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Chitrakar, Rajjan (2016) Contemporary Urban Residential Development and Community Building in South Asian Cities: a Case of Kathmandu Valley

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Chitrakar, Rajjan (2016) Contemporary Urban Residential Development and Community Building in South Asian Cities: a Case of Kathmandu Valley This may be the author’s version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source: Chitrakar, Rajjan (2016) Contemporary urban residential development and community building in South Asian cities: A case of Kathmandu Valley. In 9th Making Cities Liveable Conference 2016 Conference Proceedings: Peer Reviewed. Association for Sustainability in Business Inc., http://liveablecities.org.au/, pp. 4-18. This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/96537/ c Copyright 2016 [please consult the author] This work is covered by copyright. Unless the document is being made available under a Creative Commons Licence, you must assume that re-use is limited to personal use and that permission from the copyright owner must be obtained for all other uses. If the docu- ment is available under a Creative Commons License (or other specified license) then refer to the Licence for details of permitted re-use. It is a condition of access that users recog- nise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. If you believe that this work infringes copyright please provide details by email to [email protected] Notice: Please note that this document may not be the Version of Record (i.e. published version) of the work. Author manuscript versions (as Sub- mitted for peer review or as Accepted for publication after peer review) can be identified by an absence of publisher branding and/or typeset appear- ance. If there is any doubt, please refer to the published source. http:// liveablecities.org.au/ proceedings/ 16/ BOP16-PR.pdf Contemporary urban residential development and community building in South Asian cities: A case of Kathmandu Valley Author Dr Rajjan Man Chitrakar Visiting Fellow School of Design Creative Industries Faculty Queensland University of Technology Abstract Urban residential development aims at building a community in a geographic location based on physical proximity, with social ties and networking among neighbourhood residents. However, due to the transformation of modern urban environments, not only the physical layout of the contemporary urban neighbourhoods has altered but these neighbourhoods are also facing a host of socio-demographic changes. Against the background of the rapid urban growth and change, the process of community building faces significant challenges in the development of residential neighbourhoods around the globe. Using Kathmandu Valley as a case study, this paper examines the formation of residential community in new neighbourhoods of contemporary South Asian cities. The paper reports on findings from a study of two new neighbourhoods in the valley, which have been developed over the period of the past three decades. Data were collected from household surveys and interviews with the neighbourhood residents. Findings of the study reveal that since the new neighbourhoods are multiethnic and composed of newcomers, the residents have been struggling to organise themselves in a community. The social networking is just beginning to take place and the new forms of community-based organisations are emerging in the changing social context. Yet, the formation of the community is slow and less effective in building social networks. This suggests that the contemporary urban residential development is less conducive to the community building process. These consequences indicate that sustainability of social life may emerge as a major challenge of the transformation of contemporary urban neighbourhoods in South Asian cities. Keywords: urban residential development; socio-demographic change; new neighbourhood; community; Kathmandu Valley 1. Introduction Residential neighbourhoods have long been linked with the notion of community. Traditionally, urban residential development primarily aimed at building community within a geographic location based on physical proximity (Gregory, Johnston, Pratt, Watts, & Whatmore, 2011), with social ties and networking among neighbourhood residents. Park (1984, p. 7) explains that “proximity and neighbourly contact are the basis for the simplest and most elementary form of association” within the residential neighbourhoods. Urban change has, however, brought about significant changes in the development of contemporary residential neighbourhoods, and thus, also in the process of community building. Over the past century, large – scale industrialisation and modernisation in western countries have led to the unprecedented rise of urban population followed by the growth and transformation of urban regions. Carmona et al. (2010) argue that the evolution of physical and electronic means of communication between locations, and rapid mobility, have altered the traditional, centralised mode of urban form, resulting in urban sprawl and polycentric cities. In the course of change, the fragmentation of geographical areas characterised the emerging city form, with a loss of well-defined territories in which the “historic social bonds between individuals have become weakened” (Madanipour, 2010, p. 1). As a result, the meaning of community has changed from an integrated, self-sufficient social organisation to a fragment of geographically diffused and socially segregated network (Kashef, 2009). Such consequences of urban change can be currently observed around the globe with South Asian cities as no exceptions. In fact, South Asia consists of numerous larger urban agglomerations of the world to demonstrate that contemporary urban growth and change is rapid and significant in this part of the globe too. The urban population in countries like India, Pakistan and Bangladesh has crossed 30% in 2010 (UNESCAP, 2014). As much as 12% point increase in the level of urbanisation has been recorded in one of the South Asian countries (Maldives) over the last decade (Singh & Prokop, 2015). According to a World Bank report1, 250 million more people are expected to live in cities in South Asia over the next 15 years. While urban growth can be largely attributed to rural to urban migration, this means a considerable challenge in managing such growth, with both physical and social consequences on contemporary residential development. This paper deals with the social consequences of rapid urban growth in the South Asian cities, and examines the impact of residential development on the development of a community. The process of this development is assessed in the paper in terms of formal social networking developed through local community-based organisations and the sense of community. The research uses Kathmandu Valley as a case study, which shares many common features with other South Asian cities, and is one of the fastest growing urban centres in the region (Muzzini & Aparicio, 2013), with a population of over three million people (KMC/World Bank, 2001). 2. Contemporary urban residential development in the Kathmandu Valley Contemporary urban growth in the Kathmandu Valley began to take place after the political change of 1951. This change generated migration from all over the country (Basyal & Khanal, 2001; Shah & Pant, 2005), exerting a considerable pressure on urban growth and transforming the urban landscape from a compact settlement of the past into an uncontrolled metropolitan sprawl in the following decades (KMC/World Bank, 2001; Shah & Pant, 2005). The migrating population increased significantly in the last decade, due to the nation’s conflict and political instability (ICIMOD, UNEP, & Government of Nepal, 2007). In 1 See http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india/brief/leveraging-urbanization-india 2001, about 42% of the total population living in the valley was found to be migrants (Thapa, Murayama, & Ale, 2008). Apart from exerting the pressure on urban growth, the growth of urban population due to migration have had several social implications (Chitrakar, Baker, & Guaralda, 2014). Past studies indicate that such a trend of urban growth has led to the changing social environment in the newly developing areas, due to the heterogeneity of incoming population (Pradhan, 2007; Toffin, 2010). Urban residential development is primariliy considered in this paper from this perpective of socio-demographic change. However, in the physical sense, residential development in the valley has largely taken place unplanned with spontaneous growth of most new neighbourhoods, due to weak regulations to guide the urban development process. Kathmandu Valley Environment Outlook (2007, p. 54) mentions “unplanned land subdivision” and “uncontrolled urban sprawl” as two major issues, among others, related to the valley’s current residential development. While the government authorities has had weak roles in residential development, according to Adhikari (1998, p. 6), land development for residential neighbourhoods “is largely carried out by private land brokers who subdivide and sell land into small single family parcels”. Yet, some attempts to regulate residential development were initiated in the recent decades by both the government and the private housing companies. A small number of planned residential neighbourhoods have emerged since the 1990s through the efforts of the government agencies, utilising Site and Services and Land Pooling or readjustment schemes. These schemes are major growth strategies adopted for urban development in Nepal. Recently, on the other hand, private housing companies have also developed a number of gated communities in different parts of the valley (Chitrakar, Baker, & Guaralda, 2016b). Whatever the case may be, the valley’s new residential
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