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) Insecta: Thysanoptera ( > ( ) > داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﭘﺎ 4668- 2008 (ﻋﻠﻤﻲ - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ) http://jer.iau-arak.ac.ir ﺟﻠﺪ 11 ، ﺷﻤﺎره3 ، ﺳﺎل 1398 ، ( -268 259) ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎل رﻳﺸﻜﺪاران( Insecta: Thysanoptera ) در ﻣﺰارع ﻏﻼت اﺳﺘﺎن اﻳﻼم(اﻳﺮان) * آذرﻧﻮش ﻋﻤﻮزاده1 ، ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﻧﻈﺮي2 ، ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﺮاب ﺑﺎﻟﻮ3 -1 داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﻛﺘﺮي، ﮔﺮوه ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ ، اراك ، اﻳﺮان -2 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر، ﮔﺮوه ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ ، اراك ، اﻳﺮان -3 داﻧﺸﻴﺎر، ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﻳﻼم ﭼﻜﻴﺪه در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، ﻓﻮن و ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎل رﻳﺸﻜﺪاران ﻣ ﺰارع ﮔﻨﺪم و ﺟﻮ در دو اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﺘﺪل ﺳﺮدﺳﻴﺮ (ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن اﻳﻮان) و ﻣﻌﺘﺪل ﮔﺮﻣﺴﻴﺮ (ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن دره ﺷﻬﺮ) واﻗﻊ در اﺳﺘﺎن اﻳﻼم ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻫﻔﺘﮕﻲ از ﻣﺰارع ﮔﻨﺪم و ﺟﻮ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻫﺸﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺶ ﺟﻨﺲ و ﭼﻬ ﺎر ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﺑﻴﺶ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ در ﻣﺰارع ﮔﻨﺪم ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي اﻳﻮان و دره ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ 72/46 و 68/84 درﺻﺪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Haplothrips tritici (Kurdjumov, 1912 ، و ﺑﻴﺶ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ در ﻣﺰارع ﺟﻮ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي اﻳﻮان و دره ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ 42/52 و 10/57 درﺻﺪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ,Thrips tabaci Lindeman 1889 ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺷﺎﻧﻮن، ﺳﻴﻤﭙﺴﻮن و ﻣﺎرﮔﺎﻟﻒ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﻫﺎ در دو ﺷﻬﺮ اﻳﻮان و دره ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ در ﻣﺰارع ﮔﻨﺪم و ﺟﻮ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن اﻳﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري ﺑﻴﺶ ﺗﺮ از ﻣﺰارع ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن دره ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻮد اﻣﺎ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﺷﺎﻧﻮن - وﻳﻨﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺰارع ﮔﻨﺪم و ﺟﻮ دو ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار ﻧﺒﻮد. ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎل رﻳﺸﻜﺪاران در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن اﻳﻮان ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آب و ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﺪل ﺳﺮدﺳﻴﺮي ﺑﻴﺶ ﺗﺮ از ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن دره ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آب و ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﺪل ﮔﺮﻣﺴﻴﺮي ﺑﻮد. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ، ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ،اﻳﻼم، اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺳﺮدﺳﻴﺮي و ﮔﺮﻣﺴﻴﺮي. * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه راﺑﻂ، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ: [email protected] ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ:30/3/98 - ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ:98/8/28 259 ﻋﻤﻮ زاده و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران : ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎل رﻳﺸﻜﺪاران( Insecta: Thysanoptera ) در ﻣﺰارع ... ... ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﻫﺎ آﻓﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت زراﻋﻲ، ﺑﺎﻏﻲ، ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي و زﻳﻨﺘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮي داﺷﺘﻪ ، ﻋﺪه اي ﻗﺎرچ ﺧﻮار و ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪه ﺧﻮار، و ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻤﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺮده اﻓﺸﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ( Lewis, 1997 ). ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﻫﺎ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن و ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ آن ﻫﺎ، ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي وﻳﺮوﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ( Mound & Marullo, 1996 ). ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﻫﺎ و ﺗﻨﻮع رژﻳﻢ ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ آن ﻫﺎدر ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﻲ در اﻳﺮان و ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻮن ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ، ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژي و ﻛﻨﺘﺮل آن ﻫﺎ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. در اﻳﺮان ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎل 2018 ﺣﺪود 277 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Mirab-balou, 2018 ) ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از آن ﻫﺎ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺨﻮار و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﻛﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺗﻨﻮع ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ دارد. ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ را در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻛﺮد و ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮم ﺳﺎزﮔﺎن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ را اراﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﻮد. ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ اﻓﺮاد را در ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﺑﻪ؛ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﻳﮕﺮ ، ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﻌﺎدل در ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ( Van der Maarel, 1988 .) ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ از ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺳﻴﻴﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻮده وﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ در در ﺗﻼﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻧﻮري و ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ در اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﺸﺎورزي،ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ( Gaston and Spicer, 2004 ). ﺑﻴﺎن داﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺎورزي، راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮع ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺎورزي دارد( Benton et al ., 2003 ). ). ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎل رﻳﺸﻜﺪاران در ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻬﺎن و اﻳﺮان ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﺳﻤﺎﺗﺲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ( Smatas et al ., 2013 ) در ﻣﺰارع ﮔﻨﺪم زﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺘﻮاﻧﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺑﺎل رﻳﺸﻜﺪاران را ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار دادﻧﺪ. ﻣﻮﻧﺪ ( Mound, 2002 )ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎلر ﻳﺸﻜﺪران را در ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﻧﺌﻮﺗﺮوﭘﻴﻚ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ. ﭘﻮﺑﻮژﻧﻴﺎك و آﻧﺎ ( Pobo żniak & Anna, 2011 )ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ روي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﮔﻠﺪار درﻛﺮاﻛﻮف، ﻟﻬﺴﺘﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم دادﻧﺪ. رﻣﻀﺎﻧﻲ و زﻧﺪي ﺳﻮﻫﺎﻧﻲ ( Ramezani & Zandi Sohani, 2013 ) ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎل رﻳﺸﻜﺪاران ﻣﺰارع ﮔﻨﺪم اﺳﺘﺎن ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن را ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻣﻴﺮاب ﺑﺎﻟﻮ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ( Mirab-balou et al ., 2017 ) ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎل رﻳﺸﻜﺪاران درﺧﺘﺎن ﻣﻴﻮه و ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﺳﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎﻧﺒﻮﺋﻴﻦ زﻫﺮا، ﺗﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎن و ﻗﺰوﻳﻦ (واﻗﻊ در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻗﺰوﻳﻦ) را ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺰارع ﮔﻨﺪ م ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن اﻳﻮان (اﺳﺘﺎن اﻳﻼم) ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﺮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ( Miri et al ., 2017 ) و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺰارع ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﺎﺑﻠﺴﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ رﺟﺒﻴﺎن ﻣﻴﺮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ( Rajabian Miri et al ., 2018 ) ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاي درك ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ از ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻧﻮري ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺷﻮد. در ﻣﺰارع ﻏﻼت اﺳﺘﺎن اﻳﻼم، ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﻫﺎ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ دﻳﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ، ﻟﺬا ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮات ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ اﻳﻦ آﻓﺎت ﺿﺮوري ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ. دراﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻮن و ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺰارع ﻏﻼت اﺳﺘﺎن اﻳﻼم ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺰارع ﻏﻼت در ﻓﺼﻞ زراﻋﻲ 1396 - 1397 (اواﺧﺮ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﻣﺎه ﺗﺎ اواﻳﻞ ﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﺎه) ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻫﺎي ﻫﻔﺘﮕﻲ ازﭼﻬﺎر ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﮔﻨﺪم و ﺟﻮ (ﺟﺪول 1 ) در دو اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﺘﺪل ﺳﺮدﺳﻴﺮي (ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن اﻳﻮان) و ﻣﻌﺘﺪل 260 ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 11 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﺳﺎل 1398 ، ( -268 259 ) ) ﮔﺮﻣﺴﻴﺮي (ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن دره ﺷﻬﺮ) واﻗﻊ در اﺳﺘﺎن اﻳﻼم ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ.از داده ﻫﺎي ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺰارع ﻏﻼت و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ي ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻴﻤﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻫﺎ از ﻣﺰارع ﮔﻨﺪم و ﺟﻮ در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رﺷﺪي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ واﺣﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻳﻚ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ از ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﮔﻨﺪم،ﺟﻮ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ. در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺗﻌﺪاد 30 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي 5 ﻣﺘﺮ از ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺑ ﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ذﻛﺮ ﻧﺎم ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ، ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ رﺷﺪي ﮔﻴﺎه و ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري در ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي اﭘﻨﺪورف ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري و ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه در داﺧﻞ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي اﻟﻜﻞ اﺗﻴﻠﻴﻚ 75 درﺻﺪ ﺗﺎ زﻣﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻬﻴﻪ اﺳﻼﻳﺪ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ از روش ﻣﻴﺮاب ﺑﺎﻟﻮ و ﭼﻦ ( Mirab-balouand Chen, 2010 )اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري، ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ در ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت W ﺷﻜﻞ، از ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺷﺪ .( .( Ramezani & Zandi Sohani, 2013 ) ﺟﺪول -1 ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﺰارع ﻏﻼت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺘﺎن اﻳﻼم در ﻓﺼﻞ زراﻋﻲ 96– 1397 Table 1. Wheat fields sampled in Ilam province(2018) Region Latitude and longitude Altitude (m) Area(ha) Eyvan – Srab E 46° 36.50´; N 33° 75.54´ 1140 2 Eyvan – Khoran E 46° 24.71´; N 33° 82.49´ 1140 2.5 Darreh-Shahr – KalehJoob E 47° 24.65´; N 33° 05.33´ 650 2.2 Darreh-Shahr – Armoo E 47° 28.22´; N 33° 06.41´ 650 2 ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ، اﺑﺘﺪا ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد 30 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از داده ﻫﺎي ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه، ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮر ﺧﻄﺎي ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ( RV ) ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮر دﻗﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري اوﻟﻴﻪ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ را از راﺑﻄﻪ (1 ) ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ و در ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﺗﻌﺪاد 20 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ. ͦ ͦ ΢ ( )1 N = ʠ͸ʡ ∗ ʠ(ʡ N : ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ، D : ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﻄﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل، t: ﻣﻘﺪارﺟﺪول اﺳﺘﻴﻮدﻧﺖ، m : ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ داده ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري اوﻟﻴﻪ، S : اﻧﺤﺮاف ﻣﻌﻴﺎرداده ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري اوﻟﻴﻪ در ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻫﺎ، ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ از ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ F= × 100 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ: F درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ، n ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻓﺮاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ، N ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻞ اﻓﺮاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﻴ ﺑﺎﻦ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ آن ﻫﺎ، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻏﻨﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار (PAST(Hammer et al ., 2011 ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ: اﻟﻒ) ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺷﺎﻧﻮن– وﻳﻨﺮ: اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ از راﺑﻄﻪ(2 ) ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ در آن: 'H : ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺷﺎﻧﻮن– وﻳﻨﺮ، S : ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ و Pi : ﻧﺴﺒﺖ وﻓﻮر ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ي i ام ﺑﻪ ﻛﻞ اﻓﺮاد ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( Shannon & Weaner, 1949 ). ). ɑ . H = − ∑$Ͱͥ ͊$͆)͊$ )2( 261 ﻋﻤﻮ زاده و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران : ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎل رﻳﺸﻜﺪاران( Insecta: Thysanoptera ) در ﻣﺰارع ... ... ب) ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺳﻴﻤﭙﺴﻮن: اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ از راﺑﻄﻪ (3 ) ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ( Simpson, 1949 ) ﻛﻪ در آن 1- D : ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺳﻴﻤﭙﺴﻮن و Pi : ﻧﺴﺒ ﺖ ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻓﺮاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ i ام ﺑﻪ ﻛﻞ اﻓﺮاد ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ͦ 1 − D = 1 Ȕ$Ͱͥ (͊$) )3( ج) ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻏﻨﺎي ﻣﺎرﮔﺎﻟﻒ: اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺣﻀﻮراﻧﻮاع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در آن S ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ و N ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺗﻤﺎم ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻏﻨﺎي ﻣﺎرﮔﺎﻟﻒ از راﺑﻄﻪ 4ي ( ) ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد (Margalef, 1958) . R1= (S-1)/Ln N )4( د) ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﺷﺎﻧﻮن- وﻳﻨﺮ: در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ از ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﺷﺎﻧﻮن - وﻳﻨﺮ (راﺑﻄﻪ 5ي ) اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ (Magurran, 1988) : : ͼ ͼ ̿ = = )5( ĆĔī ΚΝΕ v ﻛﻪ در آن S : ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ و H : ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺷﺎﻧﻮن - وﻳﻨﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﻫﺎ از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار Excel اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ داده ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از آزﻣﻮن T-Test اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ .
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