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PROVANCHER IA No10 PROVANCHER IA No10 1980 Mémoire de l'Herbier Louis-Marie Faculté des Sciences de !'Agriculture et de !'Alimentation Université Laval , Québec , Canada S URVEY OF CANADIAN HERBARIA par Bernard Boivin Ministère de !'Agriculture , Ottawa et Herbier Louis-Marie Université Laval , Qu ébec ISSN 0556-2015 Dépôt légal, 1980: Bibliothèque nationale du Québec. Bibliothèque nationale du Canada. Publication subventionnée par le Ministère de l'éducation du Québec. Blessed he who has found his work, let him ask no other blessedness. Car l yle RESUME Relevé descriptif d'environ 410 herbiers canadiens présents et passés. Précédé d'un historique et des objectifs de ce relev é . A chaque herbier on donne son sigle, son adresse, son histoire, le nombre de spécimens, les principaux collecteurs, les travaux basés sur cette collection, les échanges et emprunts auxquels l'aut e ur a participé, enfin les sources d'i nf ormation . Suivi de tableau x st a­ tisti ques , références et reproduction de quelques documents histori­ que s. Se termine par un index exhaustif. Environ 220 des herbiers décrits sont institutionnels et actifs, 33 sont priv és et 160 autres ont été consolidés ou perdus . ABSTRACT Brief descriptions of some 410 Canadian herbaria, past and present. Preceded by a history of herbarium surveys and th e objectives of this survey. Format: acronym and address, history and size of collection, main collectors, publications based on each collection, exchanges and loans related to the author's studies of the flora of Canada, and, to conclude, the sources of informat ion . Followed by statistical tables, references and the reproduction of a few historical texts. Ends with an exhaustive index. About 220 of the herbaria described are institutional and still active, another 33 are private, while 160 others were consolidated or lost. Erratum : page 20 , line 28 . for: Aylmer RotanLcal AssocLatLon read: East Elgin Botanical As so cia tion CONTENTS Foreword . 3 1. The herbarium . 5 2. Previous herbarium surveys ... ..... ..... 7 3. This survey of herbaria ..... ..... ... ... 9 4. Format . 15 5. Canadian herbaria .... .. ... ..... ..... .. .. 17 Addenda . 125, 150 6. St a tistical summaries .................. 128 7. Referen c es 134 8. Historical documents ................... 137 Index . 151 FOREWORD ln 18 38 Asa Gray left for Europe, visited the botanical centers of the day, met botanists, leafed through their collections, checked his taxonomie concepts against the vouchers of Linnaeus, Michaux and other writers on American botany. Upon his return he wrote a paper describing briefly t he herbaria he had seen and where were the vouchers of authors and collectors important t o his studies in the botany of North America. ln 1954 C.V. Morton, having the privilege of a Guggenheim Fellowship, went to Europe to photog ra ph types of various genera, mainly Ferns . He returned with th e same objective a number of times up to 1964, bringing back more than 10,000 photographs of types. A few years later he published a series describing the various her­ baria visited, the botanists who had worked in those herbaria and the collectors whose specimens served as types of Ferns. Bath reports were and still are useful today to the bota­ nist interested in the taxonomy of North Arnerican plants. What follows is a simi lar report from a different set of parameters. Our approach was pri marily floristic and related to the flora of Canada. We were concerned about distribution and th e vouchers for published studies. Types were only of secondary inte ­ rest. We took notes on herbaria we had seen, collectors represen­ ted, specimens received for exchange or studied in situ, borrowed for study, sent in for identification. Canadian herbaria were our prima r y concern, but American and European collections were not neglected. We visited as many herbaria as we could, looked up spe­ cimens no end, but we could not visit, see and check everything. This manuscript was at first essentially a persona! itinerary. To make it more complete, hence more useful, we have added many herba­ ria that we had not seen, deriving our summaries from published sources, and from correspondence with the curators. Yet we hope that the user, finding our text useful, will be t olerantif this survey of Canadian herbaria still remains largely a pe r sona! itine­ rary; tous it was a labour of love; why should we not let it show a lit tl e. Our studies in the flora of Canada led us to accumulate nine subsidiary and supporting data files. As follows. 1. Data on herbaria in Canada. 2. Data on foreign herbaria of significant Canadian c ontents . 