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I INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA - INPA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA DINÂMICA DA METACOMUNIDADE DE BRIÓFITAS EPIFILAS EM FLORESTAS FRAGMENTADAS NA AMAZÔNIA ADRIEL MICHEL SIERRA PINILLA MANAUS, AMAZONAS MARÇO DE 2018 i ADRIEL MICHEL SIERRA PINILLA DINÂMICA DA METACOMUNIDADE DE BRIÓFITAS EPIFILAS EM FLORESTAS FRAGMENTADAS NA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTADOR: DR. CHARLES EUGENE ZARTMAN COORIENTADOR: DR. JOSÉ JÚLIO TOLEDO Dissertação apresentada à Coordenação do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Botânica do INPA, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Biológicas, área de concentração em Botânica. MANAUS, AMAZONAS MARÇO DE 2018 ii FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA S572 Sierra Pinilla, Adriel Michel Dinâmica da metacomunidade de briófitas epifilas em florestas fragmentadas na amazônia / Adriel Michel Sierra. -- Manaus: [s.n.], 2018, 59 f.: il. Dissertação (Mestrado) --- INPA, Manaus, 2018. Orientador: Dr. Charles E. Zartman Coorientador: Dr. José Júlio Toledo Área de concentração: Botânica 1. Briófitas. 2. Lejeuneaceae. 3. Dispersão. 4. Fragmentação. I. Título. CDD 588 Sinopse: Realizou-se a atualização da flora de briófitas epifilas das reservas do PDBFF como fonte taxonômica para futuros estudos ecológicos e de monitoramento da flora briofítica. Além disso, foi avaliado o impacto da fragmentação sobre as comunidades epifilas na Amazônia Central em longo prazo por meio da comparação da estrutura das comunidades coletadas no ano 2000 e 2016. Com isso, sugeriu-se como as espécies respondem à fragmentação utilizando traços de história de vida. Palavras-chave: Briófitas, Lejeuneaceae, dispersão, fragmentação. Sinopse: Neste trabalho foi proposto o uso de dados morfológicos, espectrais e de distribuição geográfica como linhas de evidência para delimitar espécies do complexo Ocotea canaliculata (COC). Além disso, um tratamento taxonômico é apresentado para as espécies reconhecidas. iii Palavras-chave: complexo de espécies, NIR, morfometria, taxonomia, delimitação de espécies. Dedicado a todas as pessoas que têm dedicado suas vidas no estudo e conservação da floresta amazônica, especialmente ao briólogo Sir Richard Spruce que suas contribuições ainda permanecem indispensáveis nos estudos atuais. iv AGRADECIMENTOS Antes de tudo, agradeço a minha Mãe Zoyne M. Pinilla e meu avô Viodelda E. Lagunero por todo o apoio, os ensinamentos e ter contribuído grandemente em minha vida; que apesar da distância sempre têm estado perto. A minha prima Kimberly Pinilla, por toda sua ajuda. Também ao resto de minha família Sasy, Oso, Ginger, Oparin, Rex e Luli. Eu preciso agradecer muito a Prof. Noris Salazar Allen, e Prof. Iván Valdespino, que me têm ensinado e motivado a fazer sempre o melhor trabalho que seja possível, e pelo incentivo a continuar meus estudos em Botânica. A Christian A. López, sempre me tem apoiado com sua amizade durante as crises existenciais, ensinado novas ideias durante longas conversas sobre plantas e por compartilhar a paixão pelas cryptógamas. Também agradeço a Brian Sedio por ajudar durante o processo de transição ao mestrado e dicas sobre Manaus. O período de Mestrado não tivesse sido tão produtivo e ás vezes divertido, sem o apoio do meu orientador Charles E. Zartman, a quem agradeço por compartilhar o entusiasmo pela ecologia de briófitas epifilas e taxonomia de hepáticas (Lejeuneaceae), ter contribuído muito em minha formação acadêmica, ao conhecimento da flora amazônica e pelas muitas boas ideias que tem surgido durante estes dois anos. Também por sua ajuda ao chegar a Manaus, pelas boas conversas, boas viagens de campo e amizade. Ocírio “Deputado” Silva Pereira, lhe agradeço muito pela ajuda em campo e pela paciência de estar coletando briófitas comigo que mal falava português. Também pelas muitas boas aventuras, histórias e piadas durante a temporada de campo no PDBFF, o qual tornou o trabalho de campo muito divertido. Agradeço também a todos os colegas de INPA que contribuíram ou que compartilhamos bons momentos. Especialmente e com muito carinho agradeço a Marta R. Pereira, por sua boa amizade, toda sua ajuda ao chegar em Manaus, a paciência ao ensinar português e até discutir sobre as briófitas amazônicas, alem da ajuda na identificação das Calymperaceae epifilas. A Laura R. Parada e Dirce Komura, “mi colega de bochinches”, a quem com muito carinho agradeço sua amizade, as risadas e ajuda nestes anos. Como todo trabalho não é feito por uma pessoa só, eu preciso agradecer a todos meus colegas e colaboradores: José Júlio Toledo, Henrique Nascimento, Cid Bastos, Juan Carlos Villareal, Gregorio Dauphin, Prof. Robbert Gradstein, Prof. Tamás Pócs, Prof. Noris Salazar Allen, Rui-Liang Zhu, Denilson Peralta e Marta R. Pereira, que têm contribuído na confirmação da v