Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Brain Tumors
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Load more
Recommended publications
-
Is Your Depressed Patient Bipolar?
J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as 10.3122/jabfm.18.4.271 on 29 June 2005. Downloaded from EVIDENCE-BASED CLINICAL MEDICINE Is Your Depressed Patient Bipolar? Neil S. Kaye, MD, DFAPA Accurate diagnosis of mood disorders is critical for treatment to be effective. Distinguishing between major depression and bipolar disorders, especially the depressed phase of a bipolar disorder, is essen- tial, because they differ substantially in their genetics, clinical course, outcomes, prognosis, and treat- ment. In current practice, bipolar disorders, especially bipolar II disorder, are underdiagnosed. Misdi- agnosing bipolar disorders deprives patients of timely and potentially lifesaving treatment, particularly considering the development of newer and possibly more effective medications for both depressive fea- tures and the maintenance treatment (prevention of recurrence/relapse). This article focuses specifi- cally on how to recognize the identifying features suggestive of a bipolar disorder in patients who present with depressive symptoms or who have previously been diagnosed with major depression or dysthymia. This task is not especially time-consuming, and the interested primary care or family physi- cian can easily perform this assessment. Tools to assist the physician in daily practice with the evalua- tion and recognition of bipolar disorders and bipolar depression are presented and discussed. (J Am Board Fam Pract 2005;18:271–81.) Studies have demonstrated that a large proportion orders than in major depression, and the psychiat- of patients in primary care settings have both med- ric treatments of the 2 disorders are distinctly dif- ical and psychiatric diagnoses and require dual ferent.3–5 Whereas antidepressants are the treatment.1 It is thus the responsibility of the pri- treatment of choice for major depression, current mary care physician, in many instances, to correctly guidelines recommend that antidepressants not be diagnose mental illnesses and to treat or make ap- used in the absence of mood stabilizers in patients propriate referrals. -
Conflict, Arousal, and Logical Gut Feelings
CONFLICT, AROUSAL, AND LOGICAL GUT FEELINGS Wim De Neys1, 2, 3 1 ‐ CNRS, Unité 3521 LaPsyDÉ, France 2 ‐ Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité 3521 LaPsyDÉ, France 3 ‐ Université de Caen Basse‐Normandie, Unité 3521 LaPsyDÉ, France Mailing address: Wim De Neys LaPsyDÉ (Unité CNRS 3521, Université Paris Descartes) Sorbonne - Labo A. Binet 46, rue Saint Jacques 75005 Paris France [email protected] ABSTRACT Although human reasoning is often biased by intuitive heuristics, recent studies on conflict detection during thinking suggest that adult reasoners detect the biased nature of their judgments. Despite their illogical response, adults seem to demonstrate a remarkable sensitivity to possible conflict between their heuristic judgment and logical or probabilistic norms. In this chapter I review the core findings and try to clarify why it makes sense to conceive this logical sensitivity as an intuitive gut feeling. CONFLICT, AROUSAL, AND LOGICAL GUT FEELINGS Imagine you’re on a game show. The host shows you two metal boxes that are both filled with $100 and $1 dollar bills. You get to draw one note out of one of the boxes. Whatever note you draw is yours to keep. The host tells you that box A contains a total of 10 bills, one of which is a $100 note. He also informs you that Box B contains 1000 bills and 99 of these are $100 notes. So box A has got one $100 bill in it while there are 99 of them hiding in box B. Which one of the boxes should you draw from to maximize your chances of winning $100? When presented with this problem a lot of people seem to have a strong intuitive preference for Box B. -
Panic Disorder Issue Brief
Panic Disorder OCTOBER | 2018 Introduction Briefings such as this one are prepared in response to petitions to add new conditions to the list of qualifying conditions for the Minnesota medical cannabis program. The intention of these briefings is to present to the Commissioner of Health, to members of the Medical Cannabis Review Panel, and to interested members of the public scientific studies of cannabis products as therapy for the petitioned condition. Brief information on the condition and its current treatment is provided to help give context to the studies. The primary focus is on clinical trials and observational studies, but for many conditions there are few of these. A selection of articles on pre-clinical studies (typically laboratory and animal model studies) will be included, especially if there are few clinical trials or observational studies. Though interpretation of surveys is usually difficult because it is unclear whether responders represent the population of interest and because of unknown validity of responses, when published in peer-reviewed journals surveys will be included for completeness. When found, published recommendations or opinions of national organizations medical organizations will be included. Searches for published clinical trials and observational studies are performed using the National Library of Medicine’s MEDLINE database using key words appropriate for the petitioned condition. Articles that appeared to be results of clinical trials, observational studies, or review articles of such studies, were accessed for examination. References in the articles were studied to identify additional articles that were not found on the initial search. This continued in an iterative fashion until no additional relevant articles were found. -
