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ACPN000702QK000.qxd 11/13/06 3:34 PM Page i Critical INTRODUCTION to the NEW TESTAMENT ACPN000702QK000.qxd 11/13/06 3:34 PM Page ii ACPN000702QK000.qxd 11/13/06 3:34 PM Page iii Critical INTRODUCTION to the NEW TESTAMENT Interpreting the Message and Meaning of Jesus Christ C ARL R. HOLLADAY Abingdon Press / Nashville ACPN000702QK000.qxd 11/13/06 3:34 PM Page iv A CRITICAL INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW TESTAMENT INTERPRETING THE MESSAGE AND MEANING OF JESUS CHRIST Copyright © 2005 by Abingdon Press All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ- ing photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permitted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission can be addressed to Abingdon Press, P.O. Box 801, 201 Eighth Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37202-0801, or e-mailed to [email protected]. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Holladay, Carl R. A critical introduction to the New Testament : interpreting the message and meaning of Jesus Christ / Carl R. Holladay. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-687-08569-1 (adhesive perfect binding : alk. paper) 1. Bible. N.T.—Criticism, interpretation, etc. I. Title. BS2361.3.H65 2005 225.6’1—dc22 2004030675 All scripture quotations unless noted otherwise are taken from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright 1989, by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Excerpts from The Jerusalem Bible, copyright 1966 by Darton, Longman & Todd, Ltd., and Doubleday, a division of Random House, Inc. Reprinted by permission. Scripture quotations marked KJV are from the King James or Authorized Version of the Bible. Scripture quotations marked NEB are from The New English Bible. © The Delegates of the Oxford University Press and The Syndics of the Cambridge University Press, 1961, 1970. Reprinted by permission. Scripture quotations marked NIV are taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan Publishing House. All rights reserved. Scripture quotations marked REB are from The Revised English Bible © Oxford University Press and Cambridge University Press, 1989. Permission to quote from the following works in both print and electronic form has been granted by the named publisher: C. K. Barrett, The New Testament Background: Selected Documents. London: SPCK, 1989. Copyright © SPCK, Holy Trinity Church, Marylebone Road, London, NW1 4DM, England. Used by permission. Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics IV/1. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1956. Copyright © The Continuum International Publishing Group, 15 East 26th St., Suite 1703, New York, NY 10010. Used by permission. Gunther Bornkamm, Jesus of Nazareth. Translated by Irene and Fraser McCluskey. Copyright © 1960 by Hodder & Stoughton, Ltd., and Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. English translation copyright © 1961 by Hodder and Stoughton, Ltd., and Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. Used by permission of HarperCollins Publishers Inc. F. F. Bruce, The Canon of Scripture. © 1988 F. F. Bruce. Used by permission of InterVarsity Press, P. O. Box 1400, Downers, Grove, IL 60515, www.ivpress.com, and Chapter House, 53 Bothwell Street, Glasgow G2 6TS, Scotland. Rudolf Bultmann, Jesus and the Word. Translated by Louise Pettibone Smith and Erminie Huntress Lantero. Reprinted with the permission of Scribner, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group. Copyright © by Charles Scribner’s Sons. W. D. Davies, The Setting of the Sermon on the Mount. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964. Copyright © Ms. Rachel M. Davies, 6 Stoneridge Circle, Durham, NC 27705. Used by permission. Adolf Deissmann, Light from the Ancient East: The New Testament Illustrated by Recently Discovered Texts of the Graeco- Roman World. Translated by Lionel R. M. Strachan, taking into account the 4th German edition, 1923. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1965. Reproduced by permission of Hodder and Stoughton Limited, 338 Euston Road, London, NW1 3BH, United Kingdom. Edgar J. Goodspeed, The Formation of the New Testament. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1926. Copyright © The University of Chicago Press, 1427 East 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637. Used by permission. 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14—10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ACPN000702QK000.qxd 11/13/06 3:34 PM Page v George Howard, The Teaching of Addai. Society of Biblical Literature Texts and Translations 16, Early Christian Literature Series 4. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature (Scholars Press), 1981. Used by permission of The Society of Biblical Literature, The Luce Center, Suite 350, 825 Houston Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329. www.sbl-site.org Joachim Jeremias, Unknown Sayings of Jesus. London: SPCK, 1957. Copyright © SPCK, Holy Trinity Church, Marylebone Road, London NW1 4DU, England; www.spck.org.uk. Used by permission. Ernst Käsemann, Essays on New Testament Themes. London: SCM Press, 1964. Copyright © SCM Press, 9-17 St. Albans Place, London, N1 ONX, England. Used by permission. H. J. Lawlor and J. E. L. Oulton, Eusebius, The Ecclesiastical History and The Martyrs of Palestine. London: SPCK, 1954. Used by permission of SPCK. Copyright © SPCK, Holy Trinity Church, Marylebone Road, London NW1 4DU, England. www.spck.org.uk Bruce M. Metzger, The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Copyright © Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, United Kingdom. Used by permission. James Moffatt, General Epistles. New York: Harper Collins, 1928. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers, 10 East 53rd St., New York, NY 10022. Used by permission. David L. Mosher, trans., Augustine: Eighty-Three Different Questions. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1982. Copyright © The Catholic University of America Press, 620 Michigan Ave., N.E., 240 Leahy Hall, Washington, D.C. 20064. Used by permission. Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut T. Lehmann, eds., Luther’s Works: American Edition, Copyright © 1967 Concordia Publishing House. Quotations from volumes 15 and 30. All Rights Reserved. Used by permission. Quotations from vol- ume 35. Copyright © Augsburg Fortress Publishers, P. O. Box 1209, Minneapolis, MN 55440-1209. Used by permission. Norman Perrin, Rediscovering the Teaching of Jesus. London: SCM Press, 1967. Copyright © SCM Press, 9-17 St. Albans Place, London, N1 ONX, England. Used by permission. James M. Robinson, A New Quest of the Historical Jesus. London: SCM Press, 1959. Copyright © SCM Press, 9-17 St. Albans Place, London, N1 ONX, England. Used by permission. Albert Schweitzer, The Quest of the Historical Jesus: A Critical Study of Its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede. Translated by William Montgomery. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. Used by permission, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2715 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-4319. www.press.jhu.edu Albert Schweitzer, The Quest of the Historical Jesus: First Complete Edition. Edited by John Bowden. Based on the trans- lation of the first German edition in 1906 by William Montgomery, revised by J. R. Coates, Susan Cupitt, and John Bowden. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2001. Copyright © Fortress Press. Used by permission. Daniel J. Theron, Evidence of Tradition. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1957. Copyright © Baker Book House Company. P. O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287. Used by permission. Quotations from the following volumes of The Loeb Classical Library are reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press: Dio Cassius, Volume VI, LCL 83, translated by Earnest Cary, 1917; Plutarch, Volume VII, LCL 405, translated by Phillip H. DeLacy & Benedict Einarson, 1959; Pliny the Younger, Volume II, LCL 59, translated by Betty Radice, 1969; Select Papyri, Volume I, LCL 266, translated by A. S. Hunt & C. C. Edgar, 1932. The Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Oxyrhynchus Papyrus No. 115, letter of consolation from Egypt, second century C.E. Photograph was provided by the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Catalogue number: Papyrus No. 32. Reproduced with permission. Oxyrhynchus Papyrus No. 119, letter from Theon to his father from Egypt, second or third century C.E. Photograph was provided by the Bodleian Library, Oxford University Library Services, Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3BG, England. Catalogue number: MS. Gr. Class. F. 66 (P). Reproduced with permission. Papyrus 52, a papyrus fragment of John 18:37–38, dated about 125 C.E. Reproduced by courtesy of the Director and University Librarian, The John Rylands University Library of Manchester, Manchester, England. Papyrus 75, an early third-century papyrus, containing portions of Luke and John. Reproduced by courtesy of the Bibliotheque Bodmer, Cologny-Geneve, Switzerland. Images of woodcuts used throughout the book are from the Digital Image Archive of The Richard C. Kessler Reformation Collection, Pitts Theology Library, Candler School of Theology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 www.pitts.emory.edu. Used by permission, with gratitude to M. Patrick Graham, Librarian and M. A. Pitts Professor of Theology Bibliography. Front cover: The image of Jesus Christ, the Pantocrator, is from the sanctuary of St John the Wonderworker Eastern Orthodox Church, 543 Cherokee Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30312. ACPN000702QK000.qxd 11/13/06 3:34 PM Page vi For Sarah Elizabeth Holladay and James Patrick Holladay ACPN000702QK000.qxd 11/13/06 3:34 PM Page vii Contents Preface . xxiii Abbreviations . xxvii Introduction . 1 PART 1 THEOLOGY AND SCRIPTURE Chapter 1 The New Testament as Theological Writings . 7 ■ Christian Theology: Believing in Christ . 10 ■ The Theological Conversation . 13 ❍ Text and Tradition .