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Studies on the Diversity of Macrofungus in Kodaikanal Region of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India

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Studies on the Diversity of Macrofungus in Kodaikanal Region of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 19, Number 6, November 2018 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 2283-2293 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d190636 Studies on the diversity of macrofungus in Kodaikanal region of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India BOOBALAN THULASINATHAN1, MOHAN RASU KULANTHAISAMY1,2, ARUMUGAM NAGARAJAN1, SARAVANAN SOORANGKATTAN3, JOTHI BASU MUTHURAMALINGAM3, JEYAKANTHAN JEYARAMAN4, ALAGARSAMY ARUN 1, 1Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, College Road, Alagappa Puram, Karaikudi – 630003, Tamil Nadu, India. Tel.: +91-4565-223 100, email: [email protected] 2Department of Energy Science, Alagappa University. Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India 3Department of Botany (DDE), Alagappa University. Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India 4Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University. Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India Manuscript received: 22 October 2018. Revision accepted: 13 November 2018. Abstract. Boobalan T, Mohan Rasu K, Arumugam N, Saravanan S, Jothi Basu M, Jeyakanthan J, Arun A. 2018. Studies on the diversity of macrofungus in Kodaikanal region of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. Biodiversitas 19: 2283-2293. We have demonstrated the distribution of macro fungal communities in the selected forest territory of Kodaikanal (Poondi) region, which houses about 100 mushrooms species diverse forms of mushrooms including both the soil-inhabiting (n = 45) and wood-inhabiting (n = 55) species. Kodaikanal is situated on a plateau between the Parappar and Gundar valleys; this area experiences peculiar lower temperature between 8.2°C and 19.7°C, higher humidity between 92% and 95%, which in turn enhances the growth of different types of mushrooms throughout the year. However, the peak production and macro fungal flushes were observed during the winter season followed by the northeast monsoon (Oct-Dec 2015). A total of 100 species belonging to 51 families were documented from this study sites. Moreover, some species (e.g., Ganoderma sp and Phellinus sp) persists all around the year in this region. However, some incidents of logging and burning of host trees have resulted in the decline of the macro fungal populations in this region. Hence the present study highlights the diversity of macro fungal population and also suggests their importance as part of biodiversity conservation. Keywords: Basidiomycetes fungi, mushrooms diversity, soil-inhabiting mushrooms, tree-inhabiting mushrooms INTRODUCTION through a balanced diet (Valverde et al. 2015). It is very important to document and understand the biodiversity at Mushroom is a seasonal growing macro fungus that regional, national and global level. Because India is one of plays a vital role in terrestrial ecosystem and functions as the 17 mega diverse countries of the world and biodiversity decomposers (Hawksworth 2001; Mueller et al. 2007; conservation is the responsibility of every country. Prakash 2016; Adeniyi et al. 2018). Fungi are large According to Ministry of Environment and Forest in India biodiversity group of microorganism in the ecosystem and With only 2.4% of the world’s land area, about 16.7% of consist of about 1.5 million species across the globe, where the world’s human population and 18% livestock together India ranks third largest fungal diversified country with contribute about 8% of the known global biodiversity. about 2,70,000 species, next to the largest insect biodiversity Recently, Gadgil et al. (2011) have raised voice against the (Manoharachary et al. 2005). There are many varieties of illegal practices that are spoiling the ecosystem and have mushrooms such as fairy clubs, toadstools, puffballs, suggested the need for effective conservation of ecologically stinkhorns, earthstars, bird’s nest fungi, jelly fungi and sensitive areas in the Western Ghats India. Kodaikanal is these are generally of saprophytic in nature capable of covered with a dense forest of Acacia mearnsii (Australian using wood as a nutrient source by utilizing a ligninolytic black wattle), eucalyptus and pine, which was introduced in enzyme (Karwa and Rai 2010). Mushrooms also play an the period of 1960s between 1,800 and 2,400 m of important role in global carbon cycle, in addition, they are Kodaikanal surrounding regions for households and essential to the survival of other organisms in numerous industry purposes (Rangan et al. 2010). The macrofungal ways, act as source of novel bioactive compounds, forest diversity has been classified based on three main biocontrol agents, plant pathogens and are also involved in factors such as terricolous saprotrophic, wood-inhabiting the degradation process (Arun et al. 2008; Arun and Eyini and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) (Kutszegi et al. 2015). Many 2011). Wild mushrooms are also becoming more important environmental factors are important drivers for the for their nutritional, sensory and especially pharmacological diversity of macrofungal species richness. Wood-inhabiting characteristics including the significant content of vitamins fungal communities are host specificity or the amount and (Günç Ergönül et al. 2013; Heleno et al. 2010). diameter (Lonsdale et al. 2008), age (Heilmann-Clausen In this context, mushrooms have a long history of use in 2001), decay stage (Heilmann-Clausen et al. 2014), species oriental medicine to prevent and fight numerous diseases identity (Küffer et al. 2008), complexity (Heilmann-Clausen 2284 BIODIVERSITAS 19 (6): 2283-2293, November 2018 and Christensen 2005), and spatio-temporal availability of of Kodaikanal was about 15.93°C with an average of dead wood (Halme et al. 2013). The microclimatic 17.29°C in summer (Mar, May, Jun, Jul and Aug) and condition and inside pH of wood also play on important mean winter temperature was about 14.1°C (Dec, Jan and role in macrofungal growth (Salerni et al. 2002). Feb) with average annual rainfall of 1,650 and 1,800 mm In this scenario, the aim of the present study is to study (Rangan et al. 2010). The main reason for selecting this the distribution and presence of macro fungal species in the region as the study area is due to their peculiar climatic forest patches of the Kodaikanal (Poondi) region. Also that, features, which enhance the growth of a variety of plants isolating the sporocarps from mushrooms that were like acacia, eucalyptus and pinus (Jan-Dec 2015), which in cultivated in the laboratory conditions for numerous turn influences the growth of mushrooms in the study area. studies. From the collection and diversity documentation, we have studied the morphological characters of the Sampling of macrofungi mushrooms, host specificity, forest-type preference, A group of 6 people, three at each side of the central seasonal growth pattern and adaptation over lower line walked along transects the length of 20m each end and temperature extremes. all macro fungi within the transect belt were recorded. We have used meter sticks to describe an area of 2m on both sides and walked forward the length of transects observed MATERIALS AND METHODS the type and number of individual of the species (Ortega- Martinez and Martinez-Pena 2008). To avoid the double Study area counting, after complete the first transect the following The present study area is situated about 45 km transects were laid 5m intervals. Each macro fungi species eastwards from Kodaikanal (Poondi: 10°11'11.63"N and within each transect was collected in separate specimen 77°20'33.89"E; 1981.2 m) (Jan-Dec 2015) (Figure 1). This bags in order to avoid spore contamination among the area is surrounded by Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary, different specimens, and these were photographed in which is about 60,895.482 hectares (608.95 sq.km) and colored and tagged. Morphological features such as size, consisted of different macro fungal species. Hand held color, shape, and texture of the sporocarps were recorded thermo-hygrometer (Mextech™, Mumbai, India) was used as these features might change with drying. Identification to record the temperature and relative humidity is of specimen was based on macroscopic and microscopic prevailing in the sampling sites. The average temperature features. Figure 1. Map showing distribution of mushrooms species in Kodaikanal region of Poondi, India THULASINATHAN et al. – Biodiversity of macrofungus distributions in India 2285 Table 1. Overall diversity indexes RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Soil habituating Wood habituating Among the collected 100 mushroom species 79 were Shannon-Weiner Simpson Shannon-Weiner Simpson identified at the species level, and 21 were identified as for genus level belonging to 51 families from the Kodaikanal 2.079 1.877 2.025 5.025 (Poondi) region of the Western Ghats during the study period (2015) (Figures 2-3). Among the species 45 were isolated from the soil host surfaces, whereas the remaining The macroscopic features used were: the cap size, 55 were isolated from the tree host surfaces of tree species shape, color, surface texture and surface moisture, gill such as black wattle (n = 42), eucalyptus (n = 3), pinus (n = color, attachment, spacing, lamellules, the stem size, shape, 6) and Erythrina indica (n = 4). All these host trees were of surface texture and surface moisture, the presence or invasive tree types and were observed to accommodate absence of partial and universal veils, flesh color and many number mushrooms than that of the other native tree texture. Using standard protocols, diversity indices such as species. Also, each tree inhabiting mushroom species was Simpson and Shannon-Weiner diversity indices were used observed to dependent only on specific host species. (Table 1). Diversity and distribution Identification of mushrooms A total of 100 species were collected in both wood and The mushrooms were photographed at the collection soil. Overall diversity index was indicated to wood spot and were identified based on its primary mode of habituating mushrooms have more index regarding nutrients (fungi parasitic on living plant material), very diversity compared with soil habituating mushrooms (Table fresh dead material, wood-decay fungi, ectomycorrhizal 1). In Soil the identified species belong to 21 families of 9 fungi and litter-decay fungi found on forest floor according orders. Majority of the fungi belonged to the Agaricales (31 to Ferris et al.
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