractor and covering: Promoter workforce & local residents' health & safety, pollution control measures, soil erosion control measures, measures to manage flow regimes during construction, noise control measures, acces control measures, post-construction decommissioning
Compliance with international Ensuring & monitoring compliance with Developing action plans that address EDM & FUNAE standards & national regulations & regulations & guidelines for environmental international standards & guidelines requirements & social performance is the ultimate as well as national environmental, responsibility of the Developer / Project occupational health & safety Promoter although day-to-day regulations including specific responsibility for implementing conditions for project approvals, environmental & social mitigation, EMPs, recommendations by the compensation & monitoring actions may Promoters' Technical Advisor be devolved to other Stakeholders (i.e. Civil Works Contractor)
P ANNEXURE ESMF
SUBPROJECT LEVEL
Distribution Networks and Grid Connections
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES 1 Permanent loss of land and assets Route lines along public thoroughfares or Check EA recommendations fr Planning / Pre- ME / EDM due to the construction or/and on least productive private land. projects affecting natural habitats contsruction extension of OH distribution lines Compensation for any land and assets lost or taken,
2 Temporary loss of land, assets and Careful sitting of access routes, work Site visit to confirm location or Construction ME / Independent access during construction areas and storage areas. Repair damage, alignment of infrastructures Advisor replace losses and compensate for loss of assets (e.g. crops)
3 Site visit to verify restoration and After Commissioning ME / MICOA / rehabilitation Independent Advisor
4 In the event of a loss of productive Construction / After ME / Communities assets, determine a fair level of Commissioning compensation through community questionnaires
5 Insufficent community engagement Formulation of a Public Consultation and Defining an adequate procedures for Construction & consultations with local Disclosure Strategy and implementation of engagement with affected communities adequate procedures for engagement with communities, public consultation and affected communities information sessions, possible hiring of facilitators
6 Regular consultation with affected communities on both sides of the gorge & establishment of a grievance mechanism to receive and address specific concerns about compensation (incl. recourse and dispute resolution mechanism)
7 Cultural heritage sites and graves Locate infrastructure away from identified Interviews with communities to Planning ME / Independent affected by construction works cultural heritage sites and graves. Agree confirm adequate measures Advisor on acceptable mitigation measures whe disturbance is unavoidable
8 Health and safety risks for workers Application of national and international Regular site visits to check safety Construction ME / Communities / and communities during occupational and community health and standards, personal protective MICOA / Independent construction safety standards equipment, latrines, wash areas Advisor
9 Community safety plan evaluating the Preparing & implementing a an risks and impacts to HS of the affected Occupational Health and Safety communities during design, construction, Management Plan for workers and operation and addressing community affected communities incl. community health issues safety plan & traffic management plan 10 Hiring of HS Specialist to evaluate risks for local communities and define action plan
P
ANNEXURE ESMF
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 11 Increased erosion during Carefully design drainage routes for Check EA recommendations for Planning ME / Consulting construction pluvial waters projects affecting natural habitats Engineers
12 Check technical design Planning ME / Consulting Engineers
13 Site visits Construction ME / EDM / Independent Advisor
14 Littering (solid waste) by workforce Awareness campaigns and proper disposal Monitor the amount of waste Construction of sold waste at designated landfills generated and its disposal by the project implementers
15 Confirm with workers that they have Construction ME / EDM / been informed and made aware of Independent Advisor the waste disposal
16 Destruction of indigenous Restrict the width of corridor which should Site visits Construction ME / EDM / vegetation along the corridor not exceed 5 metres Independent Advisor beneath the OH distribution lines
17 Reduction of ecologically sensitive During the design phase, the routing of Check design and routing of the OH Planning ME / EDM habitats the OV distribution lines should be distribution lines carefully planned in order to avoid destruction of sensible habitats (e.g. riparian forests) 18 Propagation of invasive alient plants Physical elimination by maintenance Check that maintenance teams have Operation ME / MICOA / Operator teams. Awareness campaigns for local been trained and informed. Site Visits communities to assist in the removal of alien plants
Photo-Voltaic Solar Panels
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 19 Destruction of ecologically sensitive Locate solar PV systems in areas where Check EA recommendations for ME / FUNAE / Supplier habitats as a result of the the disturbance of and destruction of projects affecting natural habitats installation of solar PV systems sensitive habitats will be reduced or non- existent
20 Pollution from improper storage and Old batteries should be properly stored Ongoing monitoring Operation ME / FUNAE / Supplier ad hoc disposal of old batteries and sent back to Supplier/Manufacturer / Educatin & Health for recycling or disposal in suitable Authorities / designated sites Communities
P ANNEXURE ESMF
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 28 Increased slope instability risks due Slope protection, soil conservation and Identification of appropriate Slope stability to be monitored and if Design / Construction ME / FUNAE / to construction works. erosion control: measures at design stage, to be necessary advices to be sought at the Contractor / Inadequate erosion prevention - Adequate erosion management for implemented and monitored during National Building Research Independent Advisor measures to face risks of soil and freshly excavated surfaces and spoiled construction Organisation rock failures in steep embankment. heaps (that shall not obstruct normal drainage). Sufficient cross drainage facilities to - Construction activities to be carried out be provided at suitable intervals with careful planning during dry periods: along headrace canal soil conservation techniques (benching, terracing), to excavate in a controlled Canal spillways to have energy manner. dissipaters to prevent downstream - Proper drainage system. erosion - Stabilisation with retaining walls.
