Maine Policy Review

Volume 29 Issue 1

2020

Maine and the Arctic: Why Maine Should Develop an Arctic Strategy

Jonathan Wood [email protected]

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Recommended Citation Wood, Jonathan. "Maine and the Arctic: Why Maine Should Develop an Arctic Strategy." Maine Policy Review 29.1 (2020) : 56 -61, https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mpr/vol29/iss1/8.

This Commentary is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. AN ARCTIC STRATEGY

COMMENTARY

Maine and the Arctic: Why Maine Should Develop an Arctic Strategy

by Jonathan Wood

INTRODUCTION historical, social, economic, and political Council. Senator King delivered the key interests in the Arctic, which will form note address to Maine’s Arctic Forum, espite recently being in the spotlight the subject matter of this commentary. founded in 2015 to coincide with the Das an Arctic player, Maine does not chairmanship. Senator King’s introduc- currently have a formal published Arctic MAINE’S RECENT HISTORY tion indicated this could be a critical strategy. The US Chairmanship of the AS AN ARCTIC PLAYER moment for the state: Arctic Council during the years 2015 to The Maine Arctic Forum was 2017 provided a windfall of opportuni- Successes (2013 to 2016) precisely the type of symposium we ties for the United States to refocus its he period from 2013 to 2016 is needed at this moment in history. Arctic strategy and take the lead in many arguably the high-water mark in T By bringing together a wide variety policy areas. For Maine, this was a boon. Maine’s Arctic influence. Along with the of local stakeholders and problem Portland, Maine’s largest city, hosted a 2016 SAO meeting in Portland, the US solvers—including policymakers, closed-door Senior Arctic Official (SAO) Senate created the Arctic Caucus in 2015 non-profits, advocacy groups, meeting led by US diplomat David with cochairs Angus King (I-Maine), academics and business leaders— Balton, which allowed Maine to high- who caucuses with the Democrats, and the forum provided a rare opportu- light “its successful [economic] pivot Lisa Murkowski (R-Alaska). A press nity for a common dialogue about towards the north over the past three release from Senator King’s office quoted the region’s future. Participants years” (McGwin 2016). Balton empha- Senator Murkowski: “The United States shared innovative ideas and forged sized three additional focus areas at is an Arctic Nation because of Alaska, but new relationships that I trust will the Portland SAO meeting: “improving the Arctic community is an economic result in new and productive global economic and living conditions in partner to each and every state, and partnerships. (King 2017) Arctic communities; Arctic Ocean safety, the sooner we fully engage and take security, and stewardship; and climate our rightful seat at the table for discus- In 2013, Maine reached across the change” (Canarie 2016: 15). These goals sions, the better” (Office of Senator Atlantic to make a lucrative deal with were emblematic of the United States’ King 2015). This bipartisan caucus Eimskip, Iceland’s largest shipping firm; Chairmanship. provided the stability and harmony on Eimskip moved its North American In addressing these goals, there were the domestic level that is commonly headquarters to Portland, opening up a many successes, such as an Obama-era practiced in the international sphere trade network that includes Europe and executive order creating the Arctic through the Arctic Council. Murkowski Greenland (McGwin 2016). This rela- Executive Steering Committee.1 Both noted that Maine sends more than half tionship was formalized by Governor the United States and Maine, however, of its exports to Canada and lauded LePage’s signing of a memorandum of failed to capture this momentum due to Maine’s large delegation to the Arctic understanding (MOU) with Iceland, domestic policy shifts. Because of Circle Assembly in Iceland in 2015 outlining “a desire for increased cooper- Maine’s recent history as an Arctic player (Rosen 2016). ation in the areas of business develop- and a detached federal administration, Maine accomplished much on its ment, transport, logistics and culture” coupled with other Near-Arctic sub- own during this time. The University (Iceland Review 2014). Iceland’s national entities creating their own of Maine School of Law’s Ocean former president Ólafur Ragnar Arctic strategies, it is a good time for & Coastal Law Journal published Grímsson reaffirmed this relationship at Maine to articulate its own Arctic an Arctic symposium issue celebrating Maine International Trade Day stating, strategy. The state of Maine has distinct the US Chairmanship of the Arctic “Iceland and Maine are strategically

