Ecography ECOG-01312 Riibak, K., Reitalu, T., Tamme, R., Helm, A., Gerhold, P., Znamenskiy, S., Bengtsson, K., Rosén, E., Prentice, H. C. and Pärtel, M. 2014. Dark diversity in dry calcareous grasslands is determined by dispersal ability and stress-tolerance. – Ecography doi: 10.1111/ ecog.01312

Supplementary material

Appendix 1.

Figure A1. Study area. Dry calcareous grasslands in the Baltic Sea region divided into nine subregions. Modified from Agriculture, Ecosystems and Evironment , Vol. 182, Reitalu, T., Helm, A., Pärtel, M.,

Bengtsson, K., Gerhold, P., Rosén, E., Takkis, K., Znamenskiy, S., Prentice, H. C. Determinants of fine-scale plant diversity in dry calcareous grasslands within the Baltic Sea region, pp. 59-68, Copyright (2014), with permission from

Elsevier.

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Table A1. List of recorded species (taxa) and their trait values. Species maximum dispersal distance (m) was calculated by applying dispersal function (Tamme, R. et al. 2014. Predicting species’ maximum dispersal distances from simple plant traits. – Ecology 95: 505–513). C, S, R, CR, CS, RS, CRS strategies were fuzzy coded into one quantitative category – S-type with scores being either 0 (C, R, CR), 0.33 (CRS), 0.5 (CS, RS) or 1 (S). Nomenclature follows The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; (December 2012).

max. dispersal seed weight average plant S-strategy Species strategy type distance (m) (mg) height (cm) score

Achillea millefolium 1.4 0.135 45 C 0 Aegopodium podagraria 0.4 2.21 75 C 0 Agrimonia eupatoria 112.3 23.08 65 C 0 Agrostis capillaris 2450.8 0.06 35 CSR 0.33 Agrostis gigantea 304.4 0.07 65 C 0 Agrostis stolonifera 12.6 0.1 32.5 CSR 0.33 Agrostis vinealis 1492.8 0.06 40 CSR 0.33 Alchemilla sp. 46.8 0.7 NA CSR 0.33 Allium oleraceum 0.3 7.04 47 CSR 0.33 Allium schoenoprasum 0.5 0.9 19 CSR 0.33 Allium vineale 0.4 19 42 C 0 Alopecurus sp. 188.0 0.8 65 C 0 Anacamptis morio 29.3 0.004 19 CSR 0.33 Anagallis arvensis 0.2 0.415 14 R 0 Androsace 0.6 0.17 17 SR 0.5 septentrionalis Anemone pratensis 1362.1 2.8 20 CSR 0.33 Anemone pulsatilla 170.2 3 15 CSR 0.33 Anemone sylvestris 25.7 0.6 30 CS 0.5 Angelica sylvestris 3.2 1.48 100 C 0 Antennaria dioica 108.3 0.06 14 CSR 0.33 Anthemis tinctoria 13.9 0.4 45 CS 0.5 Anthericum ramosum 22.0 5.11 27.5 CSR 0.33 Anthoxanthum odoratum 3.4 0.6 25 CSR 0.33 Anthriscus sylvestris 230.4 3.94 70 C 0 Anthyllis vulneraria 216.7 2.43 22 CSR 0.33 Apera interrupta 1057.8 0.15 15 CR 0 Arabis hirsuta 1.2 0.1 42 CSR 0.33 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 59.7 18.2 95 CS 0.5 Arenaria gothica 0.5 NA 9 NA NA Arenaria serpyllifolia 0.8 0.1 18 R 0 Arrhenatherum elatius 200.0 3.3 85 C 0 Artemisia absinthium 3273.4 0.1 75 CS 0.5 Artemisia campestris 78.4 0.12 75 CS 0.5 Artemisia oelandica 58.3 NA 40 NA NA Artemisia rupestris 377.1 0.0418 19 CS 0.5 Asperula tinctoria 26.0 2.8 35 CSR 0.33

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max. dispersal seed weight average plant S-strategy Species strategy type distance (m) (mg) height (cm) score

