SOUTH LARCH 7032 ADVANCED ECOLOGY AUSTRALIAN
ZIYAN QI 1682771 PLANT BOOK TIANFENG PANG 1755570
CONTENTS COASTAL 01 Calotis scabiosifolia var. scabiosifolia Billardiera cymosa Dodonaea viscosa ssp. angustissima Poa labillardieri Carpobrotus glaucescens Leucophyta brownii Eucalyptus viminalisssp. viminalis Kunzea pomifera adelaide plains 21 Allocasuarina littoralis Acacia pycnantha Eucalyptus macrocarpa ssp. macrocarpa Grevillea rosmarinifolia A. Cunn. subsp. rosmarinifolia Leptospermum laevigatum (Gaertn.) F. Muell Kennedia prostrata Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata Eremophila nivea Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa Olearia ramulosa Eucalyptus camaldulensis Conceptual 41 Ficinia nodosa plant Designs Rigid Secret Garden Symmetrical Boulevard Planting Directory Forming Planting
Corner of the Site Rest Area for the Site Hard Paving Leads to the Ecological Environment references 49 var. scabiosifolia scabiosifolia Calotis
FULL BOTANICAL NAME Calotis scabiosifolia var. scabiosifolia GENUS Calotis FAMILY Asteraceae COMMON NAME Rough Burr-daisy PLANT ORIGIN SA, NSW, Vic, Qld SIZE & FORM Groundcover Height--0.3-0.4 m; Spread--0.5-1 m GROWTH HABIT Erect, Dense. GROWING REGION Coastal footslopes, Plains, 2nd line coast. Flinders Rangers, Eyre Peninsula, Northern Lofty and South Eastern (SA) ASPECT AND CLIMATE These plants tolerate drought and moderate frost. SOIL REQUIREMENT Clay, loam and sand WATER REQUIREMENT Mininal DESIGN USE Ornamental and habitat FOLIAGE Greyish green.10-18cm long by 5cm wide. Sharply toothed or lobed. FLOWER Mauve, Purple or white, with yellow centres FRUIT Burrs. (Typical of the burr-daisy group) MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT Once the plant is well established it requires little maintenance. It can be susceptible to weed grass growing up from its tuft and these should to be removed manually. Heavy mulching may lead to stunted growth so light mulch is all that is required. Native mulch is ideal or mulch with a large range of particle sizes (Warner, 2008). EXTRA NOTES Perennial self sowing native daisy for mixed native landscapes, verges and roundabouts. Prolific flowering for most of the year. Plant in low traffic areas as burrs stick to clothing and animals. Can be pruned to maintain bushy growth and flowering (Plant Selector, 2020).
C O A S T A L 1 2 cymosa Billardiera
FULL BOTANICAL NAME Billardiera cymosa GENUS Billardiera FAMILY Pittosporaceae COMMON NAME Sweet Apple Berry PLANT ORIGIN SA, Vic, NSW SIZE & FORM Medium Shrub (Usually between 1.2m & 3.6m) Height--1-2 m; Spread--1-4 m GROWTH HABIT Evergreen, Open foliage, Spreading, Climbing GROWING REGION 2nd line coast, Plains, Footslopes, Hills ASPECT AND CLIMATE Warm temperate, Cool temperate, Mediterranean, Cool SOIL REQUIREMENT Clay, loam and sand WATER REQUIREMENT Mininal DESIGN USE Ornamental and habitat FOLIAGE Dark-green FLOWER Golden yellow. Strongly scented. Globulor. FRUIT Apple berry. Sweet flavoured and purple-coloured. ATTRACTS WILDLIFE Seed eating birds, Lizards SPECIAL USES Edible, Decorative fruit, Playground friendly MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT Billardiera cymosa is frost hardy, but if the plant does become damaged from hard frost, it can be cut back and may resprout from the base. Drip irrigation is beneficial in dry times (Stewart, n.d.). EXTRA NOTES A non aggressive climber for parks and reserves, useful over fences or embankments amongst native vegetation. Will become shrubby if planted in open situations. Low allergen plant with decorative flowers. Cultural use: Indigenous peoples ate the fruit raw or sun-dried like sultanas (Plant Selector, 2020).
C O A S T A L 3 4 viscosa ssp. angustissima Dodonaea
FULL BOTANICAL NAME Dodonaea viscosa ssp. angustissima GENUS Dodonaea FAMILY Sapindaceae COMMON NAME Narrow-leaf Hop-bush PLANT ORIGIN SA, VIC, WA, NSW, Qld, NT, Africa, America, Asia SIZE & FORM Large Shrub (Usually exceeds 3.6m) Height--2-4 m; Spread--2-4 m GROWTH HABIT Erect to spreading, Multi-stemmed. Evergreen. GROWING REGION Desert dunes, Plains. North Western, Lake Eyre, Nullarbor, Gairdner-Torrens, Flinders Rangers, Eastern Eyre Peninsula, Northern Lofty, Murray, Yorke Peninsula, Southern Lofty, Kangaroo Island and South Eastern (SA) ASPECT AND CLIMATE Narrow leaves are thought to be an adaptation to warmer, drier climate. High adaptive abilities to changes of climate. SOIL REQUIREMENT Clay, loam and sand WATER REQUIREMENT Mininal DESIGN USE Ornamental FOLIAGE Narrow elonggated shaped FLOWER Reddish-coloured. Inconspicuous FRUIT Colourful three-angled fruits MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT This species prefers well-drained soils and requires a well-lit area. It can tolerate part shade but the capsules will not be as spectacular in colour if shaded. This species can tolerate dry conditions and can also handle some frosts. Little maintenance is necessary. However, regular tip pruning will promote growth and branching (McDowell, 2007). EXTRA NOTES Good pollen source for moths, butterflies and other insects including colourful beetles. Foliage good refuge for small birds. Fruits and seeds are forage for native birds. Kangaroos and wallabies browse foliage. The early settlers used the bitter hops for making beer, so it was probably introduced to areas where it did not naturally occur and due to its weedlike habit, soon became well established (Woolshed Thirgoona Landcare, n.d.).
C O A S T A L 5 6 labillardierI Poa
FULL BOTANICAL NAME Poa labillardieri GENUS Poa FAMILY Gramineae COMMON NAME Common Tussock-grass PLANT ORIGIN SA SIZE & FORM Grass Sedge or Flax Height--0.5-1.3m; Spread--0.3-0.7m GROWTH HABIT Clumping GROWING REGION Hills, Footslopes, Plains, Watercourse Flinders Rangers, Eastern, Eyre Peninsula, Northern Lofty, Murray, Yorke Peninsula, Southern Lofty, Kangaroo Island, South Eastern (SA). ASPECT AND CLIMATE Plants tolerate drought and moderate frost. SOIL REQUIREMENT Clay, Loam, Sand WATER REQUIREMENT Mininal DESIGN USE Ornamental, habitats and erosion FOLIAGE Greyish-green or blue-green leaves, long and slender with rolled or flat blades. FLOWER Green. Spiked FRUIT / MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT Once established, Poa labillardieri needs very low maintenance and no irrigation. It regenerates well after burning but the fire should not be very hot for a long time. It does not appear have any major diseases or parasites. While it is not considered palatable as it can be damaged by grazing animals such as rabbits and kangaroos (Sharmeen, 2016). EXTRA NOTES An ornamental tufting perennial for mixed native landscapes, borders, and wider verges. Mass plant for effect. Rejuvenate by shearing to just above ground level during late winter, early spring. Attracts native butterflies, larval food source. Food source and habitat for small birds and lizards (Plant Selector, 2020).
C O A S T A L 7 8 glaucescens Carpobrotus FULL BOTANICAL NAME Carpobrotus glaucescens GENUS Carpobrotus FAMILY Aizoaceae COMMON NAME Coastal Noonflower/Pigface PLANT ORIGIN QSL and NSW SIZE & FORM Groundcover Height--around 0.1m; Spread--2-3m GROWTH HABIT Prostrate and spreading GROWING REGION Coast, Coastal cliffs, Coastal dunes, Coastal footslopes ASPECT AND CLIMATE Plants tolerate drought and moderate frost. SOIL REQUIREMENT Gravel, Sand WATER REQUIREMENT Mininal DESIGN USE Ornamental, habitats and erosion. Sand stablizer. FOLIAGE Succulent, thick, fleshy, smooth leaves 3.5-10 cm x 1-1.5 cm, which are triangular in cross section. FLOWER Purple, open petalled FRUIT Edible. Red to purple, 20 - 30mm long. The fruit has a soft, wet pulp with the flavour of salty strawberries or fresh, juicy figs MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT Carpobrotus glaucescens will grow in most relatively well-drained positions in either full sun or partial shade; though an open sunny position is best. Pigface can also tolerate extended dry periods. Pigface is relatively pest free but may be attacked by scale insects in summer (Eeten, 2005). EXTRA NOTES Sand and soil binding plant for foreshores, embankments, coastal reserves and parks due to its high salt-tolerant feature. Showy displays of bright coloured flowers (Plant Selector, 2020). The plant produces a red-purple berry fruit, which was used by Aboriginal peoples as a food source. The flesh of the fruit is said to have a taste similar to salty apples. The roasted leaves have been used as a salt substitute. Early European explorers used the plant as an anti-scurvy treatment. The juice of the leaves can also be used to relieve pain from insect bites(Eeten, 2005).
C O A S T A L 9 10 brownii Leucophyta
FULL BOTANICAL NAME Leucophyta brownii GENUS Leucophyta FAMILY Asteraceae COMMON NAME Cushion Bush PLANT ORIGIN SA, Vic, Tas, WA SIZE & FORM Short-lived low shrub (Up to 1.2m) Height--0.4-1m; Spread--0.5-1.5m GROWTH HABIT Dense and rounded GROWING REGION Coast, Coastal cliffs, Coastal footslopes, Plains, 2nd line coast. Nullarbor, Eyre Peninsula, Yorke Peninsula, Southern Lofty, Kangaroo Island, South Eastern (SA) ASPECT AND CLIMATE Plants tolerate salty air and dry, poor soil. They grow most successfully in full sun, but may tolerate partial shade. SOIL REQUIREMENT Loam, Sand WATER REQUIREMENT None DESIGN USE Ornamental. They are often used to define walking paths in coastal areas, because they are easily seen at night. FOLIAGE Silvery/Cool toned green FLOWER Yellow button-like heads flower FRUIT Greyish-brown MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT Well-drained sandy soil is ideal, but it can also grow in finer soil. It grows poorly in high humidity however, and will die easily if waterlogged, meaning it cannot grow in more tropical regions. Unless pruning is required to maintain a desired plant shape, L. brownii is very low- maintenance (Vlasveld, 2014). EXTRA NOTES Ornamental silver foliage plant extremely hardy in coastal locations. Excellent for defining edges of paths, borders, verges, roundabouts and nature strips. Foliage reflects car head lights at night. Requires well-drained soils. Available in dwarf cultivars (Plant Selector, 2020).
C O A S T A L 11 12 viminalis ssp. viminalis Eucalyptus
FULL BOTANICAL NAME Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. viminalis GENUS Eucalyptus FAMILY Myrtaceae COMMON NAME Mana Gum/Ribbon Gum PLANT ORIGIN SA SIZE & FORM Tall Tree (usually exceeds 10m) Canopy Shape--Open Height--10-35m; Spread--8-15m GROWTH HABIT Open and preading, with narrow glossy green leaves. GROWING REGION Footslopes, Hills, Plains, Watercourse. Southern Lofty (SA) ASPECT AND CLIMATE Tolerates frost, snow and some flooding. SOIL REQUIREMENT Clay, loam and sand WATER REQUIREMENT Mininal DESIGN USE Ornamental, timbers, shade and windbreak FOLIAGE Dark-green.Narrow, pendulous, aromatic FLOWER White Clusters FRUIT Rounded to cone-shaped fruit to 8 mm long and 9 mm wide, disc ascending, valves 3 or 4 above the rim (South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, n.d.). Dark brown to black ovoid seed, growing in three with wrinkled surface and cross detail on the bottom. MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT Prone to Powdery Mildew in winter. Myrtle rust may affect this species. Species susceptible to Cinnamon fungus (Phytophthora cinnamomi) dieback. Seed may retain viability for 4-5 years stored at room temperature (Backyard Gardener, n.d.). EXTRA NOTES Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. viminalis is widely cultivated in Australia and elsewhere for its extremely fast growth, pinkish timber and as an ornamental for larger gardens and parks. It is also one of the favored foods of koalas. Sweet, red sap (gum or manna) produced from the leaves and bark, perhaps due to insect damage, has been popular with humans (Rarepalmseed, n.d.).
C O A S T A L 13 14 pomifera Kunzea
FULL BOTANICAL NAME Kunzea pomifera GENUS Kunzea FAMILY Myrtaceae COMMON NAME Muntries / Emu apple PLANT ORIGIN SA, VIC SIZE & FORM Groundcover Height--0.1-0.3 m; Spread--2-5 m GROWTH HABIT Creeping, Prostrate. Evergreen GROWING REGION 2nd line coast, Coast, Coastal cliffs, Coastal footslopes, Plains ASPECT AND CLIMATE Tolerates Drought, Lime, Moderate frost. SOIL REQUIREMENT Loam and sand WATER REQUIREMENT Mininal DESIGN USE Ornamental, timbers, shade and shelter FOLIAGE Small, round and bright-green. About 3-4 mm in diameter FLOWER Creamy-white feathery flowers. Clusters. FRUIT Purplish-red Colour. Edible. Looking similar to blueberries. ATTRACTS WILDLIFE Attracts nectar eating birds and insects. MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT Little maintenance is required. Adequate water is essential for cultivation. Keep the soil moist throughout the flowering and fruiting season and avoid disturbing the roots. For an easier harvest, you might want to grow your muntrie upright on a low trellis (Tuckerbush, 2019). EXTRA NOTES Recommended for exposed coastal locations. Self layers and is excellent for embankments and sand stabilization. Responds well to pruning (Plant Selector, 2020). Fragrant. The fruit contains about 2.5 times the antioxidants of blueberries and is rich in vitamin C. The taste is similar to a spicy apple and they can be used in cooking as a substitute for sultanas. Raw muntries make a delicious and crunchy addition to salads (Netzel et al., 2007).
C O A S T A L 15 16 littoralis Allocasuarina FULL BOTANICAL NAME Allocasuarina littoralis GENUS Allocasuarina FAMILY Casuarinaceae COMMON NAME Black She-Oak PLANT ORIGIN Vic SIZE & FORM Medium Tree (Usually between 5m & 11m). Evergreen. Canopy Shape--Conical Height--7-8 m; Spread--2-4 m GROWTH HABIT Rounded, compact GROWING REGION 2nd line coast, coast, coastal footslopes, footslopes, hills, plains, desert dunes. Can grow in both coastal and inland areas. ASPECT AND CLIMATE Wide climatic tolerance. It can thrive in both temperate and moist, lowland tropics. SOIL REQUIREMENT Clay, loam and sand WATER REQUIREMENT Mininal DESIGN USE Ornamental, habitat, light screening, wind-shielding. FOLIAGE Greyish green. FLOWER Red. Spiked. FRUIT “Cone”-like fruit. 10 to 30mm in length and flat topped. ATTRACTS WILDLIFE Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo (food source) MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT This plant prefers well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. It cannot grow in the shade. Best grow in full sun. EXTRA NOTES Highly useful tropical plant. Growing these plants in small stands between open space will help encourage the return of this endangered native bird (Plant Selector, 2020). It has nitrogen- fixing ability through its symbiotic relationship with certain soil micro- organisms. It can also be used in preventing soil erosion on sandy soils due to its shallow, spreading root system (Plant for a Future, n.d.). The bark is used for tanning. The wood is hard, durable, and heavy thus it is commonly used for furniture making and other purposes. Also, the wood is a great source of high-quality fuel and is used to make a high-grade charcoal (Fern, 2019).
C O A S T A L 17 18 ssp. macrocarpa macrocarpa Eucalyptus
FULL BOTANICAL NAME Eucalyptus macrocarpa ssp. macrocarpa GENUS Eucalyptus FAMILY Myrtaceae COMMON NAME Rose of the West PLANT ORIGIN WA SIZE & FORM Small Tree (Up to 7m) Canopy Shape--Open Height--2-4 m; Spread--3-12 m GROWTH HABIT Spreading to sprawling, moderately dense. GROWING REGION 2nd line coast, Coastal footslopes, Plains ASPECT AND CLIMATE As a species native to relatively dry areas, E.macrocarpa is best suited to cultivation in climates which have a dry summer. SOIL REQUIREMENT Loam and sand WATER REQUIREMENT Mininal DESIGN USE Ornamental, habitat. FOLIAGE Ovate-elliptical in shape, sessile, up to 12 cm long by 8 cm wide and silvery-grey in colour. FLOWER Pink/red. Eucalyptus-type. Large in scale. FRUIT "Gumnuts". Large in scale and have a powdery grey covering. ATTRACTS WILDLIFE Attracts nectar eating birds and insects for food and habitat. MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT The species requires well-drained soil. It can be pruned to maintain shape. It develops a lignotuber and should respond to hard pruning to near ground level if rejuvenation is required. EXTRA NOTES Eucalyptus macrocarpa is a very distinctive species having a mallee- type habit of growth and spectacular flowers. The large flowers may be 100 mm in diameter and are usually bright red but pink-red forms are known. The foliage of E.macrocarpa attracts almost as much attention as the flowers. Highly ornamental, often used in mixed native landscapes. Suitable for smaller gardens. Good selection for open areas, wider verges, batters, parks and reserves. Slow growing.
C O A S T A L 19 20 pycnantha acacia FULL BOTANICAL NAME Acacia pycnantha GENUS Acacia FAMILY Mimosaceae/Leguminosae/Fabaceae COMMON NAME Australian golden wattle, blackwood, broad leaved wattle, broadleaf wattle, broