Petrophysical evaluation of Chanda well-02 in Shakardara block, , upper Indus basin,

A thesis submitted to Bahria University, Islamabad in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelors of Science in Geology

Asif Sultan Arslan Qaiser Seraj Alam

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Bahria University, Islamabad 2013

DEDICATION

This thesis report is dedicated to our parents and future geoscientists studying in Bahria University, Islamabad. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are thankful to ALLAH almighty for giving us the strength and desire to complete our thesis. We would like to express our special appreciation and thanks to our supervisor Mr. Mustafa Yar, you have been a tremendous mentor for us.

We are also thankful to our Head of Department Dr. Muhammad Zafar for his kind attention and guidance and all of our teachers., who have been our kind teachers throughout our degree program especially Dr. Tahseen-ullah Khan Bangash, Mr. HammadGhani, Mr.RaieesAmjad, Mr. Anwar Qadir,Mr.AtifBukhari, Mr. Ishtiaq Noor, Mrs. Irum Khan and Ms.RifkaMunir.

A special thanks to our families and friend. Words cannot express how grateful we are to our parents, for all the sacrifices that they have made. Your prayers for us were what sustained us thus far. We would also like to thank all of our friends especially Badar Habib,Yousaf bin Zahid, Umair Rashid and Usman Khan who supported us and incented us to strive towards our goals.

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ABSTRACT

The study area (Chanda-02 well) is located at Latitude of 33° 13’ 55.316 ’’N and Longitude of 71° 30’ 9.419 ’’E in Shakardara area in District Kohat of the Khyber Pukhtonkhawa province. It is about 70 Km from Kohat city and is present in Kohat sub-basin of Upper Indus basin. Chanda-02 well lies in Kohat Basin which is the part of Upper Indus Basin. It is an onshore basin bounded by Main Boundary Thrust on the northern side, Kurram fault on the west, Surghar and Salt Ranges Thrust on the south and on the east by right lateral Kalabagh fault. The Kohat-Potwar Basin is a part of Indian plate deformed by Indian and Eurasian plate collision and over thrust of Himalayas on the north and northeast. The data provided to us included well tops and well logs (Gamma ray, Resistivity, Bulk Density, Neutron) of Chanda-02. This was acquired from LMKR, Islamabad with the prior approval from the Directorate General of Petroleum Concession (DGPC). The main purpose was to observe and evaluate the Petrophysical characteristics of the well. Petrophysical analysis of well Chanda-02 included marking the reservoir zones (pay zones) and carrying out log interpretation. Values of volume of shale, density and neutron porosity as well as those obtained from resistivity logs are calculated by different formulas. Water resistivity and saturation of water and hydrocarbon are also calculated. Results claim that there is one pay zone present in Chanda-02. There is a presence of sandstone in Datta Formation. In Datta Formation pay zone has volume of shale 3.81%, Effective porosity is 7.04%, water saturation is 13.92% and hydrocarbon saturation is 86.07%

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ABBREVIATIONS

Drill Stem Test DST Main Boundary Thrust MBT Main Mantle Thrust MMT Main Karakoram Thrust MKT Oil and Gas Development Company Limited OGDCL Zaver Petroleum Corporation Limited ZPCL Government Holdings Private Limited GHPL Directorate General of Petroleum Concession DGPC Billion Cubic Feet Bcf Spontaneous Potential SP Laterolog Deep LLD Laterolog Shallow LLS Crosphericaly Focused Log MSFL Average porosity Φn-d Neutron porosity Φn Density porosity Φden

Volume of shale Vsh

Gamma ray reading of Formatiom GRlog

Gamma ray minimum GRmin

Gamma ray maximum GRmax

Saturation of water Sw

Saturation of hydrocarbons Sh Million years Ma Mudcake thickness H Temperature Temp.

Resistivity of water equivalent Rwe Fluid density Þf Matrix density Þma Formation bulk density Þb Formation factor (a/ØAm) F North Potwar deformed zone NPDZ Salt range thrust SRT

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CONTENTS

ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii ABBREVIATIONS iii CONTENTS v FIGURES x GRAPHS xi TABLES xii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Introduction 1 1.2 Location of Study Area 1 1.3 Exploration History 1 1.4 Objectives 2 1.5 Methodology 3 1.6 Data availability 3

CHAPTER 2 GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS OF THE AREA 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2 Potwar Plateau 5 2.3 Kohat Plateau 6

CHAPTER 3 STRATIGRAPHY 3.1 Depositional History of Kohat Area 8 3.2 Regional Stratigraphy of Kohat Area 8 3.2.1 Wargal Formation 9 3.2.2 Chidru Formation 9 3.2.3 Mianwali Formation 9 3.2.4 Tredian Formation 10