Minimise erosion effects and adopt conservation methods to stabilise disturbed slopes
Removal of trees shall be kept to a minimum. Uprooted areas shall be restored with appropriate plant species. Specific soil erosion measures & techniques to be adopted, protection of slopes with endemic plants and plant materials.
29 Areas disturbed by construction Site restoration to a natural appearance Restoration and rehabilitation of all ME / FUNAE / activities. Landscape disfigurement through the implementation of a temporarily affected areas (roadways, Contractor / restoration plan in order to minimize dumping sites) with appropriate Independent Advisor visual impacts landscaping and planting
Top soil spreading.
To avoid causing disturbance to existing ground cover, removal of trees to be kept to a minimum and uprooted areas to be restored with appropriate plant species
Grassing & planting of trees with indigenous species.
Removing all temporary facilities incl. crushing plant, workshops, offices, container storage, coffer dams, workers' camp site, etc. upon completion of project.
Retaining the main access roads to various structures & closing the others used during construction. Closed roads to be reinstated in their original condition.
Rehabilitation of construction sites, quarries and spoil areas should be completed prior commissioning
P ANNEXURE ESMF
30 No proper disposal of excavated Construction method defined to reduce Use of heavy machinery in steep Construction ME / FUNAE / material : excavation. slopes should be minimised to reduce Contractor / - Rock excavations being dumped excavations for access roads Independent Advisor on steep slopes or ending in the riverbed and constricting the flow Attemps should be made to compress - Continued flushing down of soil dug-out earth without allowing soil and muck into the river material to fall into the stream.
Spoil material i.e. soil and rock generated during site clearance to be used wherever possible for site levelling, backfilling, ...
Post-construction unusable material to be disposed of
Unwanted material unsuitable for Selecting with appropriate construction purposes (construction spoils government authorities the / excavated rocks) to be disposed of by permanent spoil areas outside river spreading the material in layers in gorge & flood plain. designated spoil areas, compacted & kept away from agricultural land and riverbed / floodplain. Shaping these areas so that they follow existing contours (tips blending in with local topography).
Keeping these disposal areas neat & tidy. Finishing & grading surfaces to the extent necessary to provide surface drainage. Vegetating surfaces to prevent future erosion of the materials. 31 Waste management on site. Oil, greases and domestic waste to be Implementing appropriate waste Construction ME / FUNAE / dealt with via standard traps / disposal management practices, standard Contractor / technologies traps and disposal technologies Independent Advisor
Support & expert advice provided to EPC Contractor on waste management.
Disposal of solid waste which shall not be allowed to stagnate within the premises.
Empty cement bags, wrappers and other unwanted left over materials to be removed from site regularly
To prevent discharge of cement, cement mix, fuel, oil, lubricants, waste oil, polythene into water during construction and operational periods
Proper toilet facilities to be provided to Construction of sanitary installations workers. in the workers' camp
P ANNEXURE ESMF
32 Headrace canal to convey the water Refining instream flow requirement that Releasing an adequate volume of Planning / Design ME / FUNAE / from the diversion weir to the will maintain the biodiversity & riverine water downstream with a continuous Contractor / forebay and the penstocks (and ecological condition. uninterrupted discharge by an outlet Independent Advisor finally to powerhouse) will divert in the weir during operation, for the river flow and possibly affect maintaining a healthy ecology and for the aquatic habitat downstream. other users.
Appointment of a suitable specialist of aquatic habitats and reserved flows.
Additional field investigations and baseline studies.
Selection of the most appropriate calculation technique for reserved flow requirements (e.g. habitat preference method).
33 Risk of aquatic contamination due Implementation of runoff control The sediments accumulated in the Planning / Construction ME / FUNAE / to runoff from the construction site measures to prevent contamination of settling basin should be disposed of in Contractor flow towards the river with the aquatic ecosystem. Flushing of sediments the approved sites. possibility to generate increased collected at the weir site to be carried out sediment levels and pollution. during high flood times in a controlled manner. Poor knowledge of local aquatic Possible integration of fishways / fish Appointment of a Specialist of fish Planning / Design ME / FUNAE / MICOA / ecosystem (fish species, migrations, bypasses at the weir and of a Coanda migrations who will be part of the Contractor etc.). Weir may disturb fish effect screen at the intake (Coanda type team responsible for environmental migrations and flow reduction may screen to be generalised to all EDAP's baseline study. impact on survival and migration of mico hydroppower projects) two fresh water endemic fish Purchase, design & construction of a species. (1) Coanda effect screen & (2) construction of fish passages as it may be required.
