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Diplomarbeit View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „As influências das línguas indígenas no Português do Brasil“ Verfasserin Aline Liliane Courtois Vosatka angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 236 357 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Diplomstudium Romanistik UniStG Portugiesisch Betreuer: o. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Georg Kremnitz AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a todos aqueles que me apoiaram com idéias, sugestões, incentivos e correções, a todos que me ajudaram a tornar possível a realização deste trabalho de Mestrado. Em primeiro lugar gostaria de agradecer à minha maravilhosa irmã Raquel Luciane de Souza Courtois pela sua paciência, seu amor e pelo tempo que dedicou lendo todo o trabalho, à minha querida mãe pelo amor e dedicação que sempre teve conosco, muito obrigada a toda minha amada família. Agradeço também a meu esposo Michael Vosatka pelas suas críticas construtivas, incentivo e valiosas sugestões. Muito obrigada a toda família Vosatka que me deu tanto apoio moral e força para finalizar este Mestrado. Um obrigado especial à Ursula Vosatka e a Edgar Medina pela ajuda na busca de literatura ao longo deste trabalho e pelas correções. Evidentemente gostaria de agradecer ao Prof. Dr. Georg Kremnitz por ter sido meu orientador e pela sua paciência e disposição em me ajudar. Agradeço e dedico este trabalho principalmente aos povos indígenas do Brasil pela enorme herança que deixaram no léxico e na cultura brasileira, herança que pode ser sentida até os dias atuais. III IV RESUMO O presente trabalho visa mostrar a riqueza e abundância da presença indígena no português do Brasil usando para isso como plano de fundo o contexto histórico- social. O objetivo é acompanhar os empréstimos linguísticos das línguas indígenas ao longo dos séculos até os dias atuais, saber quando foram mais intensos, em quais áreas mais se destacaram e qual impacto deixou na cultura brasileira. Foram encontrados diversos antropônimos, topônimos, nomes de instituições, utensílios, fragmentos na fraseologia, lendas, canções de origem indígena. Como resultado observa-se que a maior e mais incontestável contribuição das línguas indígenas ao português brasileiro encontra-se no léxico, principalmente nas palavras relacionadas com a natureza, a saber: a flora, a fauna, a toponímia, entre outros. Estes primeiros empréstimos estão relacionados à época da colonização do Brasil e ao prestígio que a língua dos nativos adquiriu com o passar do tempo. Como resultado observou-se também que os empréstimos de origem indígena ao português brasileiro no século XX e XXI e que aparecem sobretudo em nomes de instituições, campanhas publicitárias, em diversos campos da ciência como a Paleontologia, estão ligados a uma “brasilidade” e buscam diferenciar o Brasil diante de outros países, aportando- lhe um caráter autêntico e único. Palavras-chave: Português brasileiro, empréstimos linguísticos, línguas ameríndias, línguas indígenas. V VI ABSTRACT Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht, den Reichtum und die Fülle der indigenen Anwesenheit im Portugiesisch Brasiliens vor dem Hintergrund des historisch- soziologischen Kontextes aufzuzeigen. Das Ziel ist, die Lehnwörter der indigenen Sprachen durch die Jahrhunderte bis in die heutige Zeit zu begleiten, zu wissen, wann diese am stärksten verwendet wurden, in welchen Bereichen sie am stärksten hervorgetreten sind und welchen Eindruck sie in der Kultur Brasiliens hinterlassen haben. Zahlreiche Anthroponyme, Toponyme, Bezeichnungen von Institutionen, Gegenständen, Überbleibsel in der Phraseologie, Erzählungen und Lieder mit indigenem Ursprung werden beschrieben. Als Ergebnis wird dargelegt, dass sich der größte und unleugbarste Beitrag der indigenen Sprachen auf das brasilianische Portugiesisch im Wortschatz findet, hauptsächlich in Wörtern mit Bezug zur Natur, das bedeutet, Begriffe aus Flora und Fauna oder der Toponymie und ähnlichem. Diese ersten Lehnwörter sind mit der Epoche der Kolonisation Brasiliens verbunden und mit dem Ansehen, das die Sprache der Ureinwohner im Lauf der Zeit erwarb. Als Ergebnis zeigt sich auch, dass die Lehnwörter indigenen Ursprungs im brasilianischen Portugiesisch, die im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert vor allem in Bezeichnungen von Institutionen, Werbekampagnen und in diversen Gebieten der Wissenschaft erscheinen, mit einer brasilianischen Identitätsfindung verbunden sind und versuchen, Brasilien kulturell gegenüber anderen Ländern abzugrenzen und dem Land einen authentischen und einzigartigen Charakter zu verleihen. Schlagwörter: Brasilianisches Portugiesisch, Lehnwörter, Amerind-Sprachen, Indigene Sprachen VII VIII ÍNDICE AGRADECIMENTOS ................................................................................................. III RESUMO.................................................................................................................... V ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. VII ÍNDICE ...................................................................................................................... IX INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................ 