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3.2.5 Kingriali Formation 10 3.2.6 Datta Formation 10 3.2.7 Shinawari Formation 11 3.2.8 Samana Suk Formation 11 3.2.9 Chichali Formation 11 3.2.10 Lumshiwal Formation 11 3.2.11 Hangu Formation 12 3.2.12 Lockhart Limestone 12 3.2.13 Patala Formation 12 3.2.14 Jatta Gypsum 13 3.2.15 Kuldana Formation 13 3.2.16 Kohat Formation 13 3.2.17 Murree Formation 13 3.2.18 Kamlial Formation 14 3.2.19 Chinji Formation 14 3.2.20 Nagri Formation 14 3.3 Unconformities 15 3.4 General stratigraphy of study area 15

CHAPTER 4 PETROLEUM SYSTEM 4.1 Introduction 17 4.2 Petroleum prospect of Kohat Sub-Basin 17 4.3 Source rocks 18 4.4 Reservoir Rocks in Kohat 18 4.5 Seal Rocks 18

CHAPTER 5 BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT 5.1 Wireline Logging 19 5.2 Logging Environment 19 5.3 The Geological Environment 19 5.4 Borehole Environment 19

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5.4.1 Borehole Size 20 5.4.2 Drilling Mud 20 5.4.3 Mud Cake 21 5.4.4 Mud Filtrate 21 5.4.5 Invasion 21 5.4.5.1 Invasion Profile 21

CHAPTER 6 LOGGING TOOLS AND CLASSIFICATION OF LOGGING TOOLS 6.1 Introduction 23 6.2 Classification of logging tools 23 6.2.1 Neutron log 24 6.2.2 Principle 24 6.2.3 Tool operation 25 6.2.3.1 Gamma ray/Neutron tool GNT 25 6.2.3.2 Compensated Neutron log CNL 25 6.2.2 The Gamma Ray Log 26 6.2.2.1 Principles 26 6.2.3 Density log 27 6.2.3.1 Principles 27 6.2.4 Sonic log 27 6.2.5 Lithology log 28 6.2.6 Spontaneous potential 28 6.2.7 Resistivity measurement 29 6.2.7.1 Principles 29

CHAPTER 7 PETROPHYSICAL INTERPRETATIONS 7.1 Methodology 30 7.2 Wireline logs 30 7.3 Available Data 31 7.4 Petrophysical evaluation 31 7.5 Marking of zone of interest 31

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7.6 Volume of shale 31 7.7 Average porosity 33 7.8 Effective porosity 34 7.9 Neutron porosity 36 7.10 Density porosity 36 7.11 Bulk Density 38

7.12 Estimation of resistivity of water Rw 38 7.13 Water saturation 39 7.14 Hydrocarbon saturation 41

CONCLUSIONS 43 REFERENCES 44 APPENDICES 48

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FIGURES

Figure 1.1. Location map of Chanda oil field 2 Figure 2.1. General tectonics of the area 5 Figure 3.1. Stratigraphic column of Upper Indus Basin 15 Figure 5.1. The borehole environment and symbols used in log 20 interpretation Figure 6.1. Logging operations 23 Figure 6.2. Illustrating principles of neutron log 24 Figure 6.3. Illustrating principles of gamma ray log 26 Figure 6.4. Illustrating principles of sonic log 28

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GRAPHS

Graph 7.1. Depth vs Volume Datta Formation 32 Graph 7.2. Depth vs Average Porosity Datta Formation 34 Graph 7.3. Depth vs Effective Porosity Datta Formation 35 Graph 7.4. Depth vs Neutron Porosity Datta Formation 36 Graph 7.5. Depth vs Density Porosity Datta Formation 37 Graph 7.6. Depth vs Bulk Density Datta Formation 38 Graph 7.7. Depth vs Water Saturation Datta Formation 40 Graph 7.8. Depth vs Hydrocarbon Saturation Datta Formation 41

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TABLES

Table 3.1. Borehole stratigraphyChanda oil field and well tops 16 Table 4.1. Petroleum system of Chanda 02 17 Table 7.1. Zone of interest 31 Table 7.2. Average shale volume(%) for interval 1 32 Table 7.3. Average porosity(%) for interval 1 33 Table 7.4. Effective porosity(%) for interval 1 35 Table 7.5. Intervals showing water saturation(%) for interval 1 40 Table 7.6. Intervals showing hydrocarbon saturation(%) for interval 1 41 Table 7.7. Summation of petrophysical properties of reservoir zone of 42 chanda 02 well

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