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Versió En Deute Públic Valencià EMPRENEDORS TRANSNACIONALS FUNDACIÓ NOGUERA www.fundacionoguera.com Col·lecció ESTUDIS Director tècnic: Josep Maria SANS I TRAVÉ FUNDACIÓ NOGUERA ESTUDIS, 78 EMPRENEDORS TRANSNACIONALS Les trajectòries econòmiques i d’ascens social dels Cernezzi i Odescalchi a la Mediterrània occidental (ca. 1590-1689) JOSEP SAN RUPERTO ALBERT BARCELONA, 2019 © Josep San Ruperto Albert, 2018 Edita: Pagès Editors, S L Sant Salvador, 8 - 25005 Lleida [email protected] www.pageseditors.cat Primera edició: maig de 2019 ISBN: 978-84-1303-089-0 DL: L 232-2019 Impressió: Arts Gràfiques Bobalà, S L A Mercedes i Pepita. SUMARI AGRAÏMENTS . 13 PRÒLEG . 17 SIGLES I ABREVIATURES . 21 INTRODUCCIÓ . 23 El context historiogràfic i l’objectiu de recerca . 23 «Emprenedors»? Definim els subjectes d’estudi . 28 Perspectives, metodologies i fonts . 35 L’estructura del treball . 48 Unitats monetàries . 51 Monedes de compte . 52 Monedes de fira . 52 Criteris onomàstics . 52 1. El VIATGE D’UN EMPRENEDOR DE MILÀ A VALÈNCIA: COS- TANTINO CERNEZZI, PRIMER COMTE DE PARCENT (1598-1656) . 55 Una nau de Gènova a València: el viatge de Costantino Cernezzi 63 L’arribada a València, per què i com? . 63 Com operava una companyia milanesa a València? . 67 Els serveis financers a alència:V una casa de banquers milanesos? 71 La Taula de Canvis . 71 El banc de Costantino Cernezzi . 74 La política censalista: una inversió en deute públic valencià . 77 El mercat immobiliari . 79 Integració i imaginari promocional de Costantino: adherir-se a la comunitat . 80 8 JOSEP SAN RUPERTO ALBERT Ser estranger a la València moderna. Com s’adaptaven els em- prenedors migrants? . 80 A la cerca o a l’aprofitament d’oportunitats? . 85 Les arrels locals: les dones Tàrrega i l’arrelament a la societat 86 Promoció, privilegi i prestigi: el primer comte de Parcent . 89 Els descendents dels Cernezzi: assegurar-se un futur a València? 89 Els senyorius: una inversió que desviava capitals? . 92 Una política de serveis fidel o interessada? . 97 El reforç familiar a Itàlia i l’obtenció del títol (1649) . 99 2. L’ESPINA DORSAL DE LES COMPANYIES I EL SEU «HÀBITAT». INDIVIDU, FAMÍLIA I COMUNITAT . 103 L’espai de partida. Aproximació historiogràfica sobre el context em- prenedor a Milà (s. XVI-XVII) . 104 Els Cernezzi i Odescalchi, una companyia subalpina com a labo- ratori d’estudi . 112 Qui és qui? Les particularitats de l’aproximació genealògica . 114 «A questa Casa Odescalca occorrono li più belli negoci che forze a nessuna casa vecchia capitano»: La formació de les companyies i la disposició dels nusos de la xarxa . 123 Gènova, port redistribuïdor de la primera globalització . 123 Europa de l’est: Cracòvia i Nuremberg . 127 Venècia, 1619 . 130 A València, i Alacant d’afegitó: els Cernezzi i els Muzio. 135 3. LES COMUNITATS MERCANTILS I LES DIMENSIONS DE LA CON- FIANÇA . 137 Circulant fora d’algunes diàspores: els milanesos en comparació d’altres societats circulants . 139 El debat sobre les comunitats mercantils . 139 Els itineraris transnacionals de les comunitats de milanesos . 143 Les fidelitats transregionals: confiança, control i pautes de com- portament . 149 Com irradiava la confiança a la xarxa dels Cernezzi i Odescalchi? 151 Les dimensions de la confiança: mecanismes de control, emo- cions i pautes de comportament . 156 EMPRENEDORS TRANSNACIONALS 9 4. LA BASE DE L’ORGANITZACIÓ I LA PROJECCIÓ DE FUTUR»: ELS EMPRENEDORS I LES SEUES DECISIONS . 171 Els recursos humans de les firmes dels Cernezzi i Odescalchi . 172 Els socis . 172 Els treballadors . 175 Agents i col·laboradors . 178 El «telescopi del futur» dels emprenedors milanesos: els processos de presa de decisions . 181 5. L’ARACNE MEDITERRÀNIA I EL COMERÇ DEL BLAT . 192 L’Aracne mediterrània: cosint teixits, teixint xarxes . 196 El cuc que naix de la llavor: les vides de la seda . 197 Llana ben cardada, llana mig filada . 204 El comerç del blat: «allà on no hi ha pa no hi ha pau» . 209 6. MÚLTIPLES ITINERARIS: PRODUCTES OCEÀNICS I TRANSALPINS 223 Nord d’Europa i les Índies Orientals: els casos d’Amsterdam i Lisboa . 223 Múltiples productes als itineraris entre Itàlia i les places nòr- diques . 223 Productes nòrdics i asiàtics a la península Ibèrica . 229 Les Índies occidentals: la grana i l’argent . 232 La grana: el carmesí dels cardenals . 232 Argent: combustible de la primera globalització . 235 Un eix per explorar: les mercaderies alpines i transalpines al mercat mediterrani . 241 Baviera i Francònia a València: el comerç de les teles . 241 Altres productes dels Alps i l’Imperi: entre els metalls i el paper . 245 7. A LES PLACES DELS HABSBURG: DEUTE PÚBLIC I XARXES FINANCERES . 251 Algunes formes bàsiques de participació en el mercat del crèdit . 254 Deute públic i xarxes financeres a les «perifèries» hispàniques . 259 Sangiuliani: cas per a l’estudi del mercat del crèdit a Madrid 263 Guanyar venent lletres: interessos dels «procuratori di fiera» des del mercat venecià . 272 10 JOSEP SAN RUPERTO ALBERT 8. NOBLES, CAVALLERS I RELIGIOSOS: UNA XARXA DE L’ÈXIT . 275 Les mirades a la noblesa . 277 Una xarxa mercantil d’èxit nobiliari . 285 Repensar les estratègies d’ascens social . 299 9. UN EMPRENEDOR A LA CADIRA DE SANT PERE. INNOCENCI XI, PAPA ODESCALCHI . 303 Beatificació,hagiografia i historiografia . 305 Beatificació,canonització i opinió pública . 305 Entre els límits de l’hagiografia i la historiografia . 311 Imprimatur, la novel·la . 314 Benedetto, un jove en una família d’emprenedors . 315 El papa amb formació de banquer . 315 Absorbir trajectòries, decidir camins . 317 El procés promocional de Benedetto Odescalchi . 322 Diners per ascendir. Beatificació i simonia . 322 Benedetto Odescalchi i les banques romanes (I). Els Parravicini 326 Benedetto Odescalchi i les banques romanes (II). Els Vivaldi, Pallavicini i altres banquers . 330 Les relacions de patronatge familiar a Roma: Benedetto, cardenal i papa Odescalchi . 333 Les relacions amb el germà Carlo Odescalchi . 333 Livio Odescalchi i la influència de l’antinepotisme . 336 Emprenedors a Venècia. Societats comercials i guerra «contra el Turc» . 339 Benedetto i la seua participació en les empreses Cernezzi i Rezzonico . 343 Finançar la guerra «contra el turc»: entre l’interès públic i privat . 347 Finançaments transnacionals. Esclavistes, protestants i jueus . 348 CONCLUSIONS . 353 BIBLIOGRAFIA . 367 ÍNDEX ONOMÀSTIC . 401 ÍNDEX DE TAULES, DIAGRAMES, GENEALOGIES I MAPES Taules Taula 1. Deutes de diferents personatges amb el comte de Parcent (1656) . 75 Taula 2. Propietats rústiques de Costantino Cernezzi a València (1620- 1654) . 93 Taula 3. Distribució de les inversions de Costantino Cernezzi (1656) 97 Taula 4. Percentatge d’exportacions de llana segons les regions (1612- 1670) . 206 Taula 5. Enviaments de blat d’Andrea Massa als Cernezzi i Odescal- chi i Pallavicini de Gènova (1643) . 215 Taula 6. Companyies de comerç del mar del Nord amb correspondèn- cia amb els Cernezzi i Odescalchi . 228 Taula 7. Argent embarcat a Barcelona en direcció a Gènova a nom dels Cernezzi i Odescalchi (1638) . 238 Taula 8. Registre de balons de paper italians a Yecla (1621-1622) . 247 Taula 9. Nom de les convocatòries de les fires trimestrals . 254 Taula 10. Pagaments de Sangiuliani a agents de la monarquia hispànica i altres poders europeus (1639) . 265 Taula 11. Operacions entre els membres de la xarxa dels Cernezzi i Odescalchi realitzades per Sangiuliani (1639) . 267 Taula 12. Préstecs dels Cernezzi i Odescalchi als assentistes de la cort a Madrid mitjançant Sangiuliani (1639) . 268 Taula 13. Operacions de Sangiuliani amb altres mercaders i agents a càrrec dels Cernezzi i Odescalchi (1639) . 269 Taula 14. Membres de la xarxa dels Cernezzi i Odescalchi amb títols i càrrecs . 285 Diagrames Diagrama 1. Inversió en censals, diferenciació d’institucions munici- pals i reials, per part dels Cernezzi (1620-1656) . 77 Diagrama 2. Nombre de companyies al nord dels Alps en la primera meitat del segle XVII (en relació amb els Cernezzi i Odes- calchi de Nuremberg) . 147 Diagrama 3. Costos de la compra de llavor de seda valenciana, 1625 (lliures valencianes) . 200 Diagrama 4. Producció de seda en brut als estats italians a l’època moderna (tones) . 203 Diagrama 5. Operació de compravenda de blat entre el marquès de Quirra i la companyia dels Cernezzi de València (13 d’agost de 1618) . 218 Genealogies Genealogia 1. La casa dels Cernezzi al segle XVII . 91 Genealogia 2. Branques familiars dels Odescalchi, Cernezzi i Rezzonico a Como, Venècia i Nuremberg (segle XVII). 117 Genealogia 3. Branques familiars dels Odescalchi i Cernezzi a Gènova, València, Milà i Roma (segle XVII) . 119 Mapes Mapa 1. Nombre de missives mercantils enviades a diferents places per ordre dels Cernezzi i Odescalchi (1621-1643) . 44 Mapa 2. Control de les xarxes de fidelitat des de alència,V Gènova i Venècia (primera meitat del segle XVII) . 181 AGRAÏMENTS Un investigador aïllat en un context de recerca d’un món global experimentaria les més desbaratades dificultats per portar a terme una recerca plantejant preguntes que escapen a les fronteres. Malgrat la solitud durant molts moments del nostre ofici, la necessitat de crear un estil de treball cooperatiu i de lligams no jeràrquics es fa patent en aquest tipus d’investigacions. En cadascuna de les etapes d’aquest treball han florit relacions que m’han portat a plantejar problemes, debats, controvèrsies i solucions a alguns dels aspectes ací tractats. És aquesta secció una de les més obertes als nostres sentiments i, per això, m’agradaria deixar constància d’alguns dels vincles personals teixits du- rant aquests anys, imprescindibles en la construcció del relat elaborat. En primer lloc, agraeixo al jurat de la XXVII Edició Beques Notari Raimon Noguera 2017 —així com a la Fundació Noguera— haver con- siderat la meua tesi doctoral com a mereixedora de la seua publicació. Davant les dificultats actuals a l’hora de publicar els nostres treballs —amb l’afegit d’escriure en català—, ha estat tot un orgull rebre aques- ta oportunitat.
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