Astragalus danicus 21.9 1.355 25 CSR 0.33 Bellis perennis 1.3 0.11 10 CSR 0.33 Botrychium dusenii 9.8 NA 22 S 1 Brachypodium pinnatum 56.4 3.8 90 CS 0.5 Briza media 119.2 0.6 75 CSR 0.33 Bromus hordeaceus 629.9 3.5 40 CR 0 Bunias orientalis 26.7 27.81 65 C 0 Bupleurum tenuissimum 271.4 0.6 40 S 1 Calestania palustris 1.8 2.68 85 CS 0.5 Calluna vulgaris 24.5 0.04 35 CS 0.5 Campanula cervicaria 29.9 0.1 60 CSR 0.33 Campanula glomerata 11.2 0.2 45 CSR 0.33 Campanula persicifolia 27.2 0.06 60 CSR 0.33 Campanula 1.6 0.19 55 CSR 0.33 rapunculoides Campanula rotundifolia 1.1 0.06 30 CSR 0.33 Carex caryophyllea/ 14.3 1.15 15 CSR 0.33 ericetorum Carex digitata 8.3 1.09 20 CSR 0.33 Carex filiformis 4.1 1.0952 25 CSR 0.33 Carex flacca/panicea 26.1 1.65 30 CSR 0.33 Carex hirta 7.9 2.74 36 C 0 Carex hostiana 233.9 1.66 35 CS 0.5 Carex montana 5.4 0.99 20 CSR 0.33 Carex nigra 5.7 0.7 37.5 S 1 Carex ornithopoda 10.0 0.7 12 CSR 0.33 Carex ovalis 1.0 0.58 35 CSR 0.33 Carex pallescens 11.5 1.4 37 CSR 0.33 Carex pulicaris 28.0 1.5 17.5 CSR 0.33 Carex spicata 533.2 2.5 35 CS 0.5 Carlina vulgaris 16.2 1.14 35 CSR 0.33 Carum carvi 129.6 2.6 45 C 0 Centaurea jacea 0.9 2 52 C 0 Centaurea scabiosa 0.9 6.89 80 C 0 Centaurium sp. 2.3 0.025 10.5 NA NA Cerastium fontanum 0.8 0.11 20 CSR 0.33 Cerastium pumilum 146.2 0.1 7 SR 0.5 Cerastium pumilum/ 221.2 0.1 7.5 SR 0.5 glutinosum Cerastium 1.5 0.04 10 R 0 semidecandrum Chaenorhinum minus 1.7 0.1 15 R 0 Cichorium intybus 0.4 1 80 C 0 Cirsium acaule 623.0 3.9 2 CSR 0.33 Cirsium arvense 54.7 1.24 75 C 0 Cirsium vulgare 43.5 2.4 65 CR 0

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max. dispersal seed weight average plant S-strategy Species strategy type distance (m) (mg) height (cm) score

Clinopodium acinos 85.0 0.3 20 CSR 0.33 Clinopodium vulgare 209.4 0.5 57 CS 0.5 Convallaria majalis 32.1 18 25 CS 0.5 Convolvulus arvensis 26.9 10.3 60 CR 0 Crepis biennis 11.7 1 63 CR 0 Crepis praemorsa 143.9 0.093 45 CSR 0.33 Crepis tectorum 37.8 NA 22 CSR 0.33 Cynosurus cristatus 300.4 0.6 40 CSR 0.33 Dactylis glomerata 318.9 1 77.5 C 0 Dactylorhiza fuchsii 16.6 NA 45 CSR 0.33 Dactylorhiza sambucina 57.4 NA 20 CSR 0.33 Danthonia decumbens 285.0 0.8 35 CS 0.5 Daucus carota 22.6 1.09 50 CR 0 Deschampsia cespitosa 879.4 0.29 65 C 0 Dianthus arenarius 0.3 0.5 20 CSR 0.33 Dianthus deltoides 0.7 0.2 20 CSR 0.33 Dianthus superbus 0.5 0.916 45 CSR 0.33 Draba incana 66.4 0.12 14.5 NA NA Echium vulgare 22.8 2.91 65 CR 0 Elytrigia repens 322.7 NA 75 C 0 Equisetum arvense 12.3 NA 30 CR 0 Erigeron acer 47.2 0.13 25 NA NA Erodium cicutarium 4.1 2.1 20 R 0 Erophila verna 2.2 0.02 11 SR 0.5 Euphrasia sp. 59.2 0.1 23.5 R 0 Festuca arundinacea 234.3 2.3 70 C 0 Festuca oelandica 0.5 NA 15 NA NA Festuca ovina 357.3 0.5 40 CSR 0.33 Festuca pratensis 39.3 2.1 65 C 0 Festuca rubra 311.7 1.3 50 C 0 Filipendula vulgaris 332.7 0.8 55 CSR 0.33 Fragaria vesca/viridis 93.1 0.4 13 CSR 0.33 Fumana procumbens 56.4 3.5 15 CSR 0.33 Galeopsis ladanum 383.4 1.2 25 CR 0 Galium album 259.2 0.53 60 C 0 Galium boreale 267.4 0.61 35 CSR 0.33 Galium pumilum 123.7 0.358 22.5 CSR 0.33 Galium uliginosum 308.2 0.35 22 CSR 0.33 Galium verum 145.6 0.44 40 CS 0.5 Gentiana cruciata 115.8 0.15 27 CSR 0.33 Gentianella amarella 252.1 0.14 20 CSR 0.33 Gentianella uliginosa 1.5 0.13 17 CSR 0.33 Geranium columbinum 3.7 4 30 CR 0 Geranium dissectum 5.2 2.6 27.5 CR 0 Geranium molle 2.1 1.2 16 R 0 Geranium pratense 4.3 7.41 55 C 0

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max. dispersal seed weight average plant S-strategy Species strategy type distance (m) (mg) height (cm) score

Geranium pusillum 73.2 0.71 20 C 0 Geranium sanguineum 3.8 8 27 CSR 0.33 Geranium sylvaticum 4.1 6.3 45 C 0 Geum rivale 543.4 1.4 50 CSR 0.33 Geum urbanum 197.9 2.4 50 CSR 0.33 Glechoma hederacea 2.8 0.7 40 CSR 0.33 Globularia vulgaris 5.5 0.8 15 CSR 0.33 Gymnadenia conopsea 47.5 0.008 40 CSR 0.33 Gypsophila fastigiata 1.7 0.44 40 S 1 Helianthemum 126.2 1.12 20 CS 0.5 nummularium Helianthemum 184.8 1 15 CS 0.5 oelandicum Helictotrichon pratense 51.5 2.4 55 CS 0.5 Helictotrichon 116.1 1.89 65 C 0 pubescens Hepatica nobilis 1.5 3 10 CSR 0.33 Heracleum sibiricum 53.7 5.9 80 NA NA Herniaria glabra 134.0 0.07 12 R 0 Hieracium praealtum 21.2 0.1 NA NA NA Hieracium sp. 241.4 0.5 NA CSR 0.33 Hieracium umbellatum 13.2 0.53 55 CS 0.5 Hornungia petraea 6.5 0.1 8 SR 0.5 Hypericum maculatum 2.9 0.4 50 CSR 0.33 Hypericum perforatum 1.0 0.1 50 C 0 Hypochaeris maculata 6.4 1.8 42.5 CSR 0.33 Inula salicina 653.6 0.24 45 CS 0.5 Juncus articulatus 687.1 0.02 15 CSR 0.33 Juncus bufonius 2.3 0.02 17 R 0 Knautia arvensis 111.2 4.63 60 C 0 Lappula squarrosa 115.6 1.3 40 CSR 0.33 Lathyrus pratensis 44.5 14.88 42 C 0 Leontodon autumnalis 10.7 0.8 20 CSR 0.33 Leontodon hispidus 7.2 1.2 22.5 CSR 0.33 Leucanthemum vulgare 0.6 0.4 40 C 0 Linaria vulgaris 7.4 0.1 45 CSR 0.33 Linum catharticum 1.2 0.13 17 SR 0.5 Lolium perenne 241.7 2.2 45 C 0 Lotus corniculatus 89.4 1.2 27 CSR 0.33 Luzula multiflora/ 0.4 0.8 25 NA NA campestris Luzula pilosa 7.0 0.8 22 CSR 0.33 Medicago falcata 205.0 1.5 40 CS 0.5 Medicago lupulina 203.8 1.99 38 CSR 0.33 Melampyrum cristatum 2.7 5.74 32 CR 0 Melampyrum 5.9 6.6378 30 CR 0 nemorosum

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max. dispersal seed weight average plant S-strategy Species strategy type distance (m) (mg) height (cm) score

