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Rare Report of Orchitis in a Bull Due to Trypanosoma Evansi Infection

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Rare Report of Orchitis in a Bull Due to Trypanosoma Evansi Infection J Parasit Dis (Jan-Mar 2019) 43(1):28–30 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-018-1050-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Rare report of orchitis in a bull due to Trypanosoma evansi infection 1 2 S. Sivajothi • B. Sudhakara Reddy Received: 14 July 2018 / Accepted: 25 October 2018 / Published online: 10 November 2018 Ó Indian Society for Parasitology 2018 Abstract A 9 years old bull was presented to the hospital clinical signs varies with the type of host and depends on with a history of scrotal swelling for a period of 12 days the host’s immunity and stress levels (Sivajothi and Reddy and progressive emaciation with intermittent fever. Clini- 2018). Commonly reported clinicopathological findings are cal examination revealed the swollen and painful scrotum anaemia, intermittent fever and corneal opacity. In a few with fluid thrill, mild abduction and disorientation of hin- animals, reduction in the working ability and reproductive dlimbs were noticed. Ultrasonography of the testes performance is associated with the reduction in serum revealed the anechoic fluid in between the visceral and thyroxin levels (Reddy et al. 2016). Literature is available parietal layers of tunica vaginalis of testis with variation in on the development of the testicular lesions in T. the echogenicity of the testes. Stained peripheral blood evansi infected experimental animals but, orchitis due to smear examination revealed the presence of Trypanosoma natural T. evansi infected bulls was limited (Shehu et al. evansi organisms. The bull was administered with dimi- 2006). Hence present communication put the record on nazene aceturate, enrofloxacin, flunixin meglumine, mul- orchitis in a bull due to T. evansi infection. tivitamin injections and dextrose normal saline. Uneventful recovery was noticed following the therapy. Case history and observations Keywords Bull Á Trypanosoma evansi Á Orchitis Á Ultrasonography A 9 years old bull was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur with the history of swelling of the scrotum for a period of Introduction 12 days and progressive emaciation with intermittent fever. Clinical examination revealed the disorientation of hind Trypanosoma evansi is one of the most pathogenic try- limb with mild abduction and fluid thrill and pain while panosomes in the world causing disease known as ‘‘surra’’ palpation of the scrotum (Fig. 1), rectal temperature in animals. It causes a serious, often fatal disease in 103.2 °F, heart rate 88/min and respiratory rate 32/min. domestic as well as pet animals. Development of the Whole blood with an addition of EDTA, serum and peripheral blood smear were collected for laboratory analysis. Trans-scrotal ultrasonography was carried out to & S. Sivajothi [email protected] assess the abnormalities related to the testes in accordance with the previous studies (Reddy et al. 2018). 1 Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Stained peripheral blood smear examination revealed Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, the presence of the Trypanosoma evansi organisms Proddatur 516 360, Andhra Pradesh, India (Fig. 2). Haemato-biochemical findings revealed reduced 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary packed cell volume (28%), haemoglobin (9.2 g/dL), total Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Sri 6 Venkateswara Veterinary University, Proddatur 516 360, erythrocyte count (4.1 9 10 /lL) and total leucocyte count Andhra Pradesh, India (10,660/lL) with neutrophilia (54%). Serum analysis 123 J Parasit Dis (Jan-Mar 2019) 43(1):28–30 29 Fig. 1 Testicular enlargement Fig. 3 Scrotal ultrasonography—clear anechoic fluid with different echogenicity of the testes Treatment and discussion The bull was administered with inj. diminazene aceturate (7 mg/kg body weight, QD, IM, 3 days) (Jatau et al. 2010), inj. enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg body weight, QD, IV, 21 days), inj. flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg body weight, QD, IM 3 days), multivitamin injections, boli containing live yeast culture, 5% dextrose normal saline (10 ml/kg body weight) as supportive therapy. Improvement in the scrotum was noticed by the third day of post-therapy and recurrence was not reported up to the 18 months of Fig. 2 Microscopic examination of the stained blood smears— presence of Trypanosoma evansi organisms (91000) observatory period. The bull was free from brucellosis, no history of tes- revealed total protein (6.81 g/dL), albumin (2.88 g/dL), ticular trauma, presence of the scrotal serous fluid and calcium (8.89 mg/dL), inorganic phosphorus (4.12 mg/ emaciation with intermittent fever indicative of orchitis due dL), creatinine (2.11 mg/dL) and blood urea nitrogen to chronic Trypanosoma evansi infection. Recorded hae- (48.65 mg/dL) levels. Serum sample was negative for mato-biochemical findings were in agreement with the brucellosis. Ultrasonography of the testes revealed the previous reports (Sivajothi et al. 2014). Inflammation of the presence of anechoic