The Demography of Employment in a Swedish County Council: Estimation and Mapping of Manpower Statistics in Östergötland
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Linköping University Department of Computer and Information Science MSc in GeoInformatics 2004-2005 LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY Final Thesis THE DEMOGRAPHY OF EMPLOYMENT IN A SWEDISH COUNTY COUNCIL: ESTIMATION AND MAPPING OF MANPOWER STATISTICS IN ÖSTERGÖTLAND. By Andreas-Nikolaos Papandreou 2005-02-22 ISRN LIU-IDA-D20--06/005--SE Supervisor: Vivian Vimarlund Examiner: Vivian Vimarlund THE DEMOGRAPHY OF EMPLOYMENT IN A SWEDISH COUNTY COUNCIL: ESTIMATION AND MAPPING OF MANPOWER STATISTICS IN ÖSTERGÖTLAND. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dedicated to Helena Svensson for introducing me to the country of Sweden. Andreas-Nikolaos Papandreou 2 THE DEMOGRAPHY OF EMPLOYMENT IN A SWEDISH COUNTY COUNCIL: ESTIMATION AND MAPPING OF MANPOWER STATISTICS IN ÖSTERGÖTLAND. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT The changing requirements in the modern labour market have led to a new form of economic geography of employment, where skills, wages and the uncertainty of employment play a primary role in the spatial division of labour. The main purpose of this project is to investigate the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) as a tool to illustrate employment and unemployment in Östergötland County for giving information on the development of the labour market. In addition, the use of GIS for population data analysis with the help of Oracle’s map viewer is closely examined. This descriptive thesis reveals that the labour market is characterized by the geographic extension of the market and its determination by how far the supply and demand forces go and the important role that GIS plays in illustrating the distribution of workforce in Östergötland’s labour market. GIS is an analytical tool for employer/employee demographics that can be used for visualization but also for analysis and pre-processing purposes with the use of graphic tools. With the use of thematic maps, GIS can visualise spatial data with labour data according to certain demographic criteria. GIS technology has ways of mapping thematically the local labour market demand and supply. In addition, it is capable of constructing a comprehensive workforce development system that can integrate the job seekers and employers. GIS can facilitate the development of visual web-based mapping systems that allow users to investigate and find employees within various industries. Keywords: GIS, labour market, demand for labour, supply of labour, employer/employee demographics, manpower statistics, Östergötland, Oracle Andreas-Nikolaos Papandreou 3 THE DEMOGRAPHY OF EMPLOYMENT IN A SWEDISH COUNTY COUNCIL: ESTIMATION AND MAPPING OF MANPOWER STATISTICS IN ÖSTERGÖTLAND. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who have contributed to this thesis, directly or indirectly. I would first like to thank my supervisor Dr. Vivian Vimarlund for her great support, good ideas and patience. Furthermore, I want to thank my fellow MSc students for our fruitful discussions and good company and especially my friends Mathias Ashu Tako Tambe Ebot for his nice opponentship, Aleksander Karol Gumoś and Rahel Hamad Sedik for their critical comments. A special thanks goes to my good friend Nikos Karagiannakis for his valuable comments. In addition, I would like to thank my country Greece and its people for giving me the benefits of the Greek culture and values of life. Last but not least I want to thank my family and friends in Greece and Sweden for encouraging and supporting me in various ways. My warmest thanks to Manolitsa Kazakou, Olga Papandreou, Anna Papandreou, Nikos Mykoniatis and Olga Mykoniati. Andreas-Nikolaos Papandreou February 2005, Department of Computer and Information Science (IDA), Linköping University, Sweden Andreas-Nikolaos Papandreou 4 THE DEMOGRAPHY OF EMPLOYMENT IN A SWEDISH COUNTY COUNCIL: ESTIMATION AND MAPPING OF MANPOWER STATISTICS IN ÖSTERGÖTLAND. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background 1.2.1 The country of Sweden 1.2.2 The economy of Sweden 1.2.3 Structure of the labour market in Sweden 1.3 Problem Formulation 1.4 Delimitations 1.5 Methods 1.6 Thesis Outline CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 What is GIS? 2.2 GIS Data 2.2.1 Data input 2.2.2 Data storage and management 2.2.3 Data manipulation and analysis 2.2.4 Data output and reporting 2.3 Data Quality and Reliability 2.4 GIS and Oracle 2.5 The Swedish National Spatial Data Infrastructures 2.6 GIS as an Analytical Tool for Employer/Employee Demographics. 