identificação de espécies, análises estatísticas e muitas questões que surgiram durante este tempo. Também agradeço muito a Mike Hopkins por sua colaboração e conselhos durante o mestrado. Finalmente agradeço ao programa de auxílio de pesquisa Thomas Lovejoy do Projeto de dinâmica biológica de fragmentos florestais PDBFF pelo financiamento para realizar todo o trabalho de campo. A todos os funcionários e colegas pesquisadores do PDBFF que ajudaram ou passaram pelos acampamentos durante a temporada do trabalho de campo. Finalmente agradeço ao INPA, ao programa de Pôs graduação em Botânica, e a bolsa da CAPES que viabilizaram a realização do projeto de pesquisa durante o Mestrado. vi Onde quer que você vá, vá com todo o coração. Confúcio vii RESUMO Estudos de comunidades de plantas tropicais que tentam separar os principais mecanismos que influenciam suas distribuições (conectividade e qualidade do habitat) por meio de paisagens fragmentadas são escassos. Briófitas epifilas devido a suas comunidades espacialmente delimitadas, altamente dinâmicas e grande diversidade dos sistemas sexuais é um modelo excelente de estudo, com o qual se combinam dados da comunidade e demográficos, tendo em conta os traços adaptativos para abordar quais são os mecanismos que controlam distribuições das plantas terrestres. Este trabalho é um estudo sobre uma meta comunidade altamente dinâmica de briófitas epifilas, para investigar mudanças temporais na estrutura da comunidade em fragmentos florestais e relacionar as alterações aparentes com diferença nos traços adaptativos em relação a dispersores mais eficazes e maior tolerância fisiológica. Para tal, foi utilizado como base para comparação, dados sobre a estrutura da assembleia de epifilas publicadas em um estudo realizado no PDBFF há 15 anos atrás. Assim, foram amostradas comunidades de briófitas epifilas, a fim de avaliar se as mudanças na riqueza de espécies, abundância e composição ocorreram nos anos seguintes. Com base em resultados anteriores foi testada a seguinte hipótese: a estrutura da comunidade de epifilas mudou nos fragmentos pequenos (1 ha e 10 ha) para as espécies com traços adaptativos com maior capacidade de dispersão e tolerância fisiológica. Para as briófitas epifilas observamos nos fragmentos pequenos (1- e 10-ha) um nível de recuperação na abundância, riqueza e composição de espécies, convergindo com os fragmentos de 100 ha e floresta continua. As alterações positivas na comunidade de epifilas foram relacionadas com traços adaptativos de vida que representam maior capacidade de dispersão e tolerância fisiológica. viii ABSTRACT Studies of tropical plant communities which attempt to disentangle the principle mechanisms (connectivity and habitat quality) influencing their distributions across fragmented landscapes are scarce. Epiphyllous bryophytes, due to their spatially patchy distribution, high turnover and diversity of sexual systems, are an excellent model system with which to combine community and demographic data in light of life history traits to address what mechanisms control terrestrial plant distributions. In this work I studied a highly dynamic community, epiphyllous bryophyte, to investigate temporal changes in community structure in forest fragments and relate apparent changes with difference in life history traits in relation to more effective dispersers and physiological tolerance. By using baseline data on epiphyll assembly structure published from a study conducted at BDFFP over a decade ago, I sampled epiphyllous community in order to evaluate whether changes in species richness, abundance and composition have occurred in the intervening years. Based on previous results I test the following hypothesize: epiphyll community structure has changed in small (1- and 10-ha) to bias species presenting life history traits which favor increased dispersal capacity and physiological tolerance. For epiphyllous bryophytes we observed a degree of recovery in the abundance, species richness and composition in small fragments (1- and 10-ha), converging with 100 ha fragments and continuous forests. Positive changes in the epiphyllous community are related to adaptive life history traits related to species with greater dispersal capacity and physiological tolerance. ix SUMÁRIO Introdução Geral……………………………………………………………………………….1 Fragmentação das florestas tropicais ...................................................................................... 1 Comunidades epifilas .............................................................................................................. 2 Traços adaptativos .................................................................................................................. 3 Objetivos ....................................................................................................................................
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