DOCSLIB.ORG

Socio-Ecological Determinants of Movement Behaviour in Red-Tailed Monkeys (Cercopithecus Ascanius Schmidti)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Socio-Ecological Determinants of Movement Behaviour in Red-Tailed Monkeys (Cercopithecus Ascanius Schmidti) Socio-ecological determinants of movement behaviour in red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti) Edward McLester Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Liverpool John Moores University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, September 2020 Contents Abstract pg. 5 Declaration pg. 6 Acknowledgements pg. 7 Author contributions pg. 8 Ch. 1 Introduction pg. 10 Group-living among primates pg. 10 Group-living as an adaptive response pg. 10 Drivers of group ranging pg. 11 Drivers of group cohesion at the individual level pg. 12 Bidirectional communication as a mechanism of spatial cohesion pg. 13 Inter-habitat and intra-specific variation in group-living behaviour pg. 15 Thesis outline pg. 16 Ch. 2 Food abundance and weather influence habitat-specific ranging patterns in pg. 26 forest- and savanna mosaic-dwelling red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) Abstract pg. 27 Introduction pg. 27 Methods pg. 29 Study sites pg. 29 Data collection pg. 30 Data analyses pg. 32 Results pg. 34 Home range sizes pg. 34 Daily travel distances pg. 40 Hourly and daily travel distances in response to weather pg. 40 Daily travel distances and home range use in response to food pg. 40 abundance Discussion pg. 43 Home range sizes and DTD reflect food abundance pg. 43 Thermal constraints on travel distances pg. 44 Determinants of home range use pg. 45 Hominin adaptations to savanna mosaic environments pg. 46 Supplementary material pg. 56 Ch. 3 Thermal conditions constrain group movements and habitat use in forest- and pg. 71 savanna woodland-dwelling red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) Abstract pg. 72 Introduction pg. 72 Methods pg. 76 2 Study sites & groups pg. 76 Data collection pg. 78 Data analyses pg. 79 Results pg. 82 Hourly temperatures and solar irradiance pg. 82 Hourly travel distance pg. 82 Temperatures during open vegetation use pg. 84 Solar irradiance during open vegetation use pg. 84 Intra-group variation in open vegetation use at Issa pg. 84 Discussion pg. 86 Thermal conditions in forest and savanna-woodland mosaics pg. 86 Temperature constrains travel speed across habitats pg. 86 Thermal tolerance in open vegetation pg. 86 Forest loss can cause long-lasting thermal heterogeneity pg. 88 Hominin responses to changing thermal conditions pg. 89 Supplementary material pg. 96 Ch. 4 Food availability influences strategies of intra-group cohesion in red-tailed pg. 108 monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) Abstract pg. 109 Introduction pg. 109 Methods pg. 111 Data collection pg. 111 Data analyses pg. 113 Statistical analyses pg. 114 Results pg. 116 Spatial cohesion in relation group travel speed pg. 116 Spatial cohesion in relation to focal and nearest neighbour age- pg. 118 sex class Spatial cohesion in relation to individual behaviour pg. 118 Discussion pg. 118 Individual spatial cohesion as an alternative to group travel pg. 118 Spatial cohesion reflects individual cost-benefit ratios pg. 120 Spatial dimensions of intra-group feeding competition pg. 121 Spatial cohesion and social foraging pg. 121 Supplementary material pg. 128 Ch. 5 Contact call acoustic structure reflects antiphony in a wild primate pg. 133 (Cercopithecus ascanius) Abstract pg. 134 Introduction pg. 134 Methods pg. 135 3 Data collection pg. 135 Data analyses pg. 137 Statistical analyses pg. 137 Results pg. 139 Model selection per acoustic parameter pg. 139 Modulating effect of preceding grunts pg. 139 Modulating effects of nearest neighbour age-sex class and group pg. 139 travel speed Discussion pg. 141 Supplementary material pg. 146 Ch. 6 Conclusions pg. 153 Environmental influences on movement behaviour pg. 153 Individual behaviour reflects socio-ecological interactions pg. 154 Paleoecological drivers of primate movement behaviour in the Plio- pg. 157 Pleistocene Applications of primate movement behaviour in conservation pg. 159 Limitations and future studies pg. 160 4 Abstract In group-living primates, costs and benefits of sociality are reflected in movement behaviour: where groups move in their environment, and how individuals maintain cohesive groups while moving. Establishing environmental and social determinants of movement behaviour reveals adaptive responses that characterise primate sociality. For primates in different habitats, intra-specific behavioural variation provides insight into ecological pressures that drive habitat-specific adaptive responses. I investigated how group ranging and two individual behaviours that mediate intra-group cohesion – spatial positioning and contact calling – relate to food availability, weather, and social contexts in red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius), a forest guenon that also lives in forest scarce savanna-woodland environments. I predicted food availability and weather would have stronger effects on ranging in more seasonal savanna mosaics than forests, and individuals would 1) adjust inter-individual distances in response to increased feeding competition, and 2) adjust contact call acoustic structure to maximise propagation when neighbours were further away. I collected behavioural and ecological data at Ngogo, Uganda, a predominantly forested habitat with small patches of secondary forest, and Issa, Tanzania, a woodland-dominated mosaic with thin strips of riparian forest. Larger home ranges sizes and longer travel distances at Issa reflected lower food availability and hotter temperatures than at Ngogo. Behavioural responses to thermal conditions in secondary forest and woodland suggested comparable environmental heterogeneity across sites at fine spatial scales. Ngogo monkeys increased inter-individual distances where food availability was low and when travelling slower. Individual cohesion indicates trade-offs between reducing feeding competition and social foraging. Ngogo monkeys also adjusted call structures to match expected propagation to conspecifics depending if neighbours produced preceding grunts (i.e. antiphony). Environmental and social drivers of intra-specific movement behaviour reveal adaptive behavioural responses through which primates maintain sociality. Habitat-specific behaviour in red-tailed monkeys also improves our understanding of adaptations in hominins distributed across similar vegetation gradients. 5 Declaration No portion of the work referred to in this thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. 6 Acknowledgements Research at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda was conducted with permission from the Uganda Wildlife Authority, the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology, and Makerere University Biological Field Station, and permission and support from Michelle Brown and the Ngogo Monkey Project (NMP). Assistance with logistics and data collection at the NMP was provided by Felix Othieno, Toni Dotterer, and Godfrey Asaba. Additional facilities and assistance were provided by David Watts, John Mitani, Kevin Langergraber, Sam Angedakin, and the Ngogo Chimpanzee Project (NCP). Vegetation density data and additional ranging data were collected by and used with permission from Michelle Brown and the NMP *. Phenology data were collected by and used with permission from David Watts, John Mitani, Kevin Langergraber, and the NCP and provided by Kevin Potts *. Geospatial data from the Uganda Biomass Study were provided by Sylvia Amsler *. Research at the Issa Valley, Tanzania was conducted with permission from Kigoma and Mpanda district governments, the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, and permission and support from Alex Piel, Fiona Stewart and the Greater Mahale Ecosystem Research and Conservation (GMERC) Project. Vegetation density data collected by Yahya Abeid and phenology data and additional ranging data collected by the GMERC Project were used with permission from Alex Piel, Fiona Stewart, and the GMERC Project *. This PhD project was supervised by Alex Piel (lead) and Serge Wich, with extremely helpful feedback on manuscript revisions from Russell Hill and Nicola Koyama. Funding was provided by the American Society of Primatologists (2017 General Small Grant) and the School of Biological and Environmental Sciences at Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU). Ethical approval was granted by the Faculty of Science at LJMU (approval reference: AP_EMcL/2016-3). Chapter 2 is published in full as: McLester E., Brown M., Stewart F. & Piel A. (2019). Food abundance and weather influence habitat-specific ranging patterns in forest- and savanna mosaic- dwelling red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 170: 217-231. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23920 * see individual chapter Acknowledgements. 