About Emotions There Are 8 Primary Emotions. You Are Born with These
About Emotions There are 8 primary emotions. You are born with these emotions wired into your brain. That wiring causes your body to react in certain ways and for you to have certain urges when the emotion arises. Here is a list of primary emotions: Eight Primary Emotions Anger: fury, outrage, wrath, irritability, hostility, resentment and violence. Sadness: grief, sorrow, gloom, melancholy, despair, loneliness, and depression. Fear: anxiety, apprehension, nervousness, dread, fright, and panic. Joy: enjoyment, happiness, relief, bliss, delight, pride, thrill, and ecstasy. Interest: acceptance, friendliness, trust, kindness, affection, love, and devotion. Surprise: shock, astonishment, amazement, astound, and wonder. Disgust: contempt, disdain, scorn, aversion, distaste, and revulsion. Shame: guilt, embarrassment, chagrin, remorse, regret, and contrition. All other emotions are made up by combining these basic 8 emotions. Sometimes we have secondary emotions, an emotional reaction to an emotion. We learn these. Some examples of these are: o Feeling shame when you get angry. o Feeling angry when you have a shame response (e.g., hurt feelings). o Feeling fear when you get angry (maybe you’ve been punished for anger). There are many more. These are NOT wired into our bodies and brains, but are learned from our families, our culture, and others. When you have a secondary emotion, the key is to figure out what the primary emotion, the feeling at the root of your reaction is, so that you can take an action that is most helpful. . -
Parallel Syndromes: Two Dimensions of Narcissism and the Facets of Psychopathic Personality in Criminally Involved Individuals
Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment © 2011 American Psychological Association 2011, Vol. 2, No. 2, 113–127 1949-2715/11/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0021870 Parallel Syndromes: Two Dimensions of Narcissism and the Facets of Psychopathic Personality in Criminally Involved Individuals Michelle Schoenleber, Naomi Sadeh, and Edelyn Verona University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Little research has examined different dimensions of narcissism that may parallel psychopathy facets in criminally involved individuals. In this study, we examined the pattern of relationships between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, assessed using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory–16 and the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, respec- tively, and the four facets of psychopathy (interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, and antisocial) assessed via the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version. As predicted, grandiose and vulnerable narcissism showed differential relationships to psychopathy facets, with gran- diose narcissism relating positively to the interpersonal facet of psychopathy and vulnerable narcissism relating positively to the lifestyle facet of psychopathy. Paralleling existing psychopathy research, vulnerable narcissism showed stronger associations than grandiose narcissism to (a) other forms of psychopathology, including internalizing and substance use disorders, and (b) self- and other-directed aggression, measured with the Life History of Aggression and the Forms of Aggression Questionnaire. Grandiose narcissism was none- theless associated -
Specificity of Psychosis, Mania and Major Depression in A
Molecular Psychiatry (2014) 19, 209–213 & 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 1359-4184/14 www.nature.com/mp ORIGINAL ARTICLE Specificity of psychosis, mania and major depression in a contemporary family study CL Vandeleur1, KR Merikangas2, M-PF Strippoli1, E Castelao1 and M Preisig1 There has been increasing attention to the subgroups of mood disorders and their boundaries with other mental disorders, particularly psychoses. The goals of the present paper were (1) to assess the familial aggregation and co-aggregation patterns of the full spectrum of mood disorders (that is, bipolar, schizoaffective (SAF), major depression) based on contemporary diagnostic criteria; and (2) to evaluate the familial specificity of the major subgroups of mood disorders, including psychotic, manic and major depressive episodes (MDEs). The sample included 293 patients with a lifetime diagnosis of SAF disorder, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (MDD), 110 orthopedic controls, and 1734 adult first-degree relatives. The diagnostic assignment was based on all available information, including direct diagnostic interviews, family history reports and medical records. Our findings revealed specificity of the familial aggregation of psychosis (odds ratio (OR) ¼ 2.9, confidence interval (CI): 1.1–7.7), mania (OR ¼ 6.4, CI: 2.2–18.7) and MDEs (OR ¼ 2.0, CI: 1.5–2.7) but not hypomania (OR ¼ 1.3, CI: 0.5–3.6). There was no evidence for cross-transmission of mania and MDEs (OR ¼ .7, CI:.5–1.1), psychosis and mania (OR ¼ 1.0, CI:.4–2.7) or psychosis and MDEs (OR ¼ 1.0, CI:.7–1.4). -
Bordering on the Bipolar: a Review of Criteria for ICD-11 and DSM-5 Persistent Mood Disorders Jason Luty