2.7 Status of Companies that Operate in the Swedish Job Market 2.8 The Supply and Demand for Labour 2.8.1 Supply of labour 2.8.2 Demand for labour 2.8.3 Labour market equilibrium 2.9 Employment and Wages 2.10 Unemployment 2.11 GIS and the Labour Market CHAPTER 3: GIS OPERATION/ IMPLEMENTATION 3.1 GIS Chain 3.1.1 Organization 3.1.2 Expertise 3.1.3 Hardware/ software 3.1.4 Structured data 3.2 GIS Implementation in the Labour Market CHAPTER 4: STUDY AREA- ÖSTERGÖTLAND COUNTY 4.1 Geography 4.2 Population 4.3 Economy CHAPTER 5: THE LABOUR MARKET IN ÖSTERGÖTLAND 5.1 Labour Legislation 5.2 Unemployment Andreas-Nikolaos Papandreou 5 THE DEMOGRAPHY OF EMPLOYMENT IN A SWEDISH COUNTY COUNCIL: ESTIMATION AND MAPPING OF MANPOWER STATISTICS IN ÖSTERGÖTLAND. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.3 Employment 5.4 Wages 5.5 Social Security Contributions 5.6 Pensions 5.7 Undeclared Work 5.8 Unemployment Insurance 5.9 Commuting Behaviour 5.10 Employment of Immigrants CHAPTER 6: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 6.1 Methodology and Research Development 6.1.1 Research methodology 6.2 Findings 6.2.1 Data analysis 6.2.2 Presentation and evaluation of secondary data 6.2.3 GIS analysis using Oracle 6.3 The Use of GIS within the Job Market in Östergötland 6.4 Present Position and Trends in the Labour Market in Östergötland 6.5 Conclusions and Future Work 6.6 Areas for Further Study BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A. List of Abbreviations B. Data Compilation: The Map Data C. Scheme D. KOMMUNNAMN XML E. Source Code (PL/SQL) Andreas-Nikolaos Papandreou 6 THE DEMOGRAPHY OF EMPLOYMENT IN A SWEDISH COUNTY COUNCIL: ESTIMATION AND MAPPING OF MANPOWER STATISTICS IN ÖSTERGÖTLAND. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Employment in Sweden (Statistics Sweden 2004) Table 2.1: Aims and uses of GIS (Bernhardsen 1999) Table 2.2: Comparison of vector and raster data (Bernhardsen 1999, Buckley 1997) Table 4.1: Östergötland’s population according to age and gender as of December 31st, 2003 (Facts about Östergötland 2004) Table 4.2: Changes in Östergötland’s population during 1978-2003 (Facts about Östergötland 2004) Table 4.3: Population in Östergötland and proportion of gainfully employed men and women as of December 31st, 2002 (Facts about Östergötland 2004) Table 4.4: Personal income tax rates for 2004 (Facts about Östergötland 2004) Table 4.5: Average taxable earned income, income year 2002 for Östergötland (Statistics Sweden 2004) Table 5.1: Monthly unemployment in Östergötland during 2003 (Facts about Östergötland 2004) Table 5.2: Number and proportion of unemployed persons aged 16-64 during 2002-2003 (Facts about Östergötland 2004) Table 5.3: Persons that are unemployed or in labour market schemes during 2003 (Facts about Östergötland 2004) Table 5.4: Unemployed men and women during 2002-2003 (Facts about Östergötland 2004) Table 5.5: Workplaces in 2003 by sector and region (Facts about Östergötland 2004) Table 5.6: Economically active population in 2002 aged 20-64 by industry and level of education; unemployed or not in labour force by level of education (Facts about Östergötland 2004) Table 5.7: 25 largest employers in Östergötland during 2003 (Facts about Östergötland 2004) Table 5.8: Average earned income among men and women of Östergötland’s municipalities during 2001 in 1000’s SEK (Alpkvist & Pettersson Molinder 2003) Table 5.9: Social security contributions in Sweden during 2001 (Swedish Tax Agency 2004) Table 5.10: Commuting of men between municipalities within Östergötland during 2001 (Facts about Östergötland 2004) Andreas-Nikolaos Papandreou 7 THE DEMOGRAPHY OF EMPLOYMENT IN A SWEDISH COUNTY COUNCIL: ESTIMATION AND MAPPING OF MANPOWER STATISTICS IN ÖSTERGÖTLAND. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Table 5.11: Commuting of women between municipalities within Östergötland during 2001 (Facts about Östergötland 2004) Table 5.12: Commuting of men and women between municipalities within Östergötland during 2001 (Facts about Östergötland 2004) Table 5.13: Commuting from Östergötland County to other counties in Sweden during 2001 (Facts about Östergötland 2004) Table 6.1: Statistics of Östergötland’s total population during 2000 (Department of Computer Science -IDA- Linköping University 2005) Table B1: Spatial reference information- Projection-Gauss –Kruger (Department of Computer Science -IDA- Linköping University 2004) Table B2: Geographic Coordinate System- RT90 Kruger (Department of Computer Science - IDA- Linköping University