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The Politics of Religiously Motivated Welfare Provision

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The Politics of Religiously Motivated Welfare Provision INTERNATIONAL MAX PLANCK RESEARCH SCHOOL on the Social and Political Constitution of the Economy Köln, Germany ˙Ipek Göçmen Yeginoglu˘ The Politics of Religiously Motivated Welfare Provision Studies on the Social and Political Constitution of the Economy Ipek˙ Göçmen Yeginoglu˘ The Politics of Religiously Motivated Welfare Provision © ˙Ipek Göçmen Yeginoglu,˘ 2010 Published by IMPRS-SPCE International Max Planck Research School on the Social and Political Constitution of the Economy, Cologne http://imprs.mpifg.de ISBN: 978-3-946416-01-2 DOI: 10.17617/2.1464882 Studies on the Social and Political Constitution of the Economy are published online on http://imprs.mpifg.de. Go to Dissertation Series. Studies on the Social and Political Constitution of the Economy Abstract This historical-institutionalist study explores the mechanisms behind the increas- ing presence of religiously motivated civil society associations (RMAs) in the realm of welfare provision. The focus of the study is an in-depth analysis that compares the case of Turkey to four European countries: Britain, France, Germany, and Sweden. Through an analysis of these cases, the study demonstrates that neither the common sociology of religion argument that religion is returning to the pub- lic sphere nor the widespread claim of welfare retrenchment is sufficient to ex- plain the increasing emphasis on RMAs in various countries. The leading argu- ment of the dissertation presents different institutional histories as the main reason behind different degrees of change present in each respective realm of social policy. The two mechanisms that are focused on to understand change are: (1) shifts in state-society relationships/transformations of welfare state structures; and (2) shifts in state-religion relationships/rearrangement of institutional struc- tures between the state and various religious communities. The comparison be- tween Turkey and the four western European countries demonstrates that in countries with immature welfare states the rise of RMAs has more serious impli- cations for social rights and democratic citizenship. In contrast to low-level change in France and Germany, and medium-level change in Britain and Sweden, Turkey is defined as a case of high-level change because both the state-society and state-religion relationships have undergone major transformations in the post-1980s. The presence of long-standing institutional arrangements in either the state-society or state-religion area is the main reason that Britain, France, Germany and Sweden have enjoyed relative stability by comparison. The thesis, in addition to the historical-institutionalist analysis of the four European cases, includes a comprehensive study of the Turkish case. The historical analysis of the state-society and state-religion relations in Turkey since the early twentieth centu- ry shows that the specific secularization history of this country, coupled with the relatively immature characteristics of its welfare state, created a larger space for the rise of RMAs. The empirical research, on the aims, motivations and organiza- tional structures of the RMAs and their connections to state, business and civil society networks, sheds light on how social policy arena transforms with the in- creasing presence of these associations in the welfare mix. About the author ˙Ipek Göçmen Yeginoglu˘ was a doctoral researcher at the IMPRS-SPCE from 2007 to 2010. Studies on the Social and Political Constitution of the Economy The Politics of Religiously Motivated Welfare Provision Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln 2010 vorgelegt von İpek Göçmen Yeginoğlu, aus Bursa (Türkei) Referent: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Wolfgang Streeck Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Ayşe Buğra Tag der Promotion: 11 Februar 2011 ii For my grandma, Hüsniye Balkan iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements vii 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………..1 1.1. What is a Faith-Based Organization………………………………………2 1.2. Case Background: Understanding Turkey in relation to the existing variety in Europe………………………………………………………………7 1.3. The Structure of the Thesis…………………………………………….....8 2. Theorizing Religiously Motivated Social Provision……………………………11 2.1. Two Competing Stories............................................................................12 2.1.1. The Return of Religious Charity?..............................................12 2.1.2 A shift in the welfare mix?..........................................................21 2.2. The scope of the project and expected contributions…………………....25 2.3. Methodology…………………………………………………………….27 2.4. Conceptual Clarifications………………………………………………. 