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Emergency Communications Systems Design and Application Challenges

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Emergency Communications Systems Design and Application Challenges SUPPLEMENT 2 Emergency Communications Systems Design and Application Challenges Wayne D. Moore, P.E., FSFPE Editor’s Note: Chapter 24 of the 2010 edition of the National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code is a new chapter that covers the requirements for the installation and performance of emergency communications systems for in-building fire emergency voice/alarm com- munications systems and other communications systems. This supplement focuses on those systems where the design includes the use of speakers. These systems often present the most design challenges and include in-building fire EVACS, in-building MNS, wide- area MNS, distributed recipient MNS, two-way emergency services ECS, area of refuge ECS, and elevator ECS. Almost 30 years ago, NFPA began work on NFPA 72F, the distributed recipient mass notification systems. The two- first installation Standard for the Installation, Mainte- way emergency communications systems provide require- nance and Use of Emergency Voice/Alarm Communication ments for both wired and radio emergency services Systems.1 Finally published in 1985, the document con- systems, area of refuge systems, and elevator communica- tained approximately two pages of requirements, including tion systems. additional pages of Appendix (Annex) material for Chapter 24 includes a section that pertains to informa- “Voice/Alarm Signaling Service” and “Two-Way Tele- tion, command, and control. This is for the communica- phone Communication Service.” tions methods and equipment used to receive and transmit In contrast, the 2010 edition of the National Fire information between premises sources or premises sys- Alarm and Signaling Code, Chapter 24, provides the re- tems and the central control station(s). These may include quirements for Emergency Communications Systems with wired or wireless networks for one- or two-way communi- a total of 23 pages, including the Annex material. The cations and/or control between a building or area and a major difference: the fact that this chapter of the National central control station and could include an emergency Fire Alarm and Signaling Code now covers more than just services organization or public alarm reporting system. In in-building fire emergency voice/alarm communications a very basic configuration, a system and the receiving fa- systems (EVACS). It also requires much more in terms of cility could be a supervising station system. However, system arrangement and performance. there can be more complex systems that allow control of Chapter 24 is structured to include many types of building systems and communication to building occu- emergency communications systems (ECSs). These have pants from a remote location, including a municipal or been divided into two basic categories, one-way and two- other public alarm reporting command center or possibly way. The one-way emergency communications systems in- even from a mobile command vehicle using secure com- clude in-building systems as well as wide-area and munications. 889 890 Supplement 2 ● Emergency Communications Systems Design and Application Challenges Although prescriptive-based, mass notification sys- tegrating in-building fire emergency voice/alarm commu- tems will be required to serve very specific yet very varied nications systems with other communications systems, needs. As such, mass notification systems design will re- such as mass notification systems, public address, and pag- quire significant reliance on the risk analysis. Section 24.7 ing systems. In addition, again for the first time in the his- provides a performance-based design approach. tory of the Code, certain mass notification messages may Each of these sections addresses requirements for take precedence over a fire alarm signal. pathway survivability. The arrangement of the sections The technology has become available to ensure that containing the requirements for the different emergency fire alarm or priority mass notification messages — as de- communications systems presented is shown in NFPA 72® termined by a careful and thorough risk analysis — can Figure A.24.3.6, which is reproduced here as Exhibit S2.1. take precedence over any other announcements from non- In recent years, the use of communications systems, emergency systems, including paging from a telephone both inside buildings and outside, has become more com- system or other public address system. Speaker system de- mon for many different reasons. With the advent of terror- signs have become available that incorporate volume con- ist activities, shootings on college campuses and high trols and components that allow occupants to lower or turn schools, and extreme weather issues, the public increas- off