3. Hi story of Canadian herbaria and herbarium maker s. 4 PROVANCHERIANo 10, 1980 4. Botanical Societies in Canada. 5. Photographie records of important or repr ese ntative Canadian specimens. 6 . Biographies and bibliographies of writers on the Canadian Flora. 7. Index of collecto rs of Canadia n, Alaskan and Greenland plants. 8 . Biographical data and itineraries of plant collectors . 9. Various bibliographies of Canadian botany. The present essay deals with the firs t listed item only. Its preparation and publication has been made possible through the facilities and sponsorship of the Herbier Louis-Marie and thr ough the enthusiastic and devoted help of its support staff, especially of Lorraine Marois and Jean-Paul Bernard t o whom a thousand thanks are due. B. BOIVIN: SURVEY OF CANADIAN HERBARIA 5 Chap t er 1 THE HERBARIUM He r ba r ia a r e collec t ions of pr ese rv e d p lant specimens . Vascular Pl a n ts are usually d r ied fla t and fixed t o a sheet of firm paper (usually 29 X 42 cm) wi t h a label showing the name of the plant , the collecto r , t he habita t, th e date and place of collec t i n g. I nvascula r s are co111Don ly filed in e nve l opes or so me t imes bo ttl ed with a pr eservative. Herbaria are of many ki nds and varied in usefulness. Most herbaria start as a personal collection related to a desire for a better knowledge of p l a nts . I f one's botanical activities are limited to field experience, it is difficul t to acquire an effective knowledge of much more than 100 to 200 species of plants . But with the help of an herbarium, especially an herbarium made by the learner himself, one's kn owl edge can easily be raised to he 300 to 500 species level , and pe r haps as high as 1000 species 1. This last level is more easily reached and the memory greatly strengthened if the specimens are accompanied by standard label data: date, locality, collector, and habitat. With the addition of such data, a specimen that could have been a mere mnemotechnic device is now transformed into a scientific documen t . If the thousand mark is exceeded, the additional specimens will likely serve primarily as illustrations to the short descriptions usually provided in floras. If more than one collec t ion is made of each species, the additional sheets will provide a range of biological and ecological variation alo ng wi t h an illustration of the distri ­ bution of the species. If duplicates a r e collected, they may be exchanged for specimens representative of additional areas, o r for vouchers of papers by other autho r s . This is a relatively easy and effective way to improve the coverage and research potential of an herbarium and to make available to others the r esults of one's studies and discoveries and at the same time secu r e represen t ative sets of stu ­ dies carried out by o t her botanists. A rate of exchange of 2 to 57. between two institutions having a common field of interest is usually sufficient to provide for the mutual i ntelligibility of published papers . 1 Sorne botanists, e.g. L . H. Bailey, Engler, P . C. Stanley, and pro­ bably also Linnaeus, appear to have been able to retain concur­ rent knowledge of some 5 to 10,000 species. Not so with most botanists, including the author. 6 PROVANCHERIANo 10, 1980 As an herbarium grows, new possibilities open up. Perhaps a local check-list, a regional flora, some new enti t ies, a monogra ph or two, an ecological su rvey, a phytogeographical assessment, etc. It is now a research and/or teaching tool. When research is published, the specimen ba si s becomes a series of vouch er s. Because the y can be re checked any time, t he vouchers give to a published paper some of its scientific basis and value. The permanent record preserved will allow to check back on a pa rt icula r piece of research, and also t o ca rr y on further in th e same line of research with the addition of hew materia l: perhaps a study in gr eate r detail, or broader coverage, or from a differen t approach. Hence an active herbarium will be bath an archival collec ­ tion and a current research tool. B. BOIVIN: SURVEYOF CANADIANHERBARIA 7 Chapter 2 PREVIOUS HERBARIUMSURVEYS Canada has till now lacked a general description of its institutional herbaria. There is however much information availa­ ble, if a bit scattered. The best general reference is the latest edition of the Index Herbariorum where 1500 herbaria are briefly described, including 63 Canadian ones. No Canadian herbarium is mentionned in the important sur­ veys by Lasègue 1845, DeCandolle 1880, and G.N. Jones 1948. The first survey of collections in Canada was by Provan ­ cher in 1887.
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