29 Part I 3. State, Religion and Social Policy at the Time of National Revolutions……….35 3.1. Taking Religion and State Relations Serious……………………………36 3.2. Patterns of Social Policy Field in Europe……………………………….39 3.2.1. Britain………………………………………………………….40 3.2.2. France………………………………………………………….43 3.2.3. Germany…………………………………………………….....46 3.2.4. Sweden………………………………………………………...50 3.3. Conclusion……………………………………………………………….53 4. Contemporary Shifts in State, Religion and Society Relations in Europe……54 4.1. The cases of medium degree of change: Britain and Sweden………...…56 4.1.1. The transformation of state-society relations in Britain……….56 4.1.2. The transformation of state-religion alliance in Sweden………60 iv 4.2. The cases of low degree of change: Germany and France…………...….64 4.2.1. The rearrangement of the state-religion relations in Germany...64 4.2.2. The inclusion of the third sector to the social policy arena in France………………………………………………………………...67 4.3. Conclusion……………………………………………………………….71 Part II 5. State-Society Relations and Social Provision in Turkey……………………….74 5.1. Late Ottoman Period and National Revolution………………………….75 5.2. The Golden Ages of Welfare State Development.………………………82 5.2.1. The Establishment of the two-tier Welfare State in Turkey…...83 5.3. Shifts in the Welfare Arena in the post-1980s…………………………..88 5.3.1. Transformations of the Turkish Welfare State……………...…91 5.4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………...…100 6. State-Religion Relations and Social Provision in Turkey…………………….103 6.1. From the Empire to the Republic: Nation State Formation Period….....104 6.2. The Contested Area of Religion and Politics in Turkey…….……........109 6.3. The Rise of Islam as the Main Cleavage in Politics (post-1980s)……...115 6.4. Conclusion………………………………………………………….…..125 Part III 7. Religiously Motivated Welfare Associations in Turkey……………………...129 7.1. Exploring the Universe of Social Provision and RMAs………….........130 7.2. Sampling and Data Collection………………………………………....137 7.3. Overview of the Sample of RMAs……………………………………..141 7.4. Conclusion……………………………………………………………...150 v 8. Religion, Politics and Social Welfare Revisited………………………………152 8.1. Major divide: New and Vintage RMAs……………………………..…153 8.1.1. New RMAs……………………………………………….….155 8.1.2. Vintage Associations………………………………………...171 8.2. Alevi Associations……………………………………………………..180 8.3. Umbrella Organizations………………………………………………..183 8.4. Conclusion……………………………………………………………...185 9. Conclusions……………………………………………………………………...187 9.1. What have we learned from this study?..................................................190 9.2. Overall Implications……………………………………………………201 Appendix I…………………… ……………………………………………… ……206 Appendix II…………………………………………………………………………210 Appendix III………………………………………………………………………...212 Appendix IV.………………………………………………………………………..213 References…………………………………………………………………………..218 vi Acknowledgements I have been dreaming of writing these acknowledgements for so long since I thought it would be the final task, but now I know writing is an unending process and there is no final draft. I am sure the journey will continue, but let me thank to all people who helped me up until this point. This dissertation would not have come to fruition without the PhD Fellowship of the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies so I would like to acknowledge their financial support. The smiling faces in the administration and library of the institute, who always have quick solutions for any problem, created the ideal working conditions. More importantly, I thank to my two supervisors Wolfgang Streeck and Ayşe Buğra for always being available for support through these three years and helping me not to lose direction. They both contributed to the structure and arguments in this work, by commenting on several versions. Wolfgang Streeck provided me with the position in the institute by saying that they need an eye on a country like Turkey. Although not one of his main interest areas, his enthusiasm on the case of Turkey always amazed me and recharged my batteries whenever I felt burned out. I would in no way go into the effort of comparing Turkey with four European countries without his encouragement. A second institution I have to mention is the Social Policy Forum at Boğaziçi University in Istanbul not only for accepting me as a guest researcher during my field research period in Turkey, but also being a pioneer in social policy research in Turkey, and producing the most important publications which made my job easier. I owe Ayşe Buğra, who is the chair and one of the founders of this research and policy center, an enormous debt of gratitude for accepting to be the second supervisor of this dissertation. Her advices and comments have helped me a great deal to grasp the complications of social policy field in Turkey. She also took time for long meetings
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