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Assessment of Private Sector Investment Potential in the Energy Sector KENYA NDC PRIVATE SECTOR ENGAGEMENT PROJECT Engaging private sector in NDC implementation - Assessment of private sector investment potential in the energy sector October 2020 ABOUT UNDP UNDP’s work on climate change spans more than 140 countries and USD $3.7 billion in investments in climate change adaptation and mitigation measures since 2008. With the goal to foster ambitious progress towards resilient, zero-carbon development, UNDP has also supported the implementation of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change by working with countries on achieving their climate commitments or Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). THE UNDP NDC SUPPORT PROGRAMME The NDC Support Programme provides technical support for countries to pursue a “whole-of-society”, integrated approach that strengthens national systems, facilitates climate action and increases access to finance for transformative sustainable development. The programme helps countries address these financial barriers by deploying a structured approach for scaling up sectoral investments and putting in place a transparent, enabling investment environment. Beyond direct country support, UNDP facilitates exchanges and learning opportunities on NDC implementation at the global and regional level by capitalizing on our close collaboration with the UNFCCC and other strategic partners. The Programme, which works in contribution to the NDC Partnership, is generously supported by the German Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (BMU), the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the European Union and the Government of Spain. Authors: Megumi Sato, Deloitte Tohmatsu Financial Advisory LLC Raymond Caguioa, Deloitte Tohmatsu Financial Advisory LLC Samuel Alterescu, Deloitte Tohmatsu Financial Advisory LLC Reviewers: Peter Maneno, Ministry of Energy Shaleen Wangui, Kenya Renewable Energy Association (KEREA) Kamal Gupta, KEREA Charles Muchunku, KEREA Joshua Were, Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ryo Tsujimoto, Deloitte Tohmatsu Financial Advisory LLC Bernadette Wahogo, Irungu, Deloitte Consulting Limited Jay Karia, Deloitte Consulting Limited Tollander Wabwire, Deloitte Consulting Limited Technical oversight and guidance: Alexandra Soezer, UNDP Technical support and contributions: Louis Nunes Da Costa, UNDP Editor: Leah Brumer Produced by: Deloitte Tohmatsu Financial Advisory LLC The Guidance Note should be cited as: United Nations Development Programme (2020). Engaging private sector in NDC implementation - Assessment of private sector investment potential in the energy sector - Kenya, UNDP, New York Design and layout: Jason T Quirk Disclaimer The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including UNDP, or the UN Member States. Photo credit: ©Peter Kapuscinski, World Bank TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES 4 ACRONYMS 5 1. INTRODUCTION 6 2. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND CLIMATE TARGETS 7 2.1 Overview of Kenya’s GHG emission profile 7 2.2 Kenya’s energy sector and its GHG emissions 8 2.3 NDC and sectoral targets 9 3. ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 13 3.1 Overall policy environment 13 3.2 Policy environment related to climate change 14 3.3 Energy sector policy environment 15 3.4 Policy environment for the private sector 16 3.5 Energy sector institutions and institutional framework 16 3.6 Overall business environment 17 3.7 Ease of doing business 19 3.8 Enabling environment for cross-border and foreign investments 21 3.9 Summary of overall enabling environment in Kenya 27 4. PRIORITIZED SECTOR CONTEXT 28 4.1 Renewable energy 28 4.2 Energy efficiency 34 4.3 Clean cooking 37 4.4 Financial institutions providing green financing relevant to the energy sector 43 5. PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT POTENTIAL 50 5.1 Renewable energy 50 5.2 Clean cooking 51 6. REPORTING FRAMEWORK TO ALIGN BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES WITH NDC IMPACT TARGETS IN THE ENERGY SECTOR IN KENYA 55 6.1 Rationale for private sector alignment with NDC impact targets 55 6.2 Reporting frameworks 55 7. CONCLUSION 62 3 LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES TABLES Table 1: Mitigation measures identified in Kenya’s NDC 9 Table 2: GHG emission reduction potential for six priority sectors 10 Table 3: GHG emission reduction potential for the energy sector 10 Table 4: Energy sector mitigation options 11 Table 5: Energy sector priority actions (2022) 11 Table 6: Kenya’s SE4ALL goal 12 Table 7: Key institutions in Kenya’s energy sector 16 Table 8: Kenya’s risk profile 18 Table 9: Kenya’s Doing Business survey performance (2016-2020) 19 Table 10: Taxes applicable in Kenya 26 Table 11: IPPs in Kenya 30 Table 12: Financial institutions providing green financing to Kenya’s