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The Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS) Center for Technological Development in Health Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ministry of Health of Brazil The Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS) Presentation to the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health (CIPIH) Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) Rio de Janeiro, 02 February 2005 CDTS/FIOCRUZ œ Presentation to CIPIH, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2 February 2005 The Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS) Carlos M. Morel Scientific Coordinator CDTS/FIOCRUZ CDTS/FIOCRUZ œ Presentation to CIPIH, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2 February 2005 Purpose of thispresentation To discuss the role and needs of disease-endemic countries in research, development and innovation To position Brazil and FIOCRUZ in the international context To present the CDTS project to members of CIPIH Background to this presentation Health is not only a consequence of development A central input into poverty reduction and long-term economic growth and social development The new production of knowledge Gibbons et al, 1994: Mode 1 and Mode 2 Pasteur‘s Quadrant, 1997: —Use-inspired basic research“ Innovative Developing Countries (IDCs) More active role in health product innovation, research & development, manufacturing and access FIOCRUZ Prominent role in Brazil‘s S&T and public health policies Health and developing countries Health challenges and failures Innovation in developing countries CDTS/FIOCRUZ œ Presentation to CIPIH, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2 February 2005 Health challenges for developing countries Provide access to existing health interventions (vaccines, drugs, etc) Cope with a —market failure“ and a —public health failure“ Deal with diseases that lack cost-effective tools for their control Diseases of poverty ”Neglected‘ and ”most-neglected‘ diseases Cope with a —science failure“ e.g. no vaccines available for use against parasite pathogens Emerging and re-emerging diseases Cost of providing 1% 0.1% 0.01% 0.001% 1002 ARVsto TB patients Sou ) as a percentage of Ken k India ( GNI 5 Eth Nigeria s Zim e s 0 Zam UR a c DRC B Mal 2 Moz T Côt t 0 Uga n e 1 d Rwa Cam i 10 Les c Cam Bot Rus n Swa i Nam Sud Bur Mya Ang Tha Chi e Bur v 5 Gha i Cen t Hai i Sie Tog s Congo o p Cha Mal Indo Bra V 2 Ukr I USA Vie H Dji Som Spa Eri Niger 1 0 -01 .1 0 1 1 10 1 02 0 103 00 10,4000 Gross national income ($billions) Economic Strength & Innovation Capability* Low High Innovation Capability Natural Resource Rich High Countries and small G8 Economic OECD countries Strength Least Developed Innovative Countries and other non- Developing Countries Low IDC Developing Countries (IDCs)** (*) Report from Bellagio meeting May 2004, in preparation. Table modified from R.A. Mashelkar (2003) 10th Zuckerman Lecture: Nation Building through Science & Technology–A Developing World Perspective. Royal Society, London. (**) India, China, Brazil, South Africa, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Argentina Country GDP per US patents per Country US Patents classification(*) capita GDP per capita 1 United States G8, OECD 50000 36,006 1.389 2 Japan G8, OECD 36889 31,407 1.175 3 India IDC 444 487 0.913 4 China IDC 724 989 0.732 5 Germany G8, OECD 12960 24,051 0.539 6 Korea, Rep. OECD 4246 10,006 0.424 7 France G8, OECD 4906 24,061 0.204 8 Canada G8, OECD 4368 22,777 0.192 9 United Kingdom G8, OECD 4920 26,445 0.186 10 Italy G8, OECD 2147 20,528 0.105 11 Brazil IDC 209 2,593 0.081 12 Israel HIE 1231 15,792 0.078 13 Sweden OECD 1958 26,929 0.073 14 South Africa IDC 142 2,299 0.062 15 Australia OECD 1105 20,822 0.053 16 Switzerland OECD 1917 36,687 0.052 17 Belgium OECD 1055 23,749 0.044 18 Finland OECD 945 25,295 0.037 19 Austria OECD 657 19,749 0.033 20 Thailand IDC 64 2,060 0.031 21 Singapore HIE 564 20,886 0.027 22 Malaysia IDC 95 3,905 0.024 23 Indonesia IDC 19 817 0.023 24 Argentina IDC 64 2,797 0.023 25 Mexico OECD 129 6,320 0.020 (*) Report from Bellagio meeting May 2004, submitted for publication US Patents x GDP per capita 5 Japan USA 4.5 Germany 4 30nnovative Korea France Canada UK s t Developing 3.5 Italy Switzerland n Countries‘ e Sweden t Israel a (IDCs) Belgium p 3 Australia Finland China S Austria U India Singapore Denmark g 2.5 Brazil o l S. Africa Mexico 2 Malaysia Argentina Thailand 1.5 Indonesia 1 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 GDP per capita Growth ofthe scientificproductivityof Brazilas com pared to the world 6 1.60 1.40 5 Brazil d l r 1.20 d l o 4 D Brazil / W orld r o W 1.00 W d / n 3 0.80 l i a z l i a z W orld 0.60 r a 2 B r D D B D D 0.40 D D D D 1 0.20 0 0.00 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 Source: W eb ofScience: (ISI) YSecaiernce Indicators(ISI) - CD-Room Author: Prof. J. Guim arães (CNPq & CAPES) Productivesector investment(billionUS$) andnumberofpatents registeredin theUnitedStates byBrazilandSouthKorea Productive sector investment (US$ billion) Productive sector Number of investment (US$ billion) US patents Number of US patents 1ruz, C.H.B. (2003) A universidade, a empresa e a pesquisa que o país precisa. Cadernos de Estudos Avançados. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. (1):5-22 Top 10 Biotechnologies for Improving Health in Developing Countries 1. Modified molecular technologies for affordable, simple diagnosis of infectious disease 2. Recombinant technologies to develop vaccines against infectious diseases 3. Technologies for more efficient drug and vaccine delivery systems 4. Technologies for environmental improvement (sanitation, clean water, bioremediation) 5. Sequencing pathogen genomes to understand their biology and to identify new antimicrobials 6. Female-controlled protection against sexually transmitted disease, both with and without contraceptive effect 7. Bioinformatics to identify drug targets and to examine pathogen-host interactions 8. Genetically modified crops with increased nutrients to counter specific deficiencies 9. Recombinant technology to make therapeutic products (e.g. insulin, interferons) more affordable 10. Combinatorial chemistry for drug discovery Daaretal (2002) 0ature Genetics32:229-232 FIOCRUZ Research, Technological Development, Production, Services, Teaching, Training… and Innovation CDTS/FIOCRUZ œ Presentation to CIPIH, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2 February 2005 FIOCRUZ and innovation in health 1900s‘: The creation of a new institution for the production of sera and vaccines represents a major step for Brazilian science and a landmark in health policy 2000s‘: New challenges, new and old public health threats, but also new opportunities are pushing FIOCRUZ to a new phase of growth and to a leading role in S&T&I for health Stepan, N (1976) Beginnings of Brazilian Science, Oswaldo Cruz Medical Research and Policy. Science History Publications, New York Paradigm shift Failure of the linear model A new model The two dimensional conceptual plane (Stokes, 1997) Rescuing the importance of —use-inspired basic research“, or strategic research 1onsiderations of use? No Yes ? g n i d n a s Pure basic Use-inspired s t e e s Y Y r research basic research e d n u Niels Louis l a Bohr Pasteur t n e m a Research d n that u f o Pure applied o r systematizes N N o f particular research t s phenoRmogeenraTory e Peterson u ThomasAlvaEdison Q No Yes 1onsiderations of use? No Yes ? g n i d n a s Pure basic Use-inspired s t e e s Y Y r research basic research e d n u Niels l Oswaldo a Bohr Cruz t n e m a Research d n that u f o Pure applied o r systematizes N N o f particular research t s phenoRmogeenraTory e Peterson u ThomasAlvaEdison Q No Yes 1onsiderations of use? No Yes ? g n i d n a s Pure basic Use-inspired s t e e s Y Y r research basic research e d n u Niels Carlos l a Bohr Chagas t n e m a Research d n that u f o Pure applied o r systematizes N N o f particular research t s phenoRmogeenraTory e Peterson u ThomasAlvaEdison Q No Yes Mode 1 and 2 of knowledge production Mode 1 Problems are set and solved in a context governed by the, largely academic, interests of a specific community Mode 2 Knowledge is carried out in a context of application Mode 1 and 2 of knowledge production Mode 1 Disciplinary Homogeneity Hierarchical Quality control by peer review judgements about contributions made by individuals NIH, CNPq, HHMI Mode 1 and 2 of knowledge production Mode 2 Transdisciplinary Heterogeneity Heterarchicaland transient Quality control uses additional criteria e.g. social, political, economic —Is the solution cost- effective? Competitive in the market? Socially acceptable? “ TDR, Grand Challenges Global Health, industry cientific productivity of FIOCRUZ according to ISI‘s W eb of Science ISI‘s 5 eb of Science:In the period 1999- 2004 FIOCRUZ published 1.872 papers Evolutionofthescientificproductivity ofFIOCRUZ, 1999-2004 (ournals used by FIOCRUZ authors Areas of FIOCRUZ research FIOCRUZ publications, 1999- 2004: Languages used Brazil: Key organizations in biotechnology Brazil: Key organizations in biotechnology (Silveira et al, 2004) Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Public, Federal Instituto Butantan Public, São Paulo State Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná (TECPAR) Public, Paraná State Instituto Ludwig Private Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisas Agro-pecuárias (EMBRAPA) Public, Federal Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC) Public, Federal Fundação Biominas Private, not for profit Silveiraet al (2004) Recent evolution of biotechnology in Brazil.
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