Melica ciliata 322.6 1.3 55 CS 0.5 Melica nutans 26.5 2.03 45 CS 0.5 Melilotus albus 41.9 1.9 112 CR 0 Mentha aquatica 570.2 0.11 45 CS 0.5 Molinia caerulea 288.9 0.8 90 CS 0.5 Myosotis sp. 0.9 0.167 NA NA NA Neotinea ustulata 26.1 0.004 22 CSR 0.33 Neottia ovata 12.0 NA 45 CSR 0.33 Ononis spinosa 2.2 5.3 45 CS 0.5 Ophioglossum vulgatum 9.8 NA 12.5 CSR 0.33 Ophrys insectifera 23.2 0.011 32 CSR 0.33 Orchis mascula 26.9 0.004 30 CSR 0.33 Orchis militaris 30.8 0.004 26 CSR 0.33 Origanum vulgare 53.0 0.1 50 CSR 0.33 Orobanche alba 27.4 0.004 16.5 NA NA Oxytropis campestris 5.9 2.01 20 NA NA Oxytropis pilosa 67.1 1.23 25 CS 0.5 Pastinaca sativa 1.9 3.02 65 C 0 Petrorhagia prolifera 277.4 0.33 27.5 SR 0.5 Phleum phleoides 636.4 0.16 45 CSR 0.33 Phleum pratense 446.1 1 65 C 0 Pilosella dichotoma 18.2 NA 17.5 NA NA Pilosella officinarum 20.2 0.2 17.5 NA NA Pimpinella saxifraga 126.6 1 30 CS 0.5 Plantago lanceolata 153.9 1.8 30 CSR 0.33 Plantago major 0.9 0.26 22 CSR 0.33 Plantago maritima 383.1 0.7 25 S 1 Plantago media 282.9 0.32 32 CSR 0.33 Plantago tenuiflora 24.7 NA 4.5 NA NA Platanthera chlorantha 37.0 0.003 40 CSR 0.33 Poa alpina 2.4 0.6 20 CS 0.5 Poa compressa 421.1 0.2 30 CSR 0.33 Poa pratensis 1.8 0.28 60 C 0 Polygala amarella 2.8 0.81 10 CSR 0.33 Polygala comosa 4.4 0.95 21 CSR 0.33 Polygonatum odoratum 6.1 36.3 30 CSR 0.33 Polygonum aviculare 83.7 2.07 40 R 0 Potentilla anserina 23.6 0.9 45 CSR 0.33 Potentilla arenaria 4.6 NA 10 NA NA Potentilla argentea 39.0 0.09 20 CS 0.5 Potentilla crantzii 0.2 0.7 15 CSR 0.33 Potentilla erecta 2.0 0.47 20 CSR 0.33 Potentilla fruticosa 17.7 0.2 85 C 0 Potentilla neumanniana 35.5 0.635 10 CSR 0.33 Potentilla reptans 214.5 0.29 75 CSR 0.33 Potentilla thuringiaca 22.0 0.1 32.5 CSR 0.33

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max. dispersal seed weight average plant S-strategy Species strategy type distance (m) (mg) height (cm) score

Primula veris 0.3 0.99 12 CSR 0.33 Prunella grandiflora 26.3 0.8 17.5 CSR 0.33 Prunella vulgaris 50.4 0.7 22 CSR 0.33 Pseudolysimachion 5.2 0.1 27.5 CSR 0.33 spicatum Pteridium aquilinum 22.9 NA 75 C 0 Ranunculus acris 225.0 1.7 45 C 0 Ranunculus auricomus 5.6 2.36 22.5 NA NA Ranunculus bulbosus 50.9 3.9 22 CSR 0.33 Ranunculus illyricus 118.3 NA 37.5 CSR 0.33 Ranunculus 269.0 2.5 42.5 CS 0.5 polyanthemos Rhinanthus minor 1.0 2.9 30 CSR 0.33 Rhinanthus serotinus 0.7 2.9 40 CSR 0.33 Rubus saxatilis 288.7 9.8 20 CSR 0.33 Rumex acetosa 2.2 0.9 65 C 0 Rumex acetosella 147.0 0.4 35 CSR 0.33 Sagina nodosa 1652.3 0.03 10 CSR 0.33 Sagina procumbens 1475.0 0.02 6 CSR 0.33 Sanguisorba minor 0.6 5.8 45 CSR 0.33 Saxifraga granulata 22.4 0.04 30 CSR 0.33 Saxifraga tridactylites 3.1 0.01 9 SR 0.5 Scabiosa columbaria 1.1 1.9 50 CSR 0.33 Scleranthus annuus 0.3 1.4 12 R 0 Scorzonera humilis 23.0 4.07 32 CSR 0.33 Sedum acre 17.0 0.04 2 S 1 Sedum album 32.1 0.03 14 S 1 Sedum rupestre 46.2 0.06 22.5 S 1 Senecio jacobaea 19.9 0.39 45 C 0 Senecio vernalis 133.7 0.2 27.5 R 0 Senecio vulgaris 37.3 0.28 22 R 0 Seseli libanotis 10.5 1.6 70 C 0 Sesleria caerulea 524.2 1.4 30 NA NA Silene flos-cuculi 0.5 0.2 65 CSR 0.33 Silene nutans 23.5 0.3 45 CSR 0.33 Silene suecica 0.6 0.051 10 NA NA Silene uniflora 0.6 0.81 24 NA NA Silene viscaria 2.7 0.1 45 CSR 0.33 Silene vulgaris 0.3 0.81 40 CSR 0.33 Sisymbrium supinum 53.8 NA 17 SR 0.5 Solidago virgaurea 10.9 0.5 50 C 0 Sonchus oleraceus 37.3 0.3 55 CR 0 Stellaria graminea 0.5 0.3 32 CS 0.5 Succisa pratensis 56.2 1.37 45 CS 0.5 Taraxacum section 13.9 0.6 20 CSR 0.33 Teesdalia nudicaulis 118.0 0.3 10 SR 0.5