fluid in between the visceral and testes is due to primary or secondary causes. Orchitis leads parietal layers of tunica vaginalis of testis and variations in to severe discomfort for the bulls which will have an effect the echogenicity of the two testes (Fig. 3). Ultrasono- on the reproduction and working ability. In the present graphic guidance fine needle aspiration of the scrotal study, scrotum and the scrotal contents were assessed by contents revealed the presence of the serous fluid and the ultrasonography examination in accordance with the microscopic examination revealed the presence of mature Reddy et al. (2018) who advised ultrasonography is one of and immature neutrophils. Bull in the present study owned the diagnostic procedures for assessment of the internal by the former and study was carried out with the full structures of the scrotum. In mature bulls accumulation of consent and cooperation of the owner. The present study fluid within the scrotal vaginal cavity due to local inflam- was carried out on the clinical case presented to the hos- mation or traumatic lesions and without any evidence of pital so, approval of the institutional animal ethical com- above. During ultrasonography, accumulated fluid is in the mittee is not required. scrotal vaginal cavity is serous in nature it may appear as anechoic and it is in purulent it will have mixed echogenicity and in chronic cases, it becomes as fibrinous in nature and appeared as hyperechogenic in nature. During the early stages of orchitis, inflammation process of the 123 30 J Parasit Dis (Jan-Mar 2019) 43(1):28–30 testes due to invasion by try-panosomes, which further Author’s contribution Both the authors had equal role for the study. results in enlargement of the scrotal size and development S. Sivajothi diagnosed the case as suffering from Trypanosoma evansi and prepared the manuscript for submission. B. Sudhakara Reddy has of the abnormal vital signs. But, during the chronic infec- done the ultrasonography and edited the manuscript. tion, it leads to inflammatory changes in testes which fur- ther cause decrease in scrotal circumference and atrophy of Compliance with ethical standards testicles. Variation in the echogenicity of the testes in the Conflict of interest Both the authors have no conflict of interest present study supported by Okubanjo et al. (2014) who regarding publication of the article. reported the variation of the size of testes in rams infected with Trypanosoma congolense. During the pathogenesis, degenerative changes in the testes, delayed puberty further References leads to loss of libido was reported in trypanosomosis. According to Wada et al. (2016) direct trypanosomal Al-Qarawi AA, Omar HM, Abdel-Rahman HA, El-Mougy SA, El- damage and pathological changes in the testis are respon- Belely MS (2004) Trypanosomiasis-induced infertility in sible for the aspermia in Trypanosoma evansi infected male dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) bulls: changes in plasma steroids concentration and semen characteristics. Anim Reprod goats. During the T. vivax infection it causes testicular and Sci 84:73–82 epididymal lesions and leads to development of the infer- Jatau ID, Lawal AI, Agbede RIS, Abdurrahman EM (2010) Efficacies tility and sterility in animals chronically affected with T. of diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride in Try- panosoma evansi vivax (Sekoni et al. 2004). In camels, T. evansi causes the experimentally infected rats. Sokoto J Vet Sci 8:4–8 elevation of the estradiol levels and reduction in the levels Okubanjo OO, Sekoni VO, Ajanusi OJ, Nok AJ, Adeyeye AA (2014) of testosterone levels which further leads to production of Testicular and epididymal pathology in Yankasa rams experi- abnormal sperm (Al-Qarawi et al. 2004). T. evansi causes mentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Asian Pac J degeneration of the seminiferous tubules and spermatids, Trop Dis 4(3):185–189 Reddy BS, Kumari KN, Sivajothi S, Rayulu VC (2016) Haemato- testicular atrophy, decrease of epididymal sperm reserves biochemical and thyroxin status in Trypanosoma evansi infected and severe testicular degeneration (Shehu et al. 2006). T. dogs. J Parasit Dis 40(2):491–495 evansi does not cause fatal disease in cattle but, in the Reddy BS, Reddy YVP, Sivajothi S (2018) Trans-scrotal ultrasonog- present study, orchitis was developed due to chronic T. raphy evaluation of the cross-bred Ongole bulls. Comp Clin Pathol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2817-z evansi infection. Present study findings were supported by Sekoni VO, Rekawot PI, Bawa EK (2004) Effects of Trypanosoma the similar testicular abnormality findings in the T. vivax and Trypanosoma congolense infections on the reaction evansi infected rams, camels and in experimental studies in time and semen characteristics of Zebu (Bunaji) 9 Friesian laboratory animals (Al-Qarawi et al. 2004; Shehu et al. crossbred bulls. Theriogenol 61:174–194 Shehu SA, Ibrahim NDG, Kan Esievo, Mohammed G (2006) 2006; Wada et al. 2016). Pathology of experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in Savannah Brown Buck. Pak J Biol Sci 9:522–525 Sivajothi S, Reddy BS (2018) Trypanosoma evansi infection in a cat—a rare case.
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