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A Guide to Improving & Maintaining Sugar Bush Health & Productivity

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A Guide to Improving & Maintaining Sugar Bush Health & Productivity AA GuideGuide toto ImprovingImproving andand MaintainingMaintaining SugarSugar BushBush HealthHealth andand ProductivityProductivity A Guide to Improvingand Maintaining Sugar Bush Health and Productivity Maintaining Sugar A Guide to Improvingand Ontario Maple Syrup Producers Association Sugar Bush Cvr.indd 1 6/27/06 4:06:46 PM A Guide to Improving and Maintaining Sugar Bush Health and Productivity 2006 AUTHORS: Dave Chapeskie, B.Sc.F., M.Sc.F., R.P.F. Agroforestry Specialist, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Mark Richardson, B.Sc.F., R.P.F. Project Forester, Eastern Ontario Model Forest Angela Wheeler, B.Sc. Maple Consultant Bob Sajan, Forest Health Consultant, Natural Resources Canada Peter Neave, M.Sc. Resource Management Consultant This publication was produced under the leadership of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs in partnership with the Agricultural Adaption Council, Natural Resources Canada and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Ontario Maple Syrup Producers Association, the Ontario Woodlot Association and the Eastern Ontario Model Forest. Copyright © 2006 Eastern Ontario Model Forest P.O. Bag 2111, Kemptville, ON K0G 1J0, Canada Tel.: (613) 258-8241, E-mail: [email protected] Design, layout and illustrations: Mary Moore, Cedar Lane Studio, Spencerville, Ontario K0E 1X0 http://www.cedarlanestudio.net, E-mail: [email protected] Notice of Rights All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the author. ISBN.1-897262-20-5 Printed and bound in Canada Acknowledgement Administrative, financial and technical assistance provided by the Ontario Maple Syrup Producers Association and its membership is greatly appreciated. Financial assistance was also provided by the Ontario Woodlot Association, INFOR Inc. (New Brunswick) and Ontario’s Stewardship Councils. Funding for this project was provided in part by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) through the Agricultural Adaptation Councils various funding programs. Administrative and technical assistance provided by the Eastern Ontario Model Forest was very important to completing this publication. The co- authors are commended for their efforts above and beyond the call of duty to help make this publication a reality. Clarence Coons, Agroforestry Consultant is thanked for technical input and images he provided during the preparation of this publication. His earlier publication helped pave the way for a strengthened emphasis on proper care for Ontario’s sugar bushes. Editorial and office assistance was provided by Nancy Robinson and Johanne Desaulniers-Veilleux, Client Service Representatives, OMAFRA. Kelly Ward, Product Development Specialist, OMAFRA also provided editorial assistance Dave Chapeskie, R.P.F., Agroforestry Specialist and Co-Author, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Ontario Maple Syrup Producers Association A Guide to Improving and Maintaining Sugar Bush Health and Productivity iii Table of Contents Acknowledgement III 7 Establishment and Maintenance 1 Introduction 1 of Maple Orchards 65 BENEFITS OF A MAPLE ORCHARD 66 2 Ontario’s Maple Syrup Industry 2 PLANNING FOR A MAPLE ORCHARD 66 3 Early Maple Production and SELECTING A MAPLE ORCHARD SITE 66 Management 5 EVALUATING THE SITE FOR SUGAR MAPLE 69 MAPLE PRODUCTION BY ENERAL ECOMMENDATIONS FOR AN ABORIGINAL PEOPLES 6 G R ORCHARD SITE 70 MAPLE PRODUCTION BY SETTLERS 6 SITE PREPARATION AND TENDING 71 MAPLE SUGAR PRODUCTION AS ORCHARD DESIGN AND SPACING 71 AN INDUSTRY 7 RANSPLANT TOCK THE HISTORY OF SUGAR BUSH T S 72 MANAGEMENT IN RURAL ONTARIO 8 ORCHARD MAINTENANCE 74 4 Maple Health and Productivity 10 THINNING THE MAPLE ORCHARD 76 CHARACTERISTICS OF MAPLE SPECIES 11 PROTECTION FROM LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE DAMAGE 76 CHARACTERISTICS OF MAPLE STANDS 18 BIODIVERSITY 24 8 Tapping Your Sugar Bush 78 5 Sugar Bush Management THE PROCESS OF COMPARTMENTALIZATION 78 Techniques 29 TAPPING PRACTICES 78 SPILE DESIGN 79 FACTORS INFLUENCING HOW TO MANAGE A SUGAR BUSH 31 SAP FLOW MECHANISM 79 SUGAR BUSH MANAGEMENT FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE SAP FLOW 80 ACTIVITIES 34 TAPPING PRACTICES FOR MAXIMUM PARTS OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN 36 SAP FLOW 81 5 STEPS TO DEVELOPING A TAPPING GUIDELINES IN ONTARIO 82 MANAGEMENT PLAN 39 SAP COLLECTION SYSTEMS AND THE SUGAR BUSH INVENTORY 40 ACCESS ROADS 83 THE OPERATING PLAN 44 6 Thinning in the Sugar Bush 45 IMPLEMENTING A THINNING OPERATION 46 HARVESTING TECHNIQUES FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUGAR BUSHES 53 SELECTING TREES IN YOUR SUGAR BUSH 58 iv A Guide to Improving and Maintaining Sugar Bush Health and Productivity Contents 9 Problems Which Affect Sugar A Appendix A: Glossary 120 Bush Health and Productivity 86 B Appendix B: Sap Sweetness 123 MANAGING STRESSED SUGAR BUSHES 87 C Appendix C: Offsetting Tap MAPLE DIEBACK AND DECLINE 89 Loss Through Harvesting 125 SEVERE DEFOLIATION 90 D Appendix D: Understanding SUGAR BUSH FERTILITY AND SOIL PH 91 Basal Area in the Sugar Bush 127 DRAINAGE 95 E Appendix E: Ice Storm INVASIVE SPECIES 96 1998 Research 129 FOREST PESTS 100 F Appendix F: Potential MAJOR INSECTS 102 Implications of Climate Change 131 MINOR INSECTS 105 G Appendix G: Sources of MAJOR DISEASES 107 Information and Contacts 133 STEM DECAYS 110 ANIMAL PROBLEMS 112 H References 135 CLIMATIC STRESS FACTORS 113 MECHANICAL DAMAGE 116 10 Additional Opportunities for Your Sugar Bush 117 11 Characteristics of a Healthy and Productive Sugar Bush 118 A Guide to Improving and Maintaining Sugar Bush Health and Productivity v “A healthy and productive sugar bush provides the foundation for a profitable maple syrup production enterprise.” – Agroforestry Specialist, Eastern Ontario “I enjoy working in my sugar bush and observing the rapid growth response of young maple trees.“ – Maple Producer, Ontario “I want to leave my sugar bush in a healthier, more productive state so that my children and grandchildren can enjoy the maple tradition as I have.“ – Maple Producer, Ontario “I enjoy walking in the sugar bush with my family and observing song birds and other animals in the off-season.” – Maple Producer, Ontario “I had a good cut of veneer logs from my managed sugar bush – some woods operators told me that this was not possible if the trees were tapped.“ – Maple Producer, Ontario “I harvest my annual fuel supply for my evaporator from my sugar bush. I enjoy the work and save on energy costs.” – Maple Producer, Ontario 1 Introduction he production of maple syrup is a very the interest. For example, if the interest is important aspect of rural life for many in major forest pests affecting sugar bushes, Tfamilies in Ontario. Early each spring men, the maple producer will read that particular women and children take to the woods to section. At another time, their interest may be participate in the yearly tradition of tapping in developing a plan for the sugar bush and trees and boiling sap. For many, it is part they will use pertinent materials related to of their heritage, steeped in history and planning. closely linked to family values. For others, The publication will also be a valuable maple production is a business providing an reference for forest resource professionals and important portion of their annual income. Still teachers responsible for delivering educational for others, it is a new activity or hobby which programs focused on sugar bush management. presents a unique set of challenges as skills are learned and new traditions are developed. The overall goal is to encourage the development of written plans for the sugar bush and to expand adoption of best management practices in the sugar bush by maple producers. The practices recommended are designed to maintain and/or enhance the health of the sugar bush as well as its production capacity for sap and other secondary products. Application of the practices recommended in this publication will help ensure that maple operations will remain economically viable in the long-term. At the same time, the health and productivity of the Many sugar bushes in Ontario have been sugar bush will be maintained and enhanced. tapped for generations. Some operations have been in continuous production for over 100 Some management philosophies and practices years. This demonstrates the sustainability have changed dramatically over the past 20 A Guide to Improving and Maintaining of sugar bushes and associated production years. Sugar Bush Health and Productivity facilities. This sustainability can be assured was in the future if sugar bushes are cared for in developed taking into account these changes a manner consistent with the principles and and the results of research and operational practices described in this publication. experience accumulated over this time. It also reflects current policy and acceptable practice This manual is a comprehensive guide for regarding the use of pesticides and other sugar bush operators interested in improving chemicals in the sugar bush. This publication and maintaining a healthy and productive replaces the Ontario publication entitled sugar bush. It was developed primarily for Sugar Bush Management for Maple Syrup use by commercial maple producers, or Producers, by Clarence Coons, which was individuals who will own and/or manage published in 1975. a commercial maple operation in the future. Due to its comprehensive nature, it is intended for use as a reference on particular aspects of sugar bush management, depending on A Guide to Improving and Maintaining Sugar Bush Health and Productivity 1 2 Ontario’s Maple Syrup Industry In 2000, he production of maple syrup and other In 2000, Ontario’s maple syrup industry Ontario’s maple Tmaple related products continues to be a produced its most valuable maple crop on syrup industry very important industry in Ontario which record with a farm gate value of 17.7 million ranks fourth in the world following Quebec, dollars. In recent years, annual production produced its Vermont and Maine. Although the total has been an estimated 1,100,000 litres from 1.3 most valuable number of taps has increased from a low of million taps or 0.8 litres per tap.
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