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Universidad Mayor De San Andrés Facultad De Agronomía Carrera De Ingeniería Agronómica

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Universidad Mayor De San Andrés Facultad De Agronomía Carrera De Ingeniería Agronómica UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA TESIS DE GRADO ESTRUCTURA Y COMPOSICIÓN FLORÍSTICA DEL BOSQUE HÚMEDO PLUVIESTACIONAL SUBANDINO DE YUNGAS DEL SECTOR NORESTE DE APOLO, PARQUE NACIONAL MADIDI, LA PAZ, BOLIVIA EDWIN JAVIER TICONA PLATA LA PAZ – BOLIVIA 2008 UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA ESTRUCTURA Y COMPOSICIÓN FLORÍSTICA DEL BOSQUE HÚMEDO PLUVIESTACIONAL SUBANDINO DE YUNGAS DEL SECTOR NORESTE DE APOLO, PARQUE NACIONAL MADIDI, LA PAZ, BOLIVIA Tesis de Grado presentado como requisito parcial para optar el título de Ingeniero Agrónomo EDWIN JAVIER TICONA PLATA TUTOR: Ing. For. Luis Goitia Arze ........................................ ASESOR: Ing. For. Alejandro Araujo Murakami ........................................ TRIBUNAL EXAMINADOR: Ing. M. Sc. Félix Rojas Ponce ........................................ Ing. M. Sc. Ángel Pastrana Albis ........................................ Ing. Wilfredo Lizarro Flores ........................................ APROBADA PRESIDENTE TRIBUNAL EXAMINADOR: ........................................ DEDICADO A mis padres Eulogio y Carmen, quienes me apoyaron en los momentos que más los necesite y a mis hermanos por el apoyo ofrecido de manera desinteresada. AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a Dios, quien es un guía, una fuerza, un aliento y quien no desampara. Agradezco a toda mi familia por apoyarme y brindarme su confianza sin pedírselas. En especial a mis padres Eulogio y Carmen y a mis hermanos. Al Missiouri Botanical Garden (MO), por el apoyo económico brindado para el presente estudio y al Herbario Nacional de Bolivia (LPB), por el apoyo logístico. Agradezco al Ing. For. Alejandro Araujo Murakami, por haberme colaborado con sus enseñanzas en todo momento y por su amistad sincera. Al Ing. For. Luís Goitia Arce, por los consejos brindados en el presente trabajo. A los revisores Ing. M. Sc. Félix Rojas Ponce, Ing. M. Sc. Ángel Pastrana A. y Ing. Wilfredo Lizarro F., por el tiempo concedido al revisar el presente trabajo. A todos los integrantes del Herbario Nacional de Bolivia (LPB) y al Proyecto “Inventario Florístico de la Región del Madidi”, quienes me brindador su amistad y apoyo incondicional, tanto en el trabajo de campo, como en gabinete, gracias por todos los momentos inolvidables que pude compartir junto a su compañía, ya que sus consejos me sirvieron de mucho para el presente estudio, como para mi vida profesional a futuro. A todos mis amigos y amigas, que me estuvieron colaborando, dándome fuerza, brindándome su amistad y cariño, sobre todo su confianza. ÍNDICE GENERAL Página ÍNDICE GENERAL…………………………………………………………………………………… i ÍNDICE DE TABLAS……………………………………………………………………………........ v ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS……………………………………………………………………………….. vi ÍNDICE DE ANEXOS………………………………………………………………………………... viii RESUMEN……………………………………………………………………………………………. ix SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………. xi 1. INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.1 OBJETIVOS…………………………………………………………………………………. 4 1.1.1 Objetivo general……………………………………………………………………… 4 1.1.2 Objetivos específicos………………………………………………………………... 4 1.2 Hipótesis………………………………………………………………………………..……. 4 2. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA…………………………………………………………………….. 5 2.1 Bosques montanos…………………………………………………………………………. 5 2.2 Bosques montanos de Bolivia……………………………………………………………... 6 2.3 Distribución biogeográfica de los Yungas………………………………………………... 7 2.3.1 Vegetación del sector biogeográfico Yungas del Beni…………………………... 7 2.3.2 Vegetación de los Yungas subandinos……………………………………………. 8 2.3.3 Vegetación de los Yungas subandinos pluviestacionales………………………. 9 2.4 Parcelas Permanentes de Muestreo……………………………………………………… 10 2.5 Caracterización de la vegetación…………………………………………………………. 11 2.5.1 Composición florística……………………………………………………………….. 11 2.5.2 Diversidad florística………………………………………………………………….. 11 2.5.2.1 Diversidad florística en el bosque montano de Bolivia…………………… 13 2.5.3 Estructura florística…………………………………………………………………... 14 2.5.3.1 Estructura horizontal………………………………………………………….. 14 2.5.3.2 Estructura vertical…………………………………………………………….. 15 i 3. LOCALIZACIÓN…………………………………………………………………………………… 16 3.1 Parque Nacional y Área Natural Manejo Integrado – Madidi…………………………... 16 3.2 Ubicación geográfica del área de estudio………………………………………………... 16 3.3 Geomorfología y suelos……………………………………………………………………. 19 3.4 Clima…………………………………………………………………………………………. 19 3.5 Vegetación…………………………………………………………………………………… 20 4. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS…………………………………………………………………….. 22 4.1 Materiales……………………………………………………………………………………. 22 4.1.1 De campo……………………………………………………………………………... 