Process by which cells transfer energy from food to ATP Cells rely heavily on Oxygen Can be Aerobic or Anaerobic Brain cells cannot produce energy anaerobicly Heart Cells have a minimal ability to produce energy anaerobicly
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport
Carb Metabolism Only food the can create energy through Anaerobic metabolism Preferred food of the body, uses least amount of oxygen Glucose- 6-carbon sugar C6H12O6 Break down= Glucose + Oxygen = Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy Excess Glucose stored as Glycogen stored in the liver & muscles
Stage 1- Glycolysis Prepares glucose to enter the next stage Converts Glucose to Pyruvic Acid (Aerobic) or Lactic Acid (Anaerobic) ATP is produced 2 ATP used in the first steps (Only 1 if glycogen) 2 ATP produced end steps 2 NAD FAD & NAD similar to a taxi (Transport Oxygen) 6 Carbon Glucose broken down to 2 3-carbon cells Lactic Acid- Glycogen (Anaerobic) Pyruvic acid- Glucose (Aerobic)
Stage 2- Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme A Converts Pyruvate to Acetyl Coenzyme A No ATP is used or produced 2 NAD (4 NAD)
Stage 3- Krebs Cycle Begins & ends with the same substance No ATP is used 2 ATP Made (2 Cells) Hydrogen’s spilt for Electron Transport 6 NAD
Stage 4- Electron Transport System Hydrogen taken from FAD & NAD to make water Electrons are dropped off and then pick up- repeats 3 times One ATP for each for each pair of Hydrogen’s Each NAD makes 3ATP Each FAD makes 2 ATP
Total Stage 1 – Glycolysis-2 ATP, NAD but can’t be used in skeletal muscle (FAD uses electron in skeletal muscle 2 FAD= 4
Stage 2- Acetyl- 2-NAD= 6 ATP Stage 3-Krebs- 2 ATP, 3 NAD= 9, 1 FAD= 2, 11 total 2 cells= 22
36 Total ATP
Fat- Triglyceride Major storage form of energy- some stored in muscle the rest in adipose tissue 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids Glycerol not used in exercise, but can be covered to glucose in the liver Beta Oxidation- breakdown of free fatty acids Does not directly produce ATP 1 ATP used (ATP- ADP= 2 ATP used) FAD & NAD (2 + 3= 5 ATP) Number of carbon in the fat/2- 1= # of cycles 16-carbon fatty acid (16/2- 1= 7 cycles) 35 total ATP (5 ATP x 7) Acetyl CoA also made (8) Each Acetyl CoA makes 1 ATP & 3 NAD (9 ATP) & 1 FAD (2 ATP)= 12 ATP 8 Acetyl CoA x 12 ATP each= 96 ATP 96 + 35= 131- 2= 129 ATP (2 ATP used at the beginning)
Protein Metabolism Proteins are used as building blocks not for energy (Hemoglobin, muscles, hormones, tendons, ligaments) Nitrogen must be removed Nitrogen is removed to make pyruvate Starts at Stage 2- NAD= 3 ATP Krebs- 1 ATP, 3 NAD (9 ATP), 1 FAD (2 ATP)= 12 ATP 15 Total ATP Ketones is a by product- Increases Acidity, Dehydration More water is needed Increases calcium excretion, loss in bone growth density
Lactic Acid Blood becomes more acidic Pain- Lactic Acid accumulates & stimulates pain nerve endings in the muscle Decreased Performance- Decreased ATP production (inactivates enzymes & cell membrane), Glycogen breakdown is slowed, increased fatigue interferes with calcium uptake