7 Author contributions Chapter 1 EM designed and wrote the manuscript. Chapter 2 EM designed the study, collected ranging data, analysed all data, and wrote the manuscript with edits from MB, FS, and AP. MB collected ranging and vegetation plot data. FS and AP collected ranging, vegetation plot, phenology, and weather station data. Chapter 3 EM designed the study, collected ranging, behavioural, and weather station data, analysed all data, and wrote the manuscript with edits from MB, FS, and AP. MB collected ranging and vegetation plot data. FS and AP collected ranging, behavioural, vegetation plot, phenology, and weather station data. Chapter 4 EM designed the study, collected ranging and behavioural data, analysed all data, and wrote the manuscript. MB collected
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vascular Plant Survey of Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve, Malawi
    YIKA-VWAZA TRUST RESEARCH STUDY REPORT N (2017/18) Vascular Plant Survey of Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve, Malawi By Sopani Sichinga ([email protected]) September , 2019 ABSTRACT In 2018 – 19, a survey on vascular plants was conducted in Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve. The reserve is located in the north-western Malawi, covering an area of about 986 km2. Based on this survey, a total of 461 species from 76 families were recorded (i.e. 454 Angiosperms and 7 Pteridophyta). Of the total species recorded, 19 are exotics (of which 4 are reported to be invasive) while 1 species is considered threatened. The most dominant families were Fabaceae (80 species representing 17. 4%), Poaceae (53 species representing 11.5%), Rubiaceae (27 species representing 5.9 %), and Euphorbiaceae (24 species representing 5.2%). The annotated checklist includes scientific names, habit, habitat types and IUCN Red List status and is presented in section 5. i ACKNOLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, let me thank the Nyika–Vwaza Trust (UK) for funding this work. Without their financial support, this work would have not been materialized. The Department of National Parks and Wildlife (DNPW) Malawi through its Regional Office (N) is also thanked for the logistical support and accommodation throughout the entire study. Special thanks are due to my supervisor - Mr. George Zwide Nxumayo for his invaluable guidance. Mr. Thom McShane should also be thanked in a special way for sharing me some information, and sending me some documents about Vwaza which have contributed a lot to the success of this work. I extend my sincere thanks to the Vwaza Research Unit team for their assistance, especially during the field work.
    [Show full text]
  • Burkholderia in Rubiaceae
    Symbiotic ß-Proteobacteria beyond Legumes: Burkholderia in Rubiaceae Brecht Verstraete1*, Steven Janssens1, Erik Smets1,2, Steven Dessein3 1 Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, 2 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands, 3 National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Meise, Belgium Abstract Symbiotic ß-proteobacteria not only occur in root nodules of legumes but are also found in leaves of certain Rubiaceae. The discovery of bacteria in plants formerly not implicated in endosymbiosis suggests a wider occurrence of plant-microbe interactions. Several ß-proteobacteria of the genus Burkholderia are detected in close association with tropical plants. This interaction has occurred three times independently, which suggest a recent and open plant-bacteria association. The presence or absence of Burkholderia endophytes is consistent on genus level and therefore implies a predictive value for the discovery of bacteria. Only a single Burkholderia species is found in association with a given plant species. However, the endophyte species are promiscuous and can be found in association with several plant species. Most of the endophytes are part of the plant-associated beneficial and environmental group, but others are closely related to B. glathei. This soil bacteria, together with related nodulating and non-nodulating endophytes, is therefore transferred to a newly defined and larger PBE group within the genus Burkholderia. Citation: Verstraete B, Janssens S, Smets E, Dessein S (2013) Symbiotic ß-Proteobacteria beyond Legumes: Burkholderia in Rubiaceae. PLoS ONE 8(1): e55260. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055260 Editor: Matthias Horn, University of Vienna, Austria Received September 10, 2012; Accepted December 20, 2012; Published January 25, 2013 Copyright: ß 2013 Verstraete et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Rdna ITS Sequence Data Used to Construct the First Phylogeny