the speakers in their area or office, but switch the ingly demands actionable information in real time. As a re- speakers back on to operate at their required power output sult of that demand, mass notification systems (MNSs) when the fire alarm system or MNS actuates. This is one have become the norm in all Department of Defense build- of the safeguards now available to meet the requirements ings and sites. These systems have begun to make their of the Code and allow integration of in-building fire emer- way into other government and commercial buildings, col- gency voice/alarm communications systems with other lege campuses, and outside environments. Many, if not communications systems. most of the MNS designs, have combined or integrated No one would question that using one speaker system these systems with the in-building fire EVACS. to serve multiple functions offers financial benefits to the During the 25-year history of EVACS, the Code did owner of the facility. Using one system reduces the costs not allow for the sharing of the fire alarm textual audible of design, installation, and maintenance throughout the life notification appliances (speakers) or control equipment by cycle of the system. In addition, regular use of the system any other system. The Code did not allow the use of the for normal paging functions provides an end-to-end test of EVACS for anything other than fire alarm signaling, except the audible notification components and circuits. As occu- under very strict control and approval by the authority hav- pants become familiar with use of the system for normal ing jurisdiction. However, for the first time in the history paging, they will also more likely become comfortable and of the Code, the requirements permit the combining or in- proficient with use of the system during an emergency. Emergency communications systems (ECS) Chapter 24 One-way Two-way Info command Performance- ECS in-building ECS and contol based design Section 24.4 Section 24.5 Section 24.6 Section 24.7 In-building fire Two-way wired EVACS emerg. svcs. ECS 24.4.1 24.5.1 In-building Two-way radio MNS enhance sys. 24.4.2 Combination 24.5.2 systems Wide-area Area of refuge MNS ECS 24.4.3 Interfaces with 24.5.3 MNS Distributed Elevator recipient MNS PA systems ECS 24.4.4 used for MNS 24.5.4 EXHIBIT S2.1 Emergency Communications Systems (ECS) Flowchart. 2010 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code Handbook Supplement 2 ● Emergency Communications Systems Design and Application Challenges 891 Since 1999, additions to the Code have required both dB SPL Operating Levels audibility and intelligibility of voice communications. Listening Ear High Med. Low Prior to the introduction of intelligibility requirements, level level Comments level level level EVACS might have met the audibility requirements, but dB SPL dBSPL Pk range music music music nothing ensured that occupants could comprehend and 133 145 130 142 Pain threshold then react properly to the voice message. Typically, fire 127 139 alarm system designers, installers, and authorities having 124 136 121 133 Non-linear region jurisdiction had a limited background in the science of 118 130 sound and communications. In previous editions, the Code 115 127 offered only limited guidance on how to provide intelligi- 112 124 109 121 High level music ble voice messages. 106 118 103 115 X Users of the 2010 edition of the Code will find much 100 112 improved design guidance for the layout of effective, audi- 97 109 Medium level N 94 106 music O ble, and intelligible communications systems. Of course, 91 103 M X neither the Code itself nor this Supplement intends to serve 88 100 I 85 97 Low level music N N as a complete design guide. See the References and bibli- 82 94 A O ography at the end of this Supplement for additional de- 79 91 L M X 76 88 I sign information. 73 85 N N Table S2.1 provides a list of emergency communica- 70 82 Speech @ A O 67 79 0.5 meter L M tions systems with their specific requirements. Integration 64 76 I of each of these systems can provide emergency informa- 61 73 Speech @1 meter N 58 70 Noisy HVAC A tion to the building occupants and meet the communica- 55 67 Speech @2 meters L tions needs required by the owner. 52 64 49 61 Typical HVAC 46 58 43 55 TABLE S2.1 Emergency Communications Systems 40 52 Quiet room 37 49 One-Way ECS Two-Way In-Building ECS 34 46 VERY quiet room N 31 43 O 28 40 I In-building fire EVACS Two-way wired emergency services 25 37 S ECS (ECS) 22 34 Recording Studio E N In-building MNS Two-way radio emergency services 19 31 O 16 28 I ECS (ECS) 13 25 Dream on! S Wide-area MNS Area of refuge ECS 10 22 E N Distributed recipient MNS Elevator ECS 7 19 O 4 16 Brownian motion I 1 13 N Noise floor of air S –2 10 O and ear E –5 7 I According to Wikipedia, communication is the –8 4 S process to impart information from a sender to a receiver –11 1 E with the use of a medium.
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