BJPsych Advances (2020), vol. 26, 50–57 doi: 10.1192/bja.2019.54 ARTICLE Bordering on the bipolar: a review of criteria for ICD-11 and DSM-5 persistent mood disorders Jason Luty Jason Luty, MB, ChB, PhD, SUMMARY MRCPsych, is a consultant in addic- Persistent low mood with lack of enjoyment (‘anhe- tions, liaison and general psychiatry The principal manuals for psychiatric diagnosis donia’) is common and often hard to treat in psychi- in south-east England. He trained at have recently been updated (ICD-11 was released atric practice. Recent changes in the two major the Maudsley Hospital, London, and in June 2018 and DSM-5 was published in 2013). spent 8 years as a consultant in diagnostic classification systems – ICD-11 released A common diagnostic quandary is the classification addictions with the South Essex in June 2018 (World Health Organization 2018) Partnership NHS Trust. He has a PhD of people with chronic low mood, especially those in pharmacology, following a study of with repeated self-harm (‘emotionally unstable’ or and DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association the molecular mechanisms of recep- ‘borderline’ personality disorder). There has been 2013) – make the time apposite to review the diag- tor desensitisation and tolerance, and a great interest in use of type II bipolar affective dis- nostic categories relevant to persistent mood has published in the addictions field. order (‘bipolar II disorder’) as a less pejorative diag- disorders. Correspondence Dr Jason Luty, nostic alternative to ‘personality disorder’,despite fi Consultant Psychiatrist, Athona There is signi cant diagnostic overlap with emo- Recruitment Ltd, 1st Floor, Juniper the radically different treatment options for these tionally unstable/borderline personality disorder, House, Warley Hill Business Park, disorders. -
1 December 19, 2019 the Psychology of Online Political Hostility
The Psychology of Online Political Hostility: A Comprehensive, Cross-National Test of the Mismatch Hypothesis Alexander Bor* & Michael Bang Petersen Department of Political Science Aarhus University August 30, 2021 Please cite the final version of this paper published in the American Political Science Review at https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000885. Abstract Why are online discussions about politics more hostile than offline discussions? A popular answer argues that human psychology is tailored for face-to-face interaction and people’s behavior therefore changes for the worse in impersonal online discussions. We provide a theoretical formalization and empirical test of this explanation: the mismatch hypothesis. We argue that mismatches between human psychology and novel features of online environments could (a) change people’s behavior, (b) create adverse selection effects and (c) bias people’s perceptions. Across eight studies, leveraging cross-national surveys and behavioral experiments (total N=8,434), we test the mismatch hypothesis but only find evidence for limited selection effects. Instead, hostile political discussions are the result of status-driven individuals who are drawn to politics and are equally hostile both online and offline. Finally, we offer initial evidence that online discussions feel more hostile, in part, because the behavior of such individuals is more visible than offline. Acknowledgements This research has benefitted from discussions with Vin Arceneaux, Matt Levendusky, Mark Van Vugt, John Tooby, and members of the Research on Online Political Hostility (ROHP) group, among many others. We are grateful for constructive comments to workshop attendees at the Political Behavior Section of Aarhus University, at the NYU-SMAPP Lab, at the NYU Social Justice Lab, at the Hertie School, and to conference audiences at APSA 2019, HBES 2019, and ROPH 2020. -
Running Heading: NARCISSISM and INTERPERSONAL SITUATIONS
Running Heading: NARCISSISM AND INTERPERSONAL SITUATIONS Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissistic States in Interpersonal Situations Elizabeth A. Edershile Aidan G.C. Wright University of Pittsburgh This manuscript is currently under review, and therefore should not be treated as the final report. The authors would appreciate critical feedback and suggestions for how to improve the study or its writeup. Word Count: 5,356 Aidan Wright’s effort on this project was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (L30 MH101760). The opinions expressed are solely those of the authors and not those of the funding source. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth Edershile, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3213 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260. E-mail: [email protected] NARCISSISM AND INTERPERSONAL SITUATIONS Abstract Clinicians have noted that narcissistic individuals fluctuate over time in their levels of grandiosity and vulnerability. However, these fluctuations remain poorly understood from an empirical perspective. Interpersonal theory asserts that interpersonal situations are central to the expression of personality and psychopathology, and therefore are a key context in which to understand state narcissism’s dynamic processes. The present study is the first to examine state narcissism assessed during interpersonal situations. Specifically, perceptions of others’ warmth and dominance, momentary grandiosity and vulnerability, and one’s own warm and dominant behavior were assessed across situations in daily life in a large sample (person N=286; occasion N=6,837). Results revealed that more grandiose individuals perceived others as colder and behaved in a more dominant and cold fashion, on average. But in the moment, relatively higher grandiosity was associated with perceiving others as warmer and more submissive and resulted in more dominant and warm behavior. -