    Plant Syst. Evol. 230: 173±187 12002) Nuclear rDNA ITS sequence data used to construct the ®rst phylogeny of Vanguerieae Rubiaceae) H.Lantz 1, K.Andreasen 2,3, and B.Bremer 1 1Department of Systematic Botany, EBC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 2Jepson Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA 3Present address: Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden Received March 14, 2001 Accepted August 1, 2001 Abstract. The morphologically homogenous tribe ceae, a family of mostly woody species distrib- Vanguerieae was investigated phylogenetically us- uted over large parts of the world, but centred ing sequence data from the Internal Transcribed in the tropics. Rubiaceae are perhaps best Spacer 1ITS) region in the nuclear ribosomal DNA. known for coee 1Coea sp.), but also include Sequences from 41 Vanguerieae species represent- many ornamentals and are an important ing 19 genera were produced, and a parsimony constituent of many tropical habitats. The analysis was performed. The phylogenetic analysis main characteristics of the family are opposite has several clades with strong support, among which three new informal groups are discussed, i.e. leaves, interpetiolar stipules, sympetalous co- the Vangueria group, the Fadogia-Rytigynia group rollas and inferior ovaries. While many phy- and the Spiny group. Also found monophyletic logenies for the family have been produced in with strong support are Multidentia, Keetia, Lagy- the last ten years, all from the subfamilial level nias, and Pyrostria. Canthium and Rytigynia are down to genera, no phylogeny has so far been revealed as polyphyletic; Vangueria, Tapiphyllum, produced for Vanguerieae.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystem: Eastern Arc Mountains & Coastal Forests of Tanzania & Kenya
    ECOSYSTEM PROFILE EASTERN ARC MOUNTAINS & COASTAL FORESTS OF TANZANIA & KENYA Final version July 31, 2003 (updated: march 2005) Prepared by: Conservation International International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology In collaboration with: Nature Kenya Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania With the technical support of: Centre for Applied Biodiversity Science - Conservation International East African Herbarium National Museums of Kenya Missouri Botanical Garden Tanzania Forest Conservation Group Zoology Department, University of Dar es Salaam WWF Eastern Africa Regional Programme Office WWF United States And a special team for this ecosystem profile: Neil Burgess Tom Butynski Ian Gordon Quentin Luke Peter Sumbi John Watkin Assisted by experts and contributors: KENYA Hamdan Sheha Idrissa Perkin Andrew Barrow Edmund Howell Kim Verberkmoes Anne Marie Gakahu Chris Kajuni A R Ward Jessica Githitho Anthony Kilahama Felician Kabii Tom Kafumu George R BELGIUM Kimbwereza Elly D Kabugi Hewson Lens Luc Kanga Erustus Lejora Inyasi A.V. Matiku Paul Lulandala Luther Mbora David Mallya Felix UK Mugo Robinson Mariki Stephen Burgess Neil Ndugire Naftali Masayanyika Sammy Odhiambo Peter Mathias Lema USA Thompson Hazell Milledge Simon Brooks Thomas Wandago Ben Mlowe Edward Gereau Roy Mpemba Erastp Langhammer Penny Msuya Charles TANZANIA Ocker Donnell Mungaya Elias Sebunya Kaddu Baldus Rolf D Mwasumbi Leonard Bhukoli Alice Struhsaker Tom Salehe John Wieczkowski Julie Doggart Nike Stodsrod Jan Erik Howlett David Tapper Elizabeth Hewawasam Indu Offninga
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Checklist of the Coastal Forests of Kenya, East Africa
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 147: 1–191 (2020) Checklist of coastal forests of Kenya 1 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.147.49602 CHECKLIST http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research An annotated checklist of the coastal forests of Kenya, East Africa Veronicah Mutele Ngumbau1,2,3,4, Quentin Luke4, Mwadime Nyange4, Vincent Okelo Wanga1,2,3, Benjamin Muema Watuma1,2,3, Yuvenalis Morara Mbuni1,2,3,4, Jacinta Ndunge Munyao1,2,3, Millicent Akinyi Oulo1,2,3, Elijah Mbandi Mkala1,2,3, Solomon Kipkoech1,2,3, Malombe Itambo4, Guang-Wan Hu1,2, Qing-Feng Wang1,2 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Gar- den, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China 2 Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (SA- JOREC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 4 East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, P. O. Box 45166 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Corresponding author: Guang-Wan Hu ([email protected]) Academic editor: P. Herendeen | Received 23 December 2019 | Accepted 17 March 2020 | Published 12 May 2020 Citation: Ngumbau VM, Luke Q, Nyange M, Wanga VO, Watuma BM, Mbuni YuM, Munyao JN, Oulo MA, Mkala EM, Kipkoech S, Itambo M, Hu G-W, Wang Q-F (2020) An annotated checklist of the coastal forests of Kenya, East Africa. PhytoKeys 147: 1–191. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.147.49602 Abstract The inadequacy of information impedes society’s competence to find out the cause or degree of a prob- lem or even to avoid further losses in an ecosystem.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Multidentia</I> (Rubiaceae)
    Plant Ecology and Evolution 145 (1): 132–137, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2012.673 SHORT COMMUNICATION Un nouveau Multidentia (Rubiaceae) d’Afrique centrale Olivier Lachenaud1,2,* & Olivier Séné3 1Université Libre de Bruxelles, Service d’Evolution Biologie et Ecologie – CP160/12, 50 Avenue F. Roosevelt, BE-1050 Bruxelles, Belgique. 2Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Domaine de Bouchout, BE-1860 Meise, Belgique. 3Herbier National du Cameroun, BP 1601 Yaoundé, Cameroun. *Author for correspondence: [email protected] A new species of Multidentia (Rubiaceae) from central Africa Background – The genus Multidentia Gilli (Rubiaceae-Vanguerieae) includes nine species from tropical Africa. A tenth species, M. saxicola O.Lachenaud & Séné, is here described and illustrated. Methods – Classical methods of herbarium taxonomy have been applied. Key results – Multidentia saxicola occurs in Cameroon and in D.R.Congo; it is only known from two localities about 1,500 km apart. It most closely resembles M. sclerocarpa (K.Schum.) Bridson from Tanzania but differs in the nearly unlobed calyx and lenticellate fruits. It differs from M. dichrophylla (Mildbr.) Bridson in having much larger calyces and fruits and in being a taller tree (12–20 m). Multidentia saxicola is evaluated to be Critically endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) according to IUCN criteria. A key to the central African species of Multidentia is presented. Key words – Multidentia, Rubiaceae, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, conservation, taxonomy. Contexte – Le genre Multidentia Gilli (Rubiaceae-Vanguerieae) comprend neuf espèces d’Afrique tropicale. Une dixième espèce, M. saxicola O.Lachenaud & Séné, est ici décrite et illustrée. Méthodes – Les méthodes usuelles de taxonomie d’herbier ont été appliquées.
    [Show full text]
  • Wo 2009/125017 A2
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date 15 October 2009 (15.10.2009) WO 2009/125017 A2 (51) International Patent Classification: (FR). CAMPA, Claudine [FR/FR]; 4 rue des Lavandes, C07H 7/06 (2006.01) A61K 8/49 (2006.01) F-34820 Teyran (FR). C07H 1/08 (2006.01) A61K 127/00 (2006.01) (74) Agents: TOUATI, Catherine et al; Cabinet Plasseraud, A61K 31/7048 (2006.01) A61P 17/00 (2006.01) 52 rue de Ia Victoire, F-75440 Paris Cedex 09 (FR). A61P3/10 (2006.01) A61P 37/08 (2006.01) A61K 36/74 (2006.01) A61Q 19/00 (2006.01) (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every A61K 8/97 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, (21) International Application Number: CA, CH, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, PCT/EP2009/054349 EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, (22) International Filing Date: HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, KR, 10 April 2009 (10.04.2009) KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, (25) Filing Language: English NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, (26) Publication Language: English SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 of 2 02/07/12 File://F:\0 CD3WD 40\CD3WD\HEALTH
