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Mausoleum-Mosque of Khan-E-.Jahan at Khalifatabad, Bagerhat

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Mausoleum-Mosque of Khan-E-.Jahan at Khalifatabad, Bagerhat - The Architecture of the Khan-e-.Jahan Style: Context and influence 111I1I111mmJIlllIllllllllIl U 1199053# MD. All NAQJ , A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT DFARCHITECTURE, BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA BANGLADESH IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE MARCH 2003 I •• _ -4'K ---, Department of ArchitecbJre Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-l000. The theSIS IIIled, "The Architecture of the Khan-e-Jahan Style: Context and influence" submitted by Md. Ali Naqi, Roll Number 9501005, session 1994-95-96 has be.en acceptable in partiallulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Architecture. On this day, 31"' of March. Monday. 2003, BOARD OF EXAMINlES: Md. Khairul Enam Professor Department of Architecture, SUET. (Thesis Supervisor) Chairman-- _ Dr, Md Shahidul Ameen Professor and Head Departmenl of Architecture, SUET, Dr. Faruque A U Khan Professor D€partment of Architecture, SUET, Or, K M. Manlruzzaman D€partment 01 Urban and Regional Planning, "-l """"'" ~ ~-"J " . SUET. Member _ (External) - Candidates Deela'ratlon- II is hereby declared thallhls thesis or any part of it has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma. Signature of the Candidate Name of the Candidate Md. Ali Naqi Abstract The Architecture of the Khan.•.•.•ahan Style: Context and Influence Md. Ali Naqi For centuries the very fertile soil of 8engal has developed a number of independent styles in its deferent regions. Among them the Khan--e-Jahan style stands out with its own Identity in the southern Sunderban area. The ArcMectural out come of thiS Style In and around the Khalifatabad city, 8agerhat bears the semantic and symbolic inner structure of reasoning systems of the builder The austere ideals of a religious leader, the necessary functionality on a marshy frontier region, the Impressions of a jungle life and moreover the hostile nature of the climatic conditions ttlese are the determlnanls that defined the structure of these architectural monuments and its place in Bengal culture. The study reveals these underlying forces that constitute the Architecture of the Khan-e-Jahan Style, The style was nourished from the very conte>dualrealities that the builder has faced dunng his development endeavors, As a member of a fui! grown and independent Style these monuments are very sympathetic to its geo.dimatic context and have developed a number of unique techniques and systems to meet the situations. The extreme austere appearance of the bnck monuments, ttle relatively dwarf looking reduced lIOidsor openings on the facades and evolutionary development of independent to complex organization marks the identifying characters of this style Along with them the use of curved cornice. the placement of stone course at the base, the terracotta string-motifs and the water drainage system all these are directed towards a common goal, ttlatls to continue longer with minimum resource in a very antagonistic contextual setting, Through this struggie of existence the Style gained ~s strength not only to sustain but also to grow and Influence the later architectural developments In a considerable extent. The Influence of Architecture of Khan--e-JahanStyle is fell far beyond the boundaries of the 8agerhat area, Masjid Bari MOSQueat Patuakhali and Hammad's Mosque at Kumira are two finest examples of such influences The most mentionable and the noblest influence of this Style is the introduction of Choucha/a roof. The Pancharatna layout of Hindu temples drew its organizational Inspiration from the matured Ionns of Khan--e-JahanStyle. This study can also be considered as a guideline lor the conservation of the monumenls under the Khan-e-Jahan Style The guidelines are drawn not from the apparent outlooks but from the deeper meaning of the Archttecture of Khan--e-JahanStyle: meanings rooted in both spiritual and physical conceptualities, ii , Acknowledgements I acknowledge my sincere gratitLJdeto my research supervisor Professor Khalrul EllI.m for his generous gUidance and constructive suggestions at every stage of my worK Words are not adequate to convey my sense of gratitude to him. It has been a pleasing experience to work under his supervision. My thanks are due to Professor Shahldul Ameen and Professor QazJ Azizul Mowla, Department of Arcl1lteclure, Bangladesh University ot Engineering and Technology, Dhaka and Dr. Abu Say""d Mostaqua Ahmed. Associate Professor, Department of Archflecture, Asia Pacif,c University. Dhaka with whom I had constructive consultations in vanous slages, I owe a deep sense of gratilude to the various authors on the subject whose works have been a constanl and continuous source of stimulation and either intensively used or quoted by me in lhis study I am also thankful to Ar. Ziaullslam, Ar. Fllguni Mallik, Ar. Animan Mostala, Ar. Marm Hoss.ain, Ar. Hafizur Rahman and AT. Imtia Ahmed for helping me In surveying and In the preparation of lhe drawmgs. There were also many willing people who assisled me In this research, It will not be pOSSibleto recall everybody by name but should not avoid mentioning lhe name of Mr. Shihabuddin Md. Akblt, Regional Director (In.charge), Departmenl of Archaeology. Khulna Division who supplied me with all the drawings of thai department and offered hiS full co-operation in this pursutt My wife Dr. Nargis Akhtar, son Purha and daughter Nayrila were always a source of inspiration. They shared my wearied time and have been patient in many ways over lhe years of this research Last but not lhe least; I gralefully acknowledge the encouragement of my parents which helped me in complellng the study. I am grateful to lhem Md. Ali Naqi Iii The ArchItecture of the Khan-e-Jahan Style: Context and influence Contents Pall- Declaration Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents List of plates ;," List if ligures , Listof tables , • Backdrop of Study '-n I 1.1 Introduction , 1.2 Stiltement ofthe Problem 2 1.3 Objectives of the Study 3 1.3.1 Styleidentificationaspecls 3 '.3 2 $oc;o."ultural,""othetlc& idanlityaspects 3 1.3.3 Climaticaspecls 3 '.3.4 Organizationalaspects 3 '.3.5 St",c!uralaspects , 1.4 BrIefReview of Related Literature 4 1.5 Important issues of the Study , 1.5.1 Thecontext 1.52 TheStyle& Architecture " 15.3 InfiuenceoftheSlyle " 1.6 Organization of research " 1.61 Uteraturesurvey " 1.6.2 PhysicalSurvey " i. SelectionofAreaSurveyed " ii SelactlonofSamplemooument. i, 1.6 3 Su~ and data colledJon 1,6,4 Analysis 01the data collected 1,6,5 Synthesisof the finding. 1.' El(pe<:ted outputs of the Study 16 l.B L1mltlltlon ofthe Study 1.' Framework of the Report " 1.10 Concluding Remarks 16" Bengal: Context for Khan-e-.Jahan and his Style 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Historicalcontext " 2.2.1 Early Mu.lim Pemd ofBer>gal " 2.2.2 Identityof Khan.e.Jshan and hiSbacllgfound " 2.3 TheGao-polilicalcontext " 2,3,1 Topographyof Sengal " 2.3.2 The Strategic posiHon o( Bengal in ralation to centrsl India " 2.3,3 Khulns, too southern Bengal region " 2 3.4 Sundarban'''Ilion " 2.4 ClimaticFactor.> " 2.4.1 Bengal '" 24.2 KhulnaandSundarb<lnregion '" 2.5 SettlementsInBenga' " 2.5.1 RuralSettlements " 2.5.2 UrbanSaUlements " 2.6 Phllosophicslsettingsinsocialcontelct '" 2.6.1 DevelopmentofIdeasIn Bengal " i. The VediC school '" " Jainlsm Iii. BU<ldhistschool 2.6.2 Introductionof Islamic Schoo 01thOClghl i. Sword Ttwory ii. Polilical Patronage Theory Iii. Social Liberatfon Theory "'. Persuasion Theory v. Syncretistic Theory VI Frontier Theo<y voi. Local PersonalftyTheory .iii. Open VIllage Theory 2.7 Concluding Remarks " Theoretical Antecedent: Conceptual framework of Bengal Style Identification 2.' Introduction 2.2 Semantic approach elf the Bengal Style " 3.2,1 The terms of Slyle " 3.2,2 Self-conscious process end context " 2.2 PQtentialities of Early Muslim Bengal Style " 33.1 Mt>aning01the term 'Style' " 33.2 Components of Early Muslim Bengal Styles " The Concept " The approach W." Fmm and Conlent 3.33 The func:tionaldive<sily 01Early Muslim Bengal Style ~ , As a faClOroIl1le creative process ii. As a factor of evolution iiI. As a factor 01the socio-cultural and climatic being iv. As a faclor of the influence exerted by its expression 33.4 The s1ruc:turallevel01Early Muslim Bengal Style ~ 2.' Concluding Remarks " Style Evolution of Bengal Architecture 47-83 .., Introduction '.2 Backdrops of Syncretism ••" <4.2,1 Muslim ArcI1iteclureArohetype ~ , Complex Model " Independent Model 4.22 Ordenng prirteiples of Muslim Arohitecture <4.2,3 Pre-Muslim ArcI1itecturalTradmons 01Bengal " '.2 Onset of Syncretism " 43.1 The Mamluk Style " , Natural and socio-political fOfce. OO~" " The concept. idea iii," Form and contents: morphology iv. Philosophic trend: attitude , Symbolic nature: meaning , Ufe modes: slalus 4.3,2 The Eany Illyas Shahl Style i. Natural and sooi<>-l"'llticallorces: context ii. The concept: idea iii. Form and contents: morphology iv Philosophic !rerld: altitude v Symbol,c nalure: meaning iii. Ule modes: status - -. 43,3 Th" EklakhiStyle ,. Naturalandsocio-political!orces;context i, The "concept idea iii. Form and contents' morpholCIQY Iv PhilosophicIrer<l:attitude v Symbolicnaturemeanirtg vi. lire modes:status 4.3 4 The Lale<IIIY3$ShahiStyle i. Naturalandsocio-politicallon:e.-context Ii. TheGoncept:Idea ii, Form and contents: morphology IV, Phllosophictrer>d:attitude v. Symbolicnature'meaning VI Life modes: status 4.35 Th••HussainShahlStyle i. NaturalandSOClo-pollticalforces,conle><l Ii. Theconceptidea ill. Formandcontents,morpllOlogy iv, Philosophiclfer>d:att~ude v Symbolicnature:meaning vi. ure modes-swtu. ••• Concluding Remarks " , • The Khan-e-Jahan Style --I 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Potentialities of Khan-e-JahanStyle as a 'Styl.' " 5,2,1 ComponentsofKhan-a.JahanStyle " The Concept II. Theapproac:/1 ill. Formandcontent 5,2,2 Thefunctionaldiversityof Khan-e-JahanStyle 66 As a factoroflhe Cfealiveprooess ii. k, a factor01evol<Jlion m. k, a lectorof the soGio-rolturaiandclimatJcbeing iv, k, a faclorof the Influenceexert!tdby itsexpression 5 2.3 The~lrueturallevelof Kha•.••e-JahanStyle '.3 Part of World Heritage 69 vii ,.• Case StudIes: Khallfatabad, 8agemat, Khulna " ,., GROUP 01.
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