How Does Psychopathy Relate to Humor and Laughter? Dispositions Toward Ridicule and Being Laughed At, the Sense of Humor, and Psychopathic Personality Traits
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2012 How does psychopathy relate to humor and laughter? Dispositions toward ridicule and being laughed at, the sense of humor, and psychopathic personality traits Proyer, Rene T ; Flisch, Rahel ; Tschupp, Stefanie ; Platt, Tracey ; Ruch, Willibald Abstract: This scoping study examines the relation of the sense of humor and three dispositions toward ridicule and being laughed at to psychopathic personality traits. Based on self-reports from 233 adults, psychopathic personality traits were robustly related to enjoying laughing at others, which most strongly related to a manipulative/impulsive lifestyle and callousness. Higher psychopathic traits correlated with bad mood and it existed independently from the ability of laughing at oneself. While overall psychopathic personality traits existed independently from the sense of humor, the facet of superficial charm yielded a robust positive relation. Higher joy in being laughed at also correlated with higher expressions in superficial charm and grandiosity while fearing to be laughed at went along with higher expressions in a manipulative life-style. Thus, the psychopathic personality trait could be well described in its relation to humor and laughter. Implications of the findings are highlighted and discussed with respect to the current literature. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.04.007 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-62966 Journal Article Accepted Version Originally published at: Proyer, Rene T; Flisch, Rahel; Tschupp, Stefanie; Platt, Tracey; Ruch, Willibald (2012). -
What Is Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar Disorder Fact Sheet For more information about bipolar or other mental health disorders, call 513-563-HOPE or visit our website at www.lindnercenterofhope.com. What Is Bipolar Disorder? What does your mood Each year, nearly 6 million adults (or approximately 5% of the population) in the U.S. are affected by bipolar disorder, according to the Depression and Bipolar Support say about you? Alliance. While the condition is treatable, unfortunately bipolar disorder is frequently misdiagnosed and may be present an average of 10 years before it is correctly identified. Go to My Mood Monitor™, a three minute assessment Bipolar disorder (also known as bipolar depression or manic depression) is identified for anxiety, depression, PTSD by extreme shifts in mood, energy, and functioning that can be subtle or dramatic. The characteristics can vary greatly among individuals and even throughout the and bipolar disorder, at course of one individual’s life. www.mymoodmonitor.com to see if you may need a Bipolar disorder is usually a life-long condition that begins in adolescence or early professional evaluation. adulthood with recurring episodes of mania (highs) and depression (lows) that can continue for days, months or even years. My Mood Monitor™ Copyright © 2002-2010 by M3 Information™ Phases of Bipolar Disorder • Mania is the activated phase of bipolar disorder and is characterized by extreme moods, increased or impulsive mental and physical activities, and risk taking. • Hypomania describes a mild-to-moderate level of mania. Because it may feel good to the individual experiencing it, this condition can be difficult for someone with bipolar illness to recognize as a concern. -
Dysphoria As a Complex Emotional State and Its Role in Psychopathology
Dysphoria as a complex emotional state and its role in psychopathology Vladan Starcevic A/Professor, University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Australia Objectives • Review conceptualisations of dysphoria • Present dysphoria as a transdiagnostic complex emotional state and assessment of dysphoria based on this conceptualisation What is dysphoria? • The term is derived from Greek (δύσφορος) and denotes distress that is hard to bear Dysphoria: associated with externalisation? • “Mixed affect” leading to an “affect of suspicion”1,2 1 Sandberg: Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und Psychisch-Gerichtl Medizin 1896; 52:619-654 2 Specht G: Über den pathologischen Affekt in der chronischen Paranoia. Festschrift der Erlanger Universität, 1901 • A syndrome that always includes irritability and at least two of the following: internal tension, suspiciousness, hostility and aggressive or destructive behaviour3 3 Dayer et al: Bipolar Disord 2000; 2: 316-324 Dysphoria: associated with internalisation? • Six “dysphoric symptoms”: depressed mood, anhedonia, guilt, suicide, fatigue and anxiety1 1 Cassidy et al: Psychol Med 2000; 30:403-411 Dysphoria: a nonspecific state? • Dysphoria is a “nonspecific syndrome” and has “no particular place in a categorical diagnostic system”1; it is neglected and treated like an “orphan”1 1 Musalek et al: Psychopathol 2000; 33:209-214 • Dysphoria “can refer to many ways of feeling bad”2 2 Swann: Bipolar Disord 2000; 2:325-327 Textbook definitions: dysphoria nonspecific, mainly internalising? • “Feeling