    Page 1 of 2 Home-immediately access 800+ free online publications. Download CD3WD (680 Megabytes) and distribute it to the 3rd World. CD3WD is a 3rd World Development private-sector initiative, mastered by Software Developer Alex Weir and hosted by GNUveau_Networks (From globally distributed organizations, to supercomputers, to a small home server, if it's Linux, we know it.)ar.cn.de.en.es.fr.id.it.ph.po.ru.sw Traditional Medicinal Plants (Dar Es Salaam University Press - Ministry of Health - Tanzania, 1991, 391 p.) (introduction...) Foreword International and National Organising Comittees Acknowledgements Introduction OPENING SESSION: WELCOME AND OPENING ADDRESSES PART I: USE AND PROMOTION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE AFRICAN REGION PART II: USE AND PROMOTION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE ASIAN REGION PART III: THE USE AND PROMOTION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE LATIN AMERICAN REGION PART IV: SESSION SUMMARIES AND DISCUSSIONS PART V: GENERAL SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS AND RESOLUTIONS APPENDIX I: TRANSLATED VERSIONS OF FRENCH AND SPANISH PRESENTATIONS APPENDIX II: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Ministry of Health P.O. Box 9083 Dar es Salaam TANZANIA © Ministry of Health, United Republic of Tanzania, 1991 ISBN 9976 60 229 4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written approval of the Ministry of Health, United Republic of Tanzania PROCEEDINGS OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE of Experts from Developing Countries on THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF HEALTH EDITORIAL COMMITTEE file://F:\0 CD3WD_40\CD3WD\HEALTH\H0326E\EN\B1649_1.HTM 02/07/12 Page 1 of 4 Home-immediately access 800+ free online publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Savanna Fire and the Origins of the “Underground Forests” of Africa
    SAVANNA FIRE AND THE ORIGINS OF THE “UNDERGROUND FORESTS” OF AFRICA Olivier Maurin1, *, T. Jonathan Davies1, 2, *, John E. Burrows3, 4, Barnabas H. Daru1, Kowiyou Yessoufou1, 5, A. Muthama Muasya6, Michelle van der Bank1 and William J. Bond6, 7 1African Centre for DNA Barcoding, Department of Botany & Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524 Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; 2Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 ave Docteur Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Quebec, Canada; 3Buffelskloof Herbarium, P.O. Box 710, Lydenburg, 1120, South Africa; 4Department of Plant Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20 Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa; 5Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida campus, Florida 1710, Gauteng, South Africa; 6Department of Biological Sciences and 7South African Environmental Observation Network, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Western Cape, South Africa *These authors contributed equally to the study Author for correspondence: T. Jonathan Davies Tel: +1 514 398 8885 Email: [email protected] Manuscript information: 5272 words (Introduction = 1242 words, Materials and Methods = 1578 words, Results = 548 words, Discussion = 1627 words, Conclusion = 205 words | 6 figures (5 color figures) | 2 Tables | 2 supporting information 1 SUMMARY 1. The origin of fire-adapted lineages is a long-standing question in ecology. Although phylogeny can provide a significant contribution to the ongoing debate, its use has been precluded by the lack of comprehensive DNA data. Here we focus on the ‘underground trees’ (= geoxyles) of southern Africa, one of the most distinctive growth forms characteristic of fire-prone savannas. 2. We placed geoxyles within the most comprehensive dated phylogeny for the regional flora comprising over 1400 woody species.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Guide to the Moist Forest Trees of Tanzania
    Field Guide to the Moist Forest Trees of Tanzania Jon C. Lovett, Chris K. Ruffo & Roy E. Gereau Illustrations – Line Sørensen & Jilly Lovett Formatting and distribution maps – James Taplin 1 Introduction This field guide started life as a file card index prepared by Jon Lovett during field work in Tanzania from 1979 to 1992. The text derived from the original index was substantially added to by the students Jette Raal Hansen, Karin Sørig Hougaard, Vibeke Hørlyck, Peter Høst, Kristian Mikkelsen, Rosa, Josefine, Henry Ndangalasi and Ludovick Uronu at the Botanical Museum of Copenhagen during training excercises in 1994. Chris Ruffo added information on local names and uses and Roy Gereau checked, uptaked and edited the nomenclature and included species missing from the original list. The participation of Chris Ruffo was supported by the DANIDA Tree Seed Centre. Moist forests are defined here as evergreen and semi-deciduous closed canopy vegetation that ranges from lowland groundwater and riverine forests to elfin mist forests on the tops of high mountains. A large tree is defined as being greater than 10 m or 20cm diameter at breast height. The diameter measurement is included so that stunted trees in cold high elevation forests are covered. There are a great many trees smaller than 10 m in height, particularly in the family Rubiaceae. The height limit thus constrains the number of species included. A few species known only from the forests of eastern Kenya are included. This is to ensure full coverage of large trees from the Eastern Arc and Coastal Forest biodiversity “hotspot”. The book “Kenya Trees Shrubs and Lianas” by Henk Beentje contains a full coverage of the Kenyan species.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Biogeography of the Coffee Family (Rubiaceae, Gentianales) In
    Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2010) 37, 1094–1113 SPECIAL Historical biogeography of the coffee ISSUE family (Rubiaceae, Gentianales) in Madagascar: case studies from the tribes Knoxieae, Naucleeae, Paederieae and Vanguerieae N. Wikstro¨m*, M. Avino, S. G. Razafimandimbison and B. Bremer Bergius Foundation, Royal Swedish Academy ABSTRACT of Sciences and Department of Botany, Aim In Madagascar the family Rubiaceae includes an estimated 650 species Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden representing 95 genera. As many as 98% of the species and 30% of the genera are endemic. Several factors make the Rubiaceae a model system for developing an understanding of the origins of the Malagasy flora. Ancestral area distributions are explicitly reconstructed for four tribes (Knoxieae, Naucleeae, Paederieae and Vanguerieae) with the aim of understanding how many times, and from where, these groups have originated in Madagascar. Location Indian Ocean Basin, with a focus on Madagascar. Methods Bayesian phylogenetic analyses are conducted on the four tribes. The results are used for reconstructing ancestral areas using dispersal–vicariance analyses. Phylogenetic uncertainties in the reconstructions are accounted for by conducting all analyses on the posterior distribution from the analyses. Results Altogether, 11 arrivals in Madagascar (one in Paederieae, five in Knoxieae, three in Vanguerieae, and two in Naucleeae) are reconstructed. The most common pattern is a dispersal event (followed by vicariance) from Eastern Tropical Africa. The Naucleeae and Paederieae in Madagascar differ and originate from Asia. Numerous out-of-Madagascar dispersals, mainly in the dioecious Vanguerieae, are reconstructed. Main conclusions The four tribes arrived several times in Madagascar via dispersal events from Eastern Tropical Africa, Southern Africa and Tropical Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships and New Tribal Delimitations in Subfamily Ixoroideae (Rubiaceae)
    bs_bs_banner Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 173, 387–406. With 2 figures Phylogenetic relationships and new tribal delimitations in subfamily Ixoroideae (Rubiaceae) KENT KAINULAINEN1,2*, SYLVAIN G. RAZAFIMANDIMBISON1,2 and BIRGITTA BREMER1,2 1Bergius Foundation, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 2Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Received 4 April 2012; revised 2 October 2012; accepted for publication 31 January 2013 Subfamily Ixoroideae is one of three major lineages in Rubiaceae, with approximately 4000 species. Previous molecular phylogenetic studies have indicated that many genera and tribes previously placed in other subfamilies are better considered as part of Ixoroideae. However, the internal resolution and clade support have generally been low, and several genera found to be nested in the subfamily do not appear to be associated with any described tribe. In order to resolve the phylogeny and assess the tribal delimitations in the expanded Ixoroideae, phylogenetic reconstructions were performed using Bayesian and parsimony analyses of six plastid DNA regions and a broad sampling of genera from all tribes of the subfamily. In the inferred phylogenetic hypotheses, the tribal relationships were mostly well supported, with Ixoroideae consisting of the Coffeeae and the Vanguerieae alliances as sister groups and a grade comprising Condamineeae, Henriquezieae, Posoquerieae, Retiniphylleae, Sipaneeae and the genus Steenisia. A revised tribal classification, including the description of five new tribes, Airospermeae, Augusteae, Scyphiphoreae, Steenisieae and Trailliaedoxeae, is provided. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 173, 387–406. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: Airospermeae – Augusteae – molecular phylogenetics – Scyphiphoreae – Steenisieae – systematics – Trailliaedoxeae.
    [Show full text]