34 Turbulence due to water released at Water coming from powerhouse (tailrace) Design of tailrace to minimise the Planning / Design ME / FUNAE / tailrace to be routed through a suitable energy- turbulence and stimulate the natural Contractor dissipating device before it is released to flow the river
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Annex 3: Environmental Guidelines for Contractors
Contractor(s) hired for EDAP civil works would be required by ME to incorporate applicable environmental mitigation measures. In addition, as applicable, contractors will also adhere to the following guidelines. These Environmental Guidelines for Contractors will be attached to the bidding documents to ensure that environmentally and socially sustainable construction methods are used General 1. These general environmental guidelines apply to any work to be undertaken under EDAP’s subprojects. For certain work sites entailing specific environmental and/or social issues, a specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been prepared to address relevant issues, in addition to these general environmental guidelines. In addition to these general Environmental Guidelines, the Contractor shall therefore comply with any specific ESMP, as applicable. The EPF/ME or EFP/GO (referred to as the Client) will inform the Contractor about such an ESMP, as prepared for applicable work sites. The Contractor is required to prepare his/her work strategy and plan to fully take into the provisions of the ESMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved ESMP after written instruction by the works supervisor to fulfil his obligation within the requested time, the Client reserves the right to arrange for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor. 2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts, wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an ESMP, as applicable. 3. These Environmental Guidelines, as well as any specific ESMP, as applicable, apply to the Contractor, as well as any sub-contractors hired, with pre-approval of EFP/GO, for work. General Environmental Protection Measures 4. In general, environmental protection measures to be taken at any work site shall include but not be limited to: (a) Minimize the effect of dust on the environment resulting from earth mixing sites, vibrating equipment, construction related traffic on temporary or existing access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity of work sites and access roads. (b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) comply with Mozambique and the World Bank Environmental Standards and are generally kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. (c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels are maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. (d) Prevent any construction-generated wastes, including bitumen, oils, lubricants and wastewater used or produced during the execution of works, from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels, nearby agricultural fields, and other natural water bodies/reservoirs. (e) Avoid or minimize the occurrence of standing water in holes, trenches, borrow areas, etc. (f) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. Restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. (g) Upon discovery of graves, cemeteries, cultural sites of any kind, including ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the Client so that the Mozambique Ministry in charge of Culture Affairs is expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. In the event that the Contractor encounters chance finds during construction and/or rehabilitation activities, he/she will contact (a) responsible Ministry, via, as indicated above, EFP/GO. The Contractor, if need arises, should also seek EFP/ME help in identifying the applicable government organization. Should there be no Regional Bureau of Culture and Tourism; the Contractor will contact the EFP at ME and/or EFP/GO in a timely manner.
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(h) Prohibit construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. Prohibit explicitly the transport of any bush meat in Contractor’s vehicles. (i) Prohibit the transport of firearms in Project-related vehicles. (j) Prohibit the transport of third parties in Project-related vehicles. (k) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevent siltation, etc. (l) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers camps. (m) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation. (n) Ensure public safety, and meet Mozambique traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents. (o) Ensure that any trench, pit, excavation, hole or other hazardous feature is appropriately demarcated and signposted to prevent third-party intrusion and any safety hazard to third parties. (p) Comply with Mozambique’s speed limits, and for any traffic related with construction at EDAP Project sites, comply with the following speed limits unless Mozambique speed limits are lower. Inhabited areas: 50 km/h, and Open road: 90 km/h. These need to be checked for relevance to site-specific areas of activity. (q) Ensure that, where unskilled daily-hired workforce is necessary, such workers are hired from area and/or neighbouring communities and properly trained before deployment. (r) Generally comply with all applicable requirements of Mozambique law and regulations. 5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the supervisor appointed by ME, the Client for adherence to the Contract conditions and specifications, ME, the Client may also appoint an environmental inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State or Regional Environmental Authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the Client’s supervisor, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors. Drilling 6. The Contractor will make sure that any drilling fluid, drilling mud, mud additives, and any other chemicals used for drilling at any Project construction site complies with Mozambique health and safety requirements. In general, only biodegradable materials will be used. Also, the Contractor may be required to provide the detailed description of the materials he intends to use for review and approval by the Client. Where chemicals are used, general prescriptions of the World Bank’s safeguard policy OP 4.09 “Pest Management” shall be complied with. 7. Drilling fluids will be recycled or disposed of in compliance with Mozambique regulations in an authorized disposal site. If drilling fluids cannot be disposed of in a practical manner, and if land is available near the drilling site and is free of any usage rights, the Contractor may be authorized to dispose of drilling fluids near the drilling site. In such a situation, the Contractor will be required to provide to the Client due evidence of their total absence of potential environmental impacts, such as with use of leachate tests conducted by a GOM certified laboratory. In this case, drilling fluids will be dried at site, mixed with earth and spread at site.
8. Any site affected by drilling work will be restored to its initial condition. This applies to drilling pads, access roads, staging areas, etc. Topsoil will be stripped ahead of any earthmoving, stored near the construction site, and replaced in its original location after the re-contouring of the area affected by the works. 9. Where successive aquifers are intersected by the drilling works, and upon order by the work supervisor, the Contractor may be required to take measures to isolate aquifers from contamination by each other. 10. The Contractor will take all measures to avoid bacteriological or chemical contamination of the intersected aquifers by the drilling equipment. Similarly, the Contractor will take all measures to avoid bacteriological or chemical contamination of the intersected aquifers from the surface by providing an adequately sealed wellhead. 11. When greasing drilling equipment, the Contractor will avoid any soil contamination. In the event of a limited hydrocarbon spill, the Contractor will recover spilled hydrocarbons and contaminated soils in sealed drums and dispose of them in an authorized waste management facility.
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12. Unless duly requested by the Contractor and authorized by the supervisor, no servicing of drilling equipment or vehicles is permitted at the drilling site.
Pipelines 13. No trench shall be left open for more than 7 days, unless duly authorized by the Client upon Contractor’s request. Trenches and other excavation works shall be demarcated and/or signposted to avoid third party intrusion. 14. General conditions related with topsoil stripping, storage and restoration apply. 15. The Contractor will take measures to dispose of water used for pressure tests in a manner that does not affect neighbouring settlements.
Waste Management 16. All drums, containers, bags, etc. containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be stored at construction sites on a sealed and/or bonded area in order to contain potential spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable Mozambique government waste management regulations. 17. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops, housing quarters and generally from camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 18. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected, properly stored in sealed containers, and either disposed of appropriately at designated sites or be re-cycled. 19. Entry of runoff into construction sites, staging areas, campsites, shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as beams, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. 20. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis.
21. Where temporary dumpsites for clean excavated material are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the Client’s approved supervisor, where they will not result in supplemental erosion. Any compensation related with the use of such sites shall be settled prior to their use. 22. Work areas for temporary storage of hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the supervisor and appropriate local and/or relevant national or local authorities before the commencement of work. Disposal of such waste shall be in existing, approved sites.
23. Improved conditions of storage, handling and disposal of potentially polluting products i.e. PCB and asbestos containing materials. This should require special attention on the construction site during the works and after their completion. This applies mainly to the transformers and electrical equipment that may be contaminated. Prior to the start of construction works, these products should be decontaminated or removed to ensure that they become harmless for staff working on site and residents living nearby.
Quarries and Borrow Areas 24. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to review and approval by relevant local and national authorities. 25. New extraction sites: a) Shall not be located less than 1km from settlement areas, archaeological areas, cultural sites (including churches and cemeteries), wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground. b) Shall not be located in water bodies, or adjacent to them, as well as to springs, wells, etc. c) Shall not be located in or near forest reserves, natural habitats or national parks. d) Shall be designed and operated in the perspective of an easy and effective rehabilitation. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred.
P ANNEXURE ESMF e) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing and safety hazards for third parties. 26. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations. 27. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees or other natural obstacles can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution, and generally at a distance from human settlements. Wind shall be taken into consideration when siting stockpile areas. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. 28. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these guidelines, and any applicable ESMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the supervisor. Rehabilitation of Work and Camp Sites 29. Topsoil shall be stripped, removed and stored for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet. Topsoil shall not be stored in large or high heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. 30. Generally, rehabilitation of work and camp sites shall follow the following principles: (i) To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil. (ii) Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation, and: (iii) Also, minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise. Management of Water Needed for Construction Purposes 31. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water needs of local communities. To this effect, any temporary water abstraction for construction needs from either ground or surface water shall be submitted to the following community consultation process: • Identification of water uses that may be affected by the planned water abstraction; • Consultation with all identified groups of users about the planned water abstraction; and • In the event that a potential conflict is identified, report to the supervising authority. This consultation process shall be documented by the Contractor (minutes of meeting) for review and eventual authorisation of the water withdrawal by the Client’s supervisor. 32. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community as mentioned and after obtaining a permit from the relevant authority. 33. Abstraction of water from wetlands is prohibited. 34. Temporary damming of streams and rivers is submitted to approval by the supervisor. It shall be done in such a way as to avoid disrupting water supplies to communities downstream, and to maintain the ecological balance of the river system. 35. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. Similarly, wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into watercourses or road drains. Washing bays shall be sited accordingly. Unless site conditions are not favourable, it will generally be infiltrated through soak pits or similar. 36. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion. Traffic Management and Community Safety 37. Location of temporary access roads shall be done in consultation with the local community and based on the screening results, especially in important or sensitive environments. Temporary access roads shall not traverse wetland areas or other ecologically sensitive areas. The construction of any access roads shall be submitted to a prior consultation process with potentially affected communities that will have to be documented (minutes of meetings) for supervisor’s review and approval. 38. Upon the completion of civil works, all temporary access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 39. Measures shall be taken to suppress dust emissions generated by Project traffic. 40. Maximum speed limits for any traffic related with construction at EDAP subproject sites shall be the following, unless the local speed limits are different: • Inhabited areas: 50 km/h
• Open road: 90 km/h.
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Salvaging and Disposal of Obsolete Components Found by Rehabilitation Works 41. Obsolete materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures shall be salvaged and disposed of in a manner approved by the supervisor. The Contractor has to agree with the supervisor, which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 42. Any asbestos cement material that might be uncovered when performing rehabilitation works will be considered as hazardous material and disposed of in a designated facility. Compensation of Damage to Property 43. Compensation of land acquired permanently for Project purposes will be handled under Client responsibility based on the provisions of the RPF. However, in the event that the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damages property, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner/user a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims. 44. In any case where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the supervisor. Contractor’s Health, Safety and Environment Management Plan (HSE-MP) 45. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an HSE-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an ESMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes: 46. The Contractor’s HSE-MP shall provide at least: - A description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an ESMP;
- A description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts;
- A description of all planned monitoring activities and the reporting thereof; and
- The internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.
47. The Contractor’s HSE-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s HSE-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts.
HSE Reporting 48. The Contractor shall prepare bi-monthly progress reports and provide them to the Client on compliance with these general conditions, the subproject ESMP if any, and his own HSE-MP. The Contractor’s reports will include information on:
- HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities;
- Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof);
- Non-compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;
- Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects; and
- Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings.
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49. The reporting of any significant HSE incidents shall be done as soon as practicable. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. The Contractor should keep his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi-monthly reports. Details of HSE performance will be reported to the Client. Training of Contractor’s Personnel 50. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project ESMP, and his own HSE-MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training will be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the HSE-MP. The Client will document training activities for potential review.
51. Amongst other issues, training will include an awareness session for all employees on HIV-AIDS addressing the following topics: What is HIV/AIDS? How is HIV/AIDS contracted? HIV/AIDS prevention measures and treatment.
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Annex 4: Overview of the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies
Policy Key Objectives Tools/Implications Number
OP/BP 4.01 The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank- An ESMF has been prepared for Environ- financed projects are environmentally sound and EDAF to ensure that the potential mental sustainable, and that decision-making is improved adverse environmental and social through appropriate analysis of actions and of their impacts of future subprojects are Assess- likely environmental impacts. This policy is identified and mitigated ment triggered if a project is likely to have potential appropriately. (adverse) environmental risks and impacts on its area of influence. OP 4.01 covers impacts on the natural environment (air, water and land); human health and safety; physical cultural resources; and trans-boundary and global environment concerns. OP/BP 4.04 This policy recognizes that the conservation of This policy is triggered by any Natural natural habitats is essential to safeguard their project (including any subproject Habitats unique biodiversity and to maintain environmental under a sector investment or services and products for human society and for financial intermediary) with the long-term sustainable development. The Bank potential to cause significant therefore supports the protection, management, conversion (loss) or degradation and restoration of natural habitats in its project of natural habitats, whether financing, as well as policy dialogue and economic directly (through construction) or and sector work. The Bank supports, and expects indirectly (through human borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach to activities induced by the project). natural resource management to ensure The ESMF does not foresee any opportunities for environmentally sustainable adverse impacts. The micro- development. Natural habitats are land and water hydropower projects will however areas where most of the original native plant and require some baseline monitoring animal species are still present. Natural habitats and adequate calculation of flow comprise many types of terrestrial, freshwater, reserves. coastal, and marine ecosystems. They include Subprojects that will have areas lightly modified by human activities, but negative environmental and retaining their ecological functions and most native social impacts on natural habitats species. will not be funded under EDAP.
OP/BP 4.36 The objective of this policy is to assist borrowers to This policy is triggered whenever Forests harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in any Bank-financed investment a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively project (i) has the potential to into sustainable economic development and protect have impacts on the health and the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests. Where forest restoration and quality of forests or the rights and plantation development are necessary to meet welfare of people and their level these objectives, the Bank assists borrowers with of dependence upon or forest restoration activities that maintain or enhance interaction with forests; or (ii) biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. The Bank aims to bring about changes in assists borrowers with the establishment of the management, protection or environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial and utilization of natural forests or economically viable forest plantations to help meet growing demands for forest goods and services. plantations.
Sub-projects that are likely to negatively affect forests will not be funded.. OP 4.09 The objective of this policy is to (i) promote the use The policy is triggered if: (i) Pest of biological or environmental control and reduce procurement of pesticides or Manage- reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides; and (ii) pesticide application equipment is strengthen the capacity of the country’s regulatory envisaged (either directly through ment
P ANNEXURE ESMF ment framework and institutions to promote and support the project, or indirectly through safe, effective and environmentally sound pest on-lending, co-financing, or management. More specifically, the policy aims to government counterpart funding); (a) Ascertain that pest management activities in (ii) the project may affect pest Bank-financed operations are based on integrated management in a way that harm approaches and seek to reduce reliance on could be done, even though the synthetic chemical pesticides (Integrated Pest project is not envisaged to Management (IPM) in agricultural projects and procure pesticides. This includes Integrated Vector Management (IVM) in public projects that may (i) lead to health projects. (b) Ensure that health and substantially increased pesticide environmental hazards associated with pest use and subsequent increase in management, especially the use of pesticides are health and environmental risk; (ii) minimized and can be properly managed by the maintain or expand present pest user. (c) As necessary, support policy reform and management practices that are institutional capacity development to (i) enhance unsustainable, not based on an implementation of IPM-based pest management IPM approach, and/or pose and (ii) regulate and monitor the distribution and significant health or use of pesticides. environmental risks. This Safeguard Policy is not triggered by EDAP, and sub- projects requiring the use of pesticides, herbicides etc. will not be funded. OP/BP 4.11 The objective of this policy is to assist countries to This policy applies to all projects avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of development requiring a Category A or B Physical projects on physical cultural resources. For Environmental Assessment under purposes of this policy, “physical cultural resources” Cultural OP 4.01, project located in, or in Resources are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, natural the vicinity of, recognized cultural features and landscapes that have archaeological, heritage sites, and projects paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, designed to support the aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical management or conservation of cultural resources may be located in urban or rural physical cultural resources. settings, and may be above ground, underground, or underwater. The cultural interest may be at the During EDAP's implementation, local, provincial or national level, or within the no cultural resources are likely to international community. be affected. Nevertheless, in cooperation with the responsible national institutions and consistent with OP 4.11, the Contractors shall develop a 'chance finds procedure' in the event that cultural issues arise during grid extension and rehabilitation as well as during the construction of the micro- hydropower schemes. Any sub- projects that are likely to negatively affect physical cultural resources will not be funded. OP/BP 4.10 The objective of this policy is to (i) ensure that the The policy is triggered when the Indigenous development process fosters full respect for the project affects the indigenous Peoples dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness of peoples (with characteristics indigenous peoples; (ii) ensure that adverse effects described in OP 4.10 paragraph during the development process are avoided, or if 4) in the project area. not feasible, ensure that these are minimized, For EDAP, no indigenous people mitigated or compensated; and (iii) ensure that will be affected. Any sub-projects indigenous peoples receive culturally appropriate that might negatively impact and gender and inter-generationally inclusive social indigenous peoples will not be and economic benefits. funded.
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OP/BP 4.12 The objective of this policy is to (i) avoid or This policy covers not only Involuntary minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, physical relocation, but also any Resettle- exploring all viable alternative project designs; (ii) loss of land or other assets assist displaced persons in improving their former resulting in: (i) relocation or loss ment living standards, income earning capacity, and of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or production levels, or at least in restoring them; (iii) access to assets; (iii) loss of encourage community participation in planning and income sources or means of implementing resettlement; and (iv) provide livelihood, whether or not the assistance to affected people regardless of the affected people must move to legality of land tenure. another location. This policy also applies to the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. For EDAP, a separate Resettlement Planning Framework has been prepared. OP/BP 4.37 The objectives of this policy are as follows: For new This policy is triggered when the Safety of dams, to ensure that experienced and competent Bank finances: (i) a project Dams professionals design and supervise construction; involving construction of a large the borrower adopts and implements dam safety dam (15 m or higher) or a high measures for the dam and associated works. For existing dams, to ensure that any dam that can hazard dam; and (ii) a project influence the performance of the project is which is dependent on an existing identified, a dam safety assessment is carried out, dam. For small dams, generic and necessary additional dam safety measures and dam safety measures designed remedial work are implemented. by qualified engineers are usually adequate.
The micro hydropower projects that will be developed under EDAP will be run-of-river facilities that do not require the construction of a dam. These projects usually have a weir and do not create a real impoundment. Any sub-projects that are either dependent on an existing functioning dam, or are planning to construct a dam, will not be funded.
OP 7.50 The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank- This policy is triggered if (a) any Projects in financed projects affecting international waterways river, canal, lake or similar body Interna- would not affect: (i) relations between the Bank and of water that forms a boundary its borrowers and between states (whether between, or any river or body of
P ANNEXURE ESMF tional its borrowers and between states (whether between, or any river or body of Waters members of the Bank or not); and (ii) the efficient surface water that flows through utilization and protection of international waterways. two or more states, whether Bank members or not; (b) any tributary The policy applies to the following types of projects: or other body of surface water (a) Hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, that is a component of any navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, waterway described under (a); industrial and similar projects that involve the use and (c) any bay, gulf strait, or or potential pollution of international waterways; channel bounded by two or more and (b) Detailed design and engineering studies of states, or if within one state projects under (a) above, include those carried out recognized as a necessary by the Bank as executing agency or in any other channel of communication capacity. between the open sea and other states, and any river flowing into such waters. Under EDAP, no International Waterways will be involved or impacted. Any sub-projects affecting negatively international water sources will not be funded. OP 7.60 The objective of this policy is to ensure that projects This policy is triggered if the Projects in in disputed areas are dealt with at the earliest proposed project will be in a Disputed possible stage: (a) so as not to affect relations “disputed area”. Questions to be between the Bank and its member countries; (b) so Areas answered include: Is the borrower as not to affect relations between the borrower and neighbouring countries; and (c) so as not to involved in any disputes over an prejudice the position of either the Bank or the area with any of its neighbours. Is countries concerned. the project situated in a disputed area? Could any component financed or likely to be financed as part of the project be situated in a disputed area?
EDAP subprojects will not be implemented in Disputed Areas.
Any subprojects that negatively affect ecologically sensitive areas shall not be funded under EDAP.
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Annex 5: Proposed Terms of Reference for an Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)
1. Introduction and Context This part will be completed at time of subproject (referred to as project below) implementation. It will include necessary information related to the context and methodology to carry out the study. 2. Objectives of Study This section will indicate (i) the objectives and the subproject activities; (ii) the activities that may cause environmental and social negative impacts and needing adequate mitigation measures. 3. Mission /Tasks The Consultant should perform the following activities: • Describe the biophysical characteristics of the environment where the project activities will be realised; and underline the main constraints that need to be taken into account at the field preparation, during the implementation and mobilization/maintenance of equipments; • Describe alternatives to EDAP’s subprojects; • Assess the potential environmental and social impacts related to project activities and recommend adequate mitigation measures, including costs estimation; • Assess the need and approach utilised for solid and liquid collection and waste management and suggest recommendation for their safe disposal, including safe disposal of asbestos, all in the context of GoM’s and the World Bank’s applicable laws and regulations; • Assess the risks related to hazardous products such as PCB and asbestos and define removal and disposal plans; • Review political, legal and institutional framework, at national and international level, related to environmental, identify the constraints and suggest recommendations for reinforcement; • Identify responsibilities and actors for the implementation of proposed mitigation measures; • Assess the capacity available to implement the proposed mitigation measures, and suggest recommendation in terms of training and capacity building, and estimate their costs; • Develop an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the project using OP 4.01. The ESMP should underline (i) the potential environmental and social impacts resulting from project activities (ii) the proposed mitigation measures; (iii) the institutional responsibilities for implementation; (iv) the monitoring indicators; (v) the institutional responsibilities for monitoring and implementation of mitigation measures; (vi) the costs of activities; and (vii) the calendar of implementation; and • Public consultations. The ESIA results and proposed mitigation measures will be discussed with the affected communities, NGOs, local administration and other organisations involved in the project activities. Recommendations from this public consultation will be include in the final ESIA report. If only EFP/ME requires an Environmental Assessment (EA) as compared to an ESIA for the project, public consultation may not be deemed necessary. The EFP/ME will provide directions in consultation with MICOA.
4. Table of Contents of the EIA report - Cover page
- Table of contents
- List of acronyms - Executive summary - Introduction - Description of project activities - Description of alternatives - Description of environment in the project area - Description of political, legal and institutional framework - Description of methodology and techniques used in assessment and analyse of project impacts. - Description of environmental and social impacts for project activities - Environmental & Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the project including the proposed mitigation measures; the institutional responsibilities for implementation; the monitoring
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indicators; the institutional responsibilities for monitoring and implementation of mitigation; Summarised table for EMP - Recommendations - References - List of individuals and institutions contacted 5. Qualification of the Consultant The Consultant will be accredited by the MICOA to conduct ESIA studies. 6. Duration of Study The duration of study will be determined according to the type of activity and the extent of environmental documentation required - either EA or full EIA. 7. Production of Final Report The consultant will produce the final report one (1) week after receiving comments from MIC and MICOA services and EDAP project. The final report will include all the comments on the previously submitted draft report from these institutions. 8. Supervision of Study The Environmental Focal Point at ME will supervise the work performed by the Consultant in collaboration with MICOA.
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Annex 6: Environmental & Social Checklist
A checklist of socio-economic and environmental impacts and associated mitigating measures per subproject is given in the table below.
Socio-economic checklist
Project components Socio-economic Impacts Mitigation measures
Permanent loss of land and Route lines along public thoroughfares or on assets due to construction of least productive ”private” land. Compensate distribution lines. for any land and assets taken
Permanent loss of land, assets Locate sub-stations on public land or on least and access due to construction of productive ”private” land. Compensate for any sub-stations. land taken. Use old generator sites. Provide alternative access routes. Compensate for any land assets taken.
Distribution network and sub-stations
Temporary loss of land and Careful sitting of access routes, work areas, assets during construction. using public and “waste” land where possible. Repair damage, replace losses and compensate for losses of assets (e.g. crops)
Cultural site and graves interfered Locate infrastructure away from graveyards.
with during construction. Agree mitigation measures when disturbance is unavoidable consistent with national
requirements and OP 4.11..
Health and safety risks for Apply accepted and legally required national workers and the public during and international health and safety standards. construction.
Loss of assets during operation Inform public of need to keep lines free of vegetation.
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Health and safety risks during Apply accepted and legally required national operation. and international health and safety standards. Inform public of potential dangers of electricity. Ensure good maintenance of electrical installations. Secure installations against unauthorized access. Control social
and economic developments through development planning. Inform public about risks of unhygienic conditions around public places and risks of contracting diseases.
Loss of economic opportunity and Provide job preferences to displaced charcoal, income sources during operation. firewood and paraffin. (Kerosene) vendors.
Permanent loss of land and “Purchase” existing buildings and sites where
assets due to installation. possible. Locate infrastructure on public land or on least productive” private” land and assets taken.
Temporary loss of land and Careful siting of access routes, work areas assets during installation. and storage areas, using public and “waste” land where possible. Repair damage, replace Distribution networks losses and compensate for loss of assets(e.g. and sub-stations crops)
Solar photovoltaic Permanent loss of land and Locate infrastructure (e.g. powerhouses and systems assets due to construction. distribution lines) along public thoroughfares or least productive “private” land. Compensate for any land and assets taken.
Temporary loss of land and Careful siting of access routes, work areas assets during construction and storage areas, using public and “waste” and where possible. Repair damage, replace losses and compensate for loss of assets (e.g. crops)
Micro-hydropower Cultural sites interferes with Locate infrastructure away from cultural sites. systems during construction Agree mitigation measures when disturbance is unavoidable in coordination with responsible national institutions and in compliance with OP 4.11.
Health and safety risks during Carry out EA. Apply accepted and legally operation required national and international health and safety standards. Inform public of potential dangers of electricity. Ensure good maintenance of electrical installations. Secure installations against unauthorized access.
Design shallow canals. Build bridges across Micro-hydropower canals. systems
P ANNEXURE ESMF systems Permanent loss of land and Locate infrastructure (e.g. pipelines, canals, assets due to construction powerhouses and distribution lines) along public thoroughfares or on least productive “private” land. Compensate for any land and assets taken.
P ANNEXURE ESMF
Environmental checklist
Projects components Environmental Impact Mitigation measures
Increased erosion during Carefully design drainage routes for pluvial construction of substation waters
Plant grasses around the construction area in order to improve water absorption capacity
Ad hoc littering of public areas Design, promote and conduct public hygiene creates health risks and negative awareness campaigns focusing on adverse aesthetic impact. health impacts arising as a consequence of indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes. Proper storage and disposal of waste must be carefully planned. Lobby for legislation to impose fines for littering.
Distribution networks and substations Destruction of indigenous Previous experience from EDM, allows vegetation along the corridor recommending for the width of the corridor to
beneath the Power line be minimal, never exceeding 5 meters, in order to minimize the impacts on the natural vegetation.
Aesthetics devaluation Align poles behind tree lines, or other existing
infrastructure.
Distribution networks Propagation of alien plants Maintenance brigades should learn how to and substations identify such plants and proceed to its system physical elimination (i.e. labour intensive manual elimination of alien plants, respecting national labour laws).
Design and promote sensibilisation programmes for local communities to join in the combat against alien invasive plants.
P ANNEXURE ESMF
Photo-voltaic solar Destruction of ecologically During the design phase the location of the systems sensitive habitats for solar panels solar panels should be carefully selected to avoid destruction of sensitive habitats.
Pollution results from improper storage and ad hoc disposal of old batteries Old batteries must not be disposed ad hoc. It should be properly stored and sent back to
manufacturer or supplier for recycling or disposal on proper sites. In cases where this cannot be achieved, used batteries should be disposed in adequate landfill sites in provincial capitals.
Micro-Hydropower Disruption of stream ecology Carry out EA. During the design and systems construction phase, the diversion of stream water must be carefully though to guarantee that sufficient water is flowing, maintaining stream ecology. Sub-projects that negatively affect stream ecologies will not be funded.
Choose areas where maximum power can be generated from the shortest diversion. i.e. selecting areas with the steepest gradient and fall.
Risk of erosion in the discharge During the design phase the discharge area area should be carefully selected to avoid downstream impacts, namely settled areas.
Avoid discharges in high slope areas.
Protect the discharge area with gabions or any similar structure that could be reinforced by the application of vegetation suitable for wet areas.
P ANNEXURE ESMF
Annex 7: Key References
• Project Concept Note - EDAP (Draft)
• The Environmental Law number 20/97, of October 1 • The Decree n°45/2004 of September, 29, related on the process of IEA • The Decree n°32/2003 of august, 12, concerning the Environmental Audit • The Land Law N°19/97 of 1 October 1997 • The Forestry Law, of July 10, 1999, which is relates on protection, conservation and use of fauna and vegetal resources • The Water Law, of August 3, 1991, related to water resources (protection, conservation and use); The Mining Law, of June 26, 2002
• The Environmental & Social Framework for Mozambique Competitiveness & Private Sector Development Project, October 27, 2008 • ESIA for Mozambique Energy Reform and Access Programme, January 2003
• The World Bank Operational Manuel Bank Procedures Environmental Assessment BP 4.01 January 1999 • The World Bank Operational Manuel Bank Procedures Environmental Assessment BP 4.01 Annex A January 1999 • The World Bank Operational Manuel Operational Policies OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment January 1999 • The World Bank Operational Manuel Operational Policies OP 4.01 Annex C Environmental Management Plan January 1999
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