1 1 A CLASSIFICAÇÃO DAS LÍNGUAS AMERÍNDIAS ............................................. 5 1.1 As famílias linguísticas ameríndias do continente americano ......................... 5 1.2 As línguas indígenas do Brasil e suas respectivas famílias .......................... 13 2 PRINCIPAIS EMPRÉSTIMOS DAS LÍNGUAS INDÍGENAS DESDE O DESCOBRIMENTO DO BRASIL ATÉ O SÉCULO XVIII ........................................... 20 2.1 Pindorama: descobrimento e os primeiros contatos ..................................... 20 2.2 Primeiros anos após o descobrimento: do Tupi Antigo à Língua Geral e a política de miscigenação........................................................................................ 23 2.3 Empréstimos indígenas do século XVI ao XVIII: nomes da fauna e flora brasileiras com expressões populares e pejorativos ............................................. 30 2.3.1 Mamíferos ............................................................................................ 32 2.3.2 Aves ..................................................................................................... 33 2.3.3 Répteis ................................................................................................. 36 2.3.4 Anfíbios ................................................................................................ 36 2.3.5 Peixes .................................................................................................. 37 2.3.6 Insetos .................................................................................................. 38 2.3.7 Outros invertebrados ............................................................................ 39 IX 2.4 Expressões coloquiais em Português oriundas no período colonial ............ 41 2.5 Capitanias hereditárias (1532-1548): alianças entre europeus e nativos ..... 43 2.6 Expedições exploratórias: entradas e bandeiras e a expansão do território 46 2.7 Empréstimos de topônimos indígenas do século XVI ao XVIII..................... 48 2.8 Escravatura indígena e africana: os contatos linguísticos entre as línguas indígenas, africanas e o Português ....................................................................... 54 2.9 Missões jesuítas: a língua como instrumento de evangelização .................. 57 3 TEXTOS ESCRITOS: VALORIZAÇÃO DA CULTURA E LÍNGUA INDÍGENA ... 63 3.1 A documentação do Tupi: Padre José de Anchieta e a primeira gramática em língua tupi (1595) .................................................................................................. 63 3.2 A documentação do Guarani: António Ruiz de Montoya e a primeira gramática em língua guarani (1640)...................................................................... 66 3.3 Adaptações fonéticas e adulterações na língua dos Tupinambás ................ 68 3.4 Significados etimológicos de alguns topônimos e nomes da flora e fauna brasileiros com termos de origem indígena ........................................................... 72 3.5 Século XIX e o Indianismo: exaltação de vocábulos indianistas na poesia e prosa ..................................................................................................................... 74 3.6 Semana de Arte Moderna (1922): Tupi or not Tupi that is the question ....... 82 3.7 Primeira Enciclopédia dos Povos Indígenas no Brasil ................................. 86 4 SÉCULO XX E XXI: EMPRÉSTIMOS ATUAIS DE TERMOS INDÍGENAS AO PORTUGUÊS DO BRASIL: A ETERNA BUSCA PELA BRASILIDADE? .................. 88 4.1 O papel histórico nos empréstimos modernos e outras razões importantes para sua ocorrência ............................................................................................... 88 4.2 Antropônimos de origem Tupi e Guarani e outras línguas indígenas ........... 89 4.3 Topônimos de origem Tupi e Guarani e outras línguas indígenas ................ 94 X 4.4 Nomes de instituições, artistas brasileiros, personagens humorísticos e entretenimento no Brasil ........................................................................................ 97 4.5 A Paleontologia e os nomes e mitos indígenas .......................................... 104 4.6 Palavras indígenas usadas como pejorativos no Português
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