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max. dispersal seed weight average plant S-strategy Species strategy type distance (m) (mg) height (cm) score

Tephroseris integrifolia 66.1 0.5 32.5 CSR 0.33 Thalictrum sp. 0.7 0.9 50 CS 0.5 Thymus serpyllum 86.0 0.1 5 CSR 0.33 Thymus vulgaris 141.5 0.3 25 CSR 0.33 Tragopogon pratensis 10.7 7.6 60 CSR 0.33 Trifolium arvense 4.6 0.4 35 SR 0.5 Trifolium campestre 81.8 0.46 13 R 0 Trifolium dubium 76.2 0.375 9.5 R 0 Trifolium medium 13.1 2.4 38 C 0 Trifolium montanum 183.5 1.5 45 CSR 0.33 Trifolium pratense 175.9 1.5 27 C 0 Trifolium repens 260.7 0.6 22 CSR 0.33 Trifolium striatum 323.7 1.7 17.5 SR 0.5 Trisetum flavescens 216.3 0.3 50 CSR 0.33 Trollius europaeus 9.7 0.9 35 C 0 Valeriana officinalis 13.0 0.62 75 C 0 Verbascum nigrum 2.0 0.1 105 C 0 Veronica arvensis 215.3 0.1 22 R 0 Veronica chamaedrys 277.9 0.22 25 CSR 0.33 Veronica officinalis 130.6 0.11 15 C 0 Veronica serpyllifolia 204.3 0.1 17 CSR 0.33 Veronica teucrium 595.8 0.2 45 C 0 Vicia cracca 10.2 14.3 55 C 0 Vicia hirsuta 18.7 6.96 45 R 0 Vicia sepium 4.2 21.4 40 C 0 Vicia tenuifolia 1.7 20.5 75 C 0 Vicia tetrasperma 9.3 3.5 32 R 0 Vincetoxicum 13.5 8.3 55 CS 0.5 hirundinaria Viola arvensis 3.0 0.5 15 R 0 Viola canina 2.4 0.7 17.5 CSR 0.33 Viola collina 1.5 1.9 12 CSR 0.33 Viola odorata 0.7 3.7 7 CSR 0.33 Viola pumila 1.4 1.08 7 CSR 0.33 Viola rupestris 2.5 0.6 5 CSR 0.33 Viola tricolor 5.5 0.53 20 R 0

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Table A2. Correlations between log-transformed traits (Pearson´s r, nonparametric Kendall method was applied to analyse S-strategy), n indicates the number of correlated species.

max. dispersal distance seed weight average plant height seed weight -0.08 (n=274) average plant height 0.10 (n=287) 0.31 (n=270)

S-strategy type 0.09 (n=271) -0.16 (n=260) -0.19 (n=269)

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Appendix 2.

Table A1. Mean maximum dispersal distance (m) of observed and dark diversity in 1 × 1 m vegetation plots in nine subregions (± standard deviation). Results of linear mixed effects model (df=1214).