energy sector 43 Table 13: CDM projects in Kenya 45 Table 14: Proposed renewable energy projects (2018-2022) 50 Table 15: Energy demand-side priority actions (2018-2022) 51 Table 16: Data inputs used to calculate investment potential in improved biomass stoves 52 Table 17: Percentage estimated to calculate investment potential 52 Table 18: Data inputs used to calculate investment potential in improved clean stoves for bioethanol and LPG 53 Table 19: Data inputs used to calculate investment potential in improved clean stoves for biogas 53 Table 20: Total investment opportunity in clean cooking 53 FIGURES Figure 1: Kenya’s baseline emission projections (MtCO2e per year) 7 Figure 2: Kenya’s energy sources 8 Figure 3: Kenya’s renewable energy power generation ecosystem 28 Figure 4: Value chain for on-grid renewable energy generation in Kenya 29 Figure 5: Selected EPC contractors and installers in Kenya 31 Figure 6: Value chain for off-grid renewable energy power generation in Kenya 32 Figure 7: Technology providers and small-scale developers in Kenya 33 Figure 8: Kenya’s energy efficiency ecosystem 35 Figure 9: Ecosystem for clean cooking in Kenya 38 Figure 10: Value chain for clean cooking in Kenya 39 Figure 11: Cookstove manufacturers in Kenya 39 Figure 12: Selected fuel manufacturers in Kenya 40 Figure 13: Clean cooking LPG value chain 40 4 ACRONYMS BAU Business as usual Mtoe Million tonnes of oil equivalent CAPEX Capital expenditure MTPs Medium-Term Plans CBK Central Bank of Kenya NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action C&I Commercial and industrial NAP National Adaptation Plan CO2e Carbon dioxide equivalent NCCAP National Climate Change Action Plan CVC Corporate venture capital NCC Nairobi City Council EPC Engineering, procurement and construction NCCC National Climate Change Council ERC Energy Regulatory Commission NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy EPRA Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority NCCS National Climate Change Secretariat FDI Foreign direct investment NDC Nationally Determined Contribution GDP Gross domestic product PPA Power purchase agreement GESIP Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan PV Photovoltaic Gg Gigagrams REA Rural Electrification Authority GHG Greenhouse gas REREC Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Corporation GVEP Global Village Energy Partnerships SACCO Savings and credit cooperative organization GWh Gigawatt hours SDGs Sustainable Development Goals INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution SE4ALL Sustainable Energy for All IPCC International Panel on Climate Change SHS Solar home systems IPPs Independent power producers SMEs Small and medium-sized enterprises KCF Kenya Climate Fund SNC Second National Communication KCJ Kenyan Ceramic Jiko TOE Tonne of oil equivalent KCSAS Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention of KenGen Kenya Electricity Generation Company PLC Climate Change KES Kenyan shilling UN United Nations KPLC Kenya Power and Lighting Company US$ US dollar kW Kilowatt VAT Value-added tax LCPDPs Least Cost Power Development Plans VC Venture capital LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LTWP Lake Turkana Wind Power Plant LULUCF Land use, land-use change and forestry MENR Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources MFI Microfinance institutions MNCs Multinational corporations MOPM Ministry of Petroleum and Mining MtCO2e Million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent 5 1. INTRODUCTION Transforming Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) into tangible actions that lead to long-term, zero- carbon and climate-resilient development requires financing. Broader-scale investments are needed to achieve the objectives set in the NDCs and the Paris Agreement. For example, it is estimated that US$23 trillion in public and private investment is needed. Given the magnitude of the need, most of that will have to come from the private sector.1 Ensuring the transition to low-carbon agriculture, forestry, water and waste sectors, among others, will require additional capital. Global estimates of the cost of climate change adaptation may rise to between $280 billion and $500 billion per year by 2050; costs may be higher under higher emissions scenarios.2 Access to finance is fundamental to realize the objectives set by the NDCs. However, countries continue to face challenges in securing the financial resources needed to achieve their NDC targets. A synergistic approach between the private and public sector is needed to deal with the shortage of financial resources. Such an approach requires mobilizing private sector resources to fill the gap caused by a lack of public investment. The adoption of the Paris Agreement sent a strong policy signal for private sector investment in climate finance. The development of the NDCs has also offered investment
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