22 4.1.2 De gabinete…………………………………………………………………………… 22 4.2 Métodos……………………………………………………………………………………… 23 4.2.1 Elección del sitio de estudio………………………………………………………… 23 4.2.1.1 Muestreo estratificado al azar………………………………………………. 23 4.2.2 Descripción del área de estudio e Instalación de la Parcela Permanente de Muestreo (PPM)…………………………………………………………………. 24 4.2.3 Toma de datos……………………………………………………………………….. 26 4.2.4 Identificación taxonómica…………………………………………………………… 34 4.2.5 Procesamiento y análisis de datos…………………………………………………. 34 4.2.5.1 Diversidad florística…………………………………………………………… 35 4.2.5.2 Evaluación de la composición florística…………………………………….. 36 4.2.5.3 Estructura horizontal y vertical………………………………………………. 38 5. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN………………………………………………………………….. 40 5.1 Resultados…………………………………………………………………………………... 40 5.1.1 Composición y diversidad florística………………………………………………… 40 5.1.2 Composición florística en la parcela San Martín I (Monos) a 1.100 m .....……. 43 5.1.2.1 Importancia ecológica por familia en la parcela San Martín I (Monos) a 1.100 m …………….…………………………………………………..... 43 5.1.2.2 Importancia ecológica por especies en la parcela San Martín I (Monos) a 1.100 m …………….………………………………………..... 46 5.1.2.3 Estructura horizontal en la parcela San Martín I (Monos) a 1.100 m 47 5.1.2.4 Estructura vertical en la parcela San Martín I (Monos) a 1.100 m …… 49 5.1.2.5 Posición de la copa en la parcela San Martín I (Monos) a 1.100 m …. 51 5.1.2.6 Forma de la copa en la parcela San Martín I (Monos) a 1.100 m ……. 53 ii 5.1.2.7 Infestación de lianas o bejucos en la parcela San Martín I (Monos) a 1.100 m …………………….………………………………………………. 55 5.1.3 Composición florística de la parcela San Martín II (Mutun) a 1.250 m ………... 56 5.1.3.1 Importancia ecológica por familia en la parcela San Martín II (Mutun) a 1.250 m …………………………………………..………………………. 56 5.1.3.2 Importancia ecológica por especies en la parcela San Martín II (Mutun) a 1.250 m ………………………………………………………… 58 5.1.3.3 Estructura horizontal en la parcela San Martín II (Mutun) a 1.250 m ... 60 5.1.3.4 Estructura vertical en la parcela San Martín II (Mutun) a 1.250 m ...…. 62 5.1.3.5 Posición de la copa en la parcela San Martín II (Mutun) a 1.250 m …. 64 5.1.3.6 Forma de la copa en la parcela San Martín II (Mutun) a 1.250 m ……. 66 5.1.3.7 Infestación de lianas y bejucos en la parcela San Martín II (Mutun) a 1.250 m …………………..………………………………………………. 68 5.1.4 Composición florística de la parcela San Martín III (Cumbre) a 1.400 m .......... 69 5.1.4.1 Importancia ecológica por familia en la parcela San Martín III (Cumbre) a 1.400 m ……………….….………………………………….. 69 5.1.4.2 Importancia ecológica por especies en la parcela San Martín III (Cumbre) a1.400 m ……………….………………………………………. 71 5.1.4.3 Estructura horizontal en la parcela San Martín III (Cumbre) a 1.400 m 72 5.1.4.4 Estructura vertical en la parcela San Martín III (Cumbre) a 1.400 m … 74 5.1.4.5 Posición de la copa en la parcela San Martín III (Cumbre) a 1.400 m . 76 5.1.4.6 Forma de la copa en la parcela San Martín III (Cumbre) a 1.400 m …. 77 5.1.4.7 Infestación de lianas y bejucos en la parcela San Martín III (Cumbre) a 1.400 m …………………..…………….………………………………… 79 5.1.5 Diversidad beta (Índice de Sørensen) y cambios en la vegetación del bosque de San Martín………………………………………………………………………... 80 5.2. DISCUSIÓN………………………………………………………………………..……….. 87 5.2.1 Diversidad y riqueza florística………………………………………………………. 87 5.2.2 Composición florística……………………………………………………………….. 89 5.2.2.1 Por familias……………………………………………………………………. 89 5.2.2.2 Por especies………………….……………………………………………….. 93 5.2.3 Estructura de la vegetación…………………………………….…………………… 98 5.2.4 Diversidad beta………………………………………………………………………. 101 6. CONCLUSIONES………………………………………………………………………..……….. 103 iii 7. RECOMENDACIONES…………………………………………………………………………… 106 8. BIBLIOGRAFÍA……………………………………………………………………………………. 107 iv ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Paginas Tabla 1. Localización y características de las tres PPM de estudio del bosque húmedo pluviestacional subandino de Yungas del sector de San Martín (Parque Nacional Madidi)……………………………………………………………………….. 17 Tabla 2. Datos de diversidad y variables dendrométricas de los bosques de San Martín…………..……………………………………………………………………….. 41 Tabla 3. Distribución del coeficiente de mezcla (CM) por número de árboles y número de especies de los bosques de San Martín………………………………………… 42 Tabla 4. Las 10 familias más importantes en una hectárea en la parcela San Martín I (Monos) a 1.100 m……..……………………………………………………………… 45 Tabla 5. Las 10 especies más importantes registradas en una hectárea en la parcela San Martín I (Monos) a 1.100 m…...………………………………………………… 47 Tabla 6. Las 10 familias más importantes registradas en una hectárea en la parcela San Martín II (Mutun) a 1.250 m…...………………………………………………… 58 Tabla 7. Las 10 especies más importantes registradas en una hectárea en la parcela San Martín II (Mutun) a 1.250 m…...………………………………………………… 60 Tabla 8. Las 10 familias más importantes
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