Mean maximum dispersal distance (m) LME model Subregion Observed diversity Dark diversity t-value p-value

Västergötland 36.5 ± 13.3 27.3 ± 6.0 -1.8 0.075

Öland 40.0 ± 21.2 25.4 ± 8.4 -12.8 <0.001

Gotland 37.2 ± 16.9 27.3 ± 6.4 -3.0 0.003

Saaremaa 46.7 ± 26.8 30.6 ± 8.6 -14.2 <0.001

Hiiumaa 46.2 ± 18.4 28.5 ± 11.1 -6.4 <0.001

W Estonia 41.6 ± 14.8 31.0 ± 6.6 -6.5 <0.001

N Estonia 38.2 ± 18.2 28.8 ± 7.4 -5.9 <0.001

Izborsk 42.9 ± 16.0 37.5 ± 7.4 -1.6 0.121

Izhora 32.5 ± 11.7 33.8 ± 8.2 1.4 0.173

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Table A2. Mean seed weight (mg) of observed and dark diversity in 1 × 1 m vegetation plots in nine subregions (± standard deviation). Results of linear mixed effects model (df=1214).

Mean seed weight (mg) LME model Subregion Observed diversity Dark diversity t-value p-value

Västergötland 1.22 ± 0.41 1.06 ± 0.46 -1.2 0.225

Öland 0.95 ± 0.65 1.29 ± 0.37 15.4 <0.001

Gotland 1.38 ± 1.21 1.08 ± 0.43 -0.9 0.380

Saaremaa 1.02 ± 0.38 1.18 ± 0.41 7.1 <0.001

Hiiumaa 0.62 ± 0.17 0.88 ± 0.22 4.8 <0.001

W Estonia 1.29 ± 0.39 1.48 ± 0.39 3.4 0.001

N Estonia 1.61 ± 0.67 1.53 ± 0.39 0.5 0.612

Izborsk 1.66 ± 0.74 2.11 ± 0.32 6.0 <0.001

Izhora 2.56 ± 0.70 2.43 ± 0.49 -0.5 0.590

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Table A3. Mean plant height (cm) of observed and dark diversity in 1 × 1 m vegetation plots in nine subregions (± standard deviation). Results of linear mixed effects model (df=1214).

Mean plant height (cm) LME model Subregion Observed diversity Dark diversity t-value p-value

Västergötland 33.2 ± 4.3 31.2 ± 3.7 -1.5 0.133

Öland 26.7 ± 4.1 28.0 ± 2.0 6.4 <0.001

Gotland 29.4 ± 5.6 30.2 ± 3.2 2.0 0.045

Saaremaa 32.2 ± 4.6 33.2 ± 4.6 4.4 <0.001

Hiiumaa 28.3 ± 4.2 27.7 ± 2.9 -0.8 0.448

W Estonia 33.4 ± 3.8 36.3 ± 3.1 7.1 <0.001

N Estonia 39.0 ± 5.3 40.7 ± 3.2 4.7 <0.001

Izborsk 40.3 ± 3.3 38.9 ± 2.1 -2.2 0.029

Izhora 45.1 ± 4.2 41.0 ± 2.6 -5.8 <0.001

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Table A4. Proportion of S-strategists (untransformed values) in observed and dark diversity in 1 × 1 m vegetation plots in nine subregions (± standard deviation). Results of linear mixed effects model (df=1214).

Proportion of S-strategists LME model Subregion Observed diversity Dark diversity t-value p-value

Västergötland 0.31 ± 0.03 0.28 ± 0.03 -2.2 0.026

Öland 0.36 ± 0.06 0.35 ± 0.03 -1.5 0.131

Gotland 0.37 ± 0.05 0.33 ± 0.04 -5.4 <0.001

Saaremaa 0.33 ± 0.05 0.29 ± 0.05 -16.4 <0.001

Hiiumaa 0.34 ± 0.05 0.38 ± 0.04 4.3 <0.001

W Estonia 0.30 ± 0.03 0.24 ± 0.03 -14.5 <0.001

N Estonia 0.28 ± 0.05 0.24 ± 0.03 -12.6 <0.001

Izborsk 0.27 ± 0.04 0.21 ± 0.01 -11.7 <0.001

Izhora 0.19 ± 0.04 0.22 ± 0.01 7.0 <0.001

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