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placed in this new global transportation Murkowski introduced legislation in a resounding Democratic mandate system” and calling for Maine’s leader- December 2018 to make the Department from Mainers while also incorporating ship to actively involve itself in the of Homeland Security (DHS) the chair more diversity than any of Maine’s business of the Arctic Council when the of the steering committee in an attempt previous administrations­ (Gurley 2019). United States takes over the chairman- to restore DHS’s status as a driving mech- Governor Mills quickly put herself on ship (Iceland Review 2014). Senator anism of Arctic strategy (Orttung and the international stage by addressing King turned Grímsson’s words into Weingartner 2019). While this proposal the Climate Action Summit before the action as he led a plenary session at the was not adopted, the attempt to have the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 Arctic Circle Assembly2 in DHS steer the program signals to the rest September 2019. Ninety-three people Reykjavik, Iceland, titled “U.S. of the Arctic nations that the United were invited to speak before the UN Leadership in the Arctic” (AJOT 2015). States is straying from the cooperation General Assembly, and Janet Mills was embodied in previous Arctic policies and the only elected US official from any Failure to Capitalize on towards hard security leadership. Issues of level of government. During her speech, Momentum (2016 to 2019) importance to the members of the Arctic Governor Mills announced “that she The election of President Donald Caucus, such as climate change for has signed an executive order directing Trump altered US Arctic policy away Senator King and shipping for Senator the Maine Climate Council—a body from Balton’s three goals towards preoc- Murkowski, have not been accepted by she created with legislative approval— cupation with China’s investment, the current administration or have not to provide recommendations on how to Russia’s militarization of the Northern been able to override the presidential veto. make the state a carbon neutral Sea Route, and resource extraction Similarly to how President Trump economy by 2045,” reflecting the (Orttung and Weingartner 2019). has derailed the national Arctic agenda, climate action bill requiring Maine Scholars have noted the lack of a compre- former Maine Governor Paul LePage to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions hensive Arctic strategy during the Trump stalled Maine’s gains after the US to 45 percent below 1990 levels by presidency: “During the Obama era, the Chairmanship. While there were posi- 2030 and by at least 80 percent by 2050 president played an active role in Arctic tive advances in Maine’s engagement that she signed on June 26, 2019 policymaking whereas the current with Arctic issues during Governor (Woodard 2019). administration has not made any LePage’s tenure, such as the previously Governor Mills has also been active substantive comments about the Arctic” mentioned MOU with Iceland and the in Arctic policy, attending the 2019 (Orttung and Weingartner 2019). This formation of the Maine North Atlantic Arctic Circle Assembly in Reykjavik. lack of strategy changed on May 6, 2019, Development Office (MENADO) in Describing the connections between in Rovaniemi, Finland, when Secretary 2014, those policies stagnated during Maine and the Arctic in a speech during of State Michael Pompeo made a speech the US Chairmanship. Now, however, a plenary session of the Arctic Circle on security and militarization in the with the election of a new governor, Assembly, Governor Mills stated, Arctic, personally referencing China and Maine has a window of opportunity for it is not just our waters that draw Russia. His language went against articulating its own Arctic strategy. us together. It is, as well, a vision Gorbachev’s 1987 Murmansk declara- Maine has already taken some action of a future where nations trust one tion calling the Arctic “a zone of peace” under its new administration. Whether another, where we can accept science and that geopolitics should be set aside these actions coalesce into a formal without polemic, where we can work when discussing Arctic issues. Pompeo’s Arctic strategy in line with Maine values in a solid front, with a common goal, speech contributed to a failure to reach of business growth combined with envi- with sometimes uncommon means, consensus for the first time in the history ronmental protection is yet to be seen. to mitigate global climate change of the Arctic Council.3 …on the health and very survival of Furthermore, successes of the US Renewed Interest at the State our citizenry and our planet. (Office Chairmanship years were lost: for Level (2019 to Present) of Governor Janet Mills 2019a) example, although the Arctic Executive With the election of Janet Mills, Steering Committee continues to exist, it “the Democrats have a trifecta in Augusta Prior to this speech, Governor has been left dormant. Senator Lisa for the first time since 2008,” providing Mills signed an MOU with Prime

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Minister of Finland Antti Rinne, of Arctic strategies. As is Maine, both Mills 2019a). Using both the Scottish regarding an enhancement in forest- are subnational, creating a precedent and Faroese precedents in regards to sector collaboration, focusing primarily for lower-level government entities to an Arctic Strategy, the state should on bioeconomic innovation, enhancing create their own Arctic policies. The follow-up the work Governor Mills has forest health, and sustainability in light Faroe Islands is a non-Arctic subna- done on the international stage and of the climate crisis by leveraging the tional entity of an Arctic state (Denmark articulate an Arctic strategy with common culture, insights, strengths, via Greenland), just as Maine is to concrete goals and aims. and resources of Maine and Finland the United States. The Faroese model (Office of Governor Janet Mills2019b ). acknowledges that its strategic protec- Cultural and Historical Ties According to Dana Eidsness, head of tion is the domain of the nation of which There are historical ties between MENADO, Governor Mills is currently it is a part, but recognizes that the region Maine and the Arctic. According to negotiating an MOU with Troms may need to develop its own solutions to researchers at the Peary-MacMillan County, Norway, with regard to renew- certain external challenges. The Faroese Arctic Museum and Arctic Studies able energy technology, forest-sector strategy focuses on “economic oppor- Center at Bowdoin College, “ancestors collaboration, and scientific coopera- tunities… fisheries; research and educa- of the Wabanaki people traded with tion surrounding climate change, which tion; the environment; and maritime tribes farther north and used the Ramah is to be released in early 2020 (pers. safety and emergency response” (Bailes chert, a stone quarried from Ramah Bay comm., 2019). As of this writing, and Jakupsstovu 2013: 1). These same on the coast of Labrador, as a form of Governor Mills has been in office for issues are also important for Maine: its currency.” Later, Maine fishermen would just a year, but she has already made location makes it important to North travel to Labrador to fish for cod. progress for Maine by speaking at both Atlantic fisheries and allows it to serve as Perhaps the most famous connection the Climate Action Summit and Arctic the northernmost Atlantic seaport in the involves Admiral Robert E. Peary, “a Circle Assembly. She has concluded United States for ships moving through man who lived with the Inughuit of more deals with Arctic nations than any the Northwest Passage. northwestern Greenland, and later other Maine governor (Dana Eidsness, Scotland released its own Artic claimed to have reached the North Pole pers. comm., 2019). Policy Framework on September 23, with his expedition in 1909 sailing on Backed by a Democratic state legis- 2019, and Scottish Minister for Energy, the Maine-built steam schooner, the lature, Governor Mills can use this time Connectivity and the Islands Paul Roosevelt” (Bell 2016). to develop an Arctic strategy to reestab- Wheelhouse gave a plenary session More-recent attempts have been lish Maine as a significant Arctic player. speech regarding its new strategy.4 In its made to foster a cultural connection Given the gridlock in Congress, it is formal policy release, Scotland addressed between Maine and the Arctic. Portland’s time for individual states to create their many issues that echo issues of impor- SPACE Gallery celebrated Icelandic own policies. Politicians at the state level tance in Maine, such as rural connec- culture in 2014 with a series of events can show the international community tions, climate change, clean energy, and under the name Iceland Cometh! The that not all of the United States is at sustainable development (Hyslop 2019). events were sponsored by Soli DG, a odds with the Arctic Council’s ideals, The Arctic Council recognizes that Portland-based port management and while at the same time ensuring Maine’s ecosystems and biodiversity have impacts maritime consulting firm, Eimskip, and own interests are protected. well beyond the Arctic. Changes in the Iceland Naturally. These were part of a High North are already influencing fish government-sponsored program to migration patterns, creating tensions promote tourism and the value of STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS for resource governance. Meanwhile, Icelandic products in North American climate change is affecting the ecological markets (Iceland Review 2014). These Policies of Near-Arctic States and physical makeup of Maine’s marine ties continue to strengthen as individ- lthough Maine cannot be defined and terrestrial ecosystems (Johnstone uals from Arctic nations move to Maine Aas an Arctic state, Maine may look 2012) given that the Gulf of Maine is to take advantage of growing opportuni- to other near-Arctic regions, such as the warming faster than 99 percent of Earth’s ties. For example, Hans Peter Kirkegaard, Faroe Islands and Scotland, for examples water sources (Office of Governor Janet a Greenlandic Inuit living in Portland, is

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looking to export Maine goods to business development in the high High Arctic, which may eliminate the Greenland given that Maine is 700 miles North Atlantic. (MacLean 2018) use of 25,000 gallons of diesel fuel a closer to Greenland than Denmark is month (Andrews 2016; Caldwell 2016). MENADO’s success has allowed it (Bell 2016). As more individuals and As these institutions develop more to achieve nonvoting status on the delegations continue to travel between research and technology, Maine will Arctic Economic Council (MacLean Maine and the Arctic, cultural exchange continue to play a key role in the fight for 2018) and continuing integration will will cement the relationship between the the survival of the Arctic as we know it. only foster Maine-Arctic growth; growth state and the Arctic nations. that could be increased in a formal A PRELIMINARY PROPOSAL Arctic framework. Economic Ties Eimskip plays the most pivotal role Scientific and Academic Ties uch needs to be considered for in Maine’s Arctic economy; however, a state-level Arctic strategy, but Maine academic and research insti- M MENADO has continued to develop here I will attempt to flesh out the tutions have been major participants in economic deals in the Arctic. For example, elements of a proposal to start the student exchange. For example, in 2018 MENADO led a four-day busi- discussion about how best to move University of Southern Maine (USM) ness trip to Greenland to allow Hancock forward politically. In this section I will students have travelled to Iceland for Lumber to understand Greenland’s supply synthesize the above sections to create a educational exchanges, while faculty chain and channels of distribution preliminary outline of an Arctic strategy, from the University of Iceland and the (MITC 2018). Dozens of meetings were incorporating heavily from the Scottish University of Akureyri have come to organized with building retailers, distrib- framework proposed at the Arctic Circle USM (MacLean 2018). At the Arctic utors, infrastructure experts, and ports. Assembly in October 2019. Circle Assembly in 2019, the University Eimskip will begin connecting Portland of New England signed an MOU to and Nuuk through collaboration with Justification collaborate with the University of Greenland’s Royal Arctic beginning in Gothenburg in Sweden. The University • Recognize current and historical 2020 (Dana Eidsness, pers. comm., 2019). of New England also began talks with connections: An Arctic strategy According to Dana Eidsness, the Highlands and Islands Enterprises for Maine should start with an “Maine has more in common with in Scotland, the University of Iceland, acknowledgment of the historical Nordic countries than we do with New and Reykjavík University (UNE 2019). ties between the state of Maine Jersey. Our coastal communities, small Finally, Maine has its own leading Arctic and the Arctic and how these ties enterprises, resource utilization, sustain- academics, such as Charles Norchi, who have had a lasting impact on our ability of industry, these are all common was recently the Fulbright-Ministry of cultural, economic, and social threads” (MacLean 2018). For people in Foreign Affairs Arctic Scholar in Iceland. fabric. It would recognize the the Nordic region, seeing Maine as an As to environmental and scientific similarities between our forestry Arctic state and a High North stake- cooperation, the University of Maine has and fishing industries, along holder took a bit of time, but Eidsness created UMaine Arctic, pulling together with the many cultural features won over skeptics, such as Nils Arne faculty and staff with an interest in the and outlooks the two regions Johnsen, Norwegian founder of the high latitudes. Researchers at UMaine’s share, and how we have often High North Business Alliance: Climate Change Institute have worked looked to each other for inspira- At first I didn’t quite understand why on a variety of Arctic research in tion, solutions, and ideas in areas the business community of Maine Greenland and Alaska. The Bigelow such as fisheries management, was so interested in the Arctic. But Laboratory of Ocean Sciences also has a climate change, and sustainable through collaboration with Dana research focus on the changing Arctic.5 development. Eidsness and meeting businesses Ocean Renewable Powers Co., based in • Outline existing partnerships through the MENADO effort, I Portland, has been developing hydroki- and exchanges: Maine’s Arctic have learned to see Maine as one of netic energy technologies in oceans and strategy should describe existing the most important players when it rivers to assist remote Alaskan villages academic and research partner- comes to establishing international thousands of kilometers away in the ships and exchanges through the

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University of Maine System, the regions. The state will need to to the Trump administration’s Arctic University of New England, and encourage collaborations should policies and preserve Maine’s state-spe- other research and educational focus across a range of areas: cific interests through a formal Arctic organizations in the state, trade climate change, fisheries, forestry, strategy document as outlined here. - exchanges via MENADO, and rural connectivity and econo- other artistic projects and joint mies, renewable energy, business NOTES business cooperation. connections and shipping, and 1. Exec. Order No. 13689, (January 21, 2015) available at https:// Scope cultural heritage among others. • Acknowledge the threat of obamawhitehouse.archives.gov /briefing-room/presidential-actions • Put people at the heart of climate change: Maine’s Arctic /executive-orders. Maine-Arctic dialogue: Maine’s strategy should acknowledge the Arctic strategy should highlight threat of climate change to the 2. The Arctic Circle Assembly is distinct from Arctic Council meetings, yet Mainers’ expertise that is relevant well-being of the Arctic region Senator King’s 2015 speech coincided to Arctic issues and encourage in particular and that the need with the US Chairmanship, showing greater mutual learning with a for closer ties has never been Maine’s willingness to engage with view to improving the resilience greater. These challenges cannot other Arctic states. and well-being of our commu- be tackled in isolation, but can 3. Arctic Council address by Secretary nities. The strategy should focus only be addressed if countries of State Michael Pompeo is available on the core competencies that come together to confront them. here: https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=wY1oFADT1kA; and the have made Maine a business Language in the strategy should Rovaniemi Ministerial Statement and thought leader in climate promote neighborly engage- from May 7, 2019 is available here: change and Arctic technologies ment with the Arctic states and https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org in the United States, to serve as a appeal to the wider international /handle/11374/2418. prospectus for even closer Maine- community to increase collective 4. Plenary session speech by Paul Arctic cooperation through an action and accelerate decarbon- Wheelhouse, “Scotland’s First Arctic exchange of best practices. ization to build a sustainable Policy Framework,” at the Arctic Circle • Consult widely with organiza- future for all. Assembly (October 12, 2019) is avail- able here: https://www.youtube.com tions, businesses, and citizens: /watch?v=cjlnrAA7rbY. To build a new platform for CONCLUSION 5. Information about UMaine’s Arctic policy and knowledge exchange, programs is available at the following Maine needs to involve organi- aine has found itself in an envi- websites: https://umaine.edu/arctic/ and zations, businesses, and citizens https://climatechange.umaine.edu able position both domesti- at many levels. Increased input M /research/. A description of the Arctic cally and internationally to create an will strengthen the foundations research at the Bigelow Laboratory Arctic strategy for Maine. With an for Ocean Sciences is available on this of the state’s discussion with its engaged state government, a well-re- website: https://www.bigelow.org Arctic partners. The strategy is spected international presence on both /science/topics/changing-arctic.html. intended to reach both our inter- Arctic and climate change issues, and national partners and Maine- academic institutions and corporations REFERENCES based organizations that we ready to contribute, the time is right encourage to look north for new AJOT (American Journal of Transportation). for Maine to recapture its position as 2015. “Maine Delegation Heads to collaborations and opportunities. an Arctic player. Following the recent Arctic Circle Assembly in Reykjavik,” Themes Faroese and Scottish models of focusing AJOT, October 14, 2015. https:// www.ajot.com/news/maine-delega- on core competencies and capitalizing • Identify areas of strategic impor- tion-heads-to-arctic-circle-assem- on the subnational Arctic framework tance: Maine’s Arctic strategy bly-in-reykjavik movement restarted by Scotland in should list shared areas of stra- 2019, Maine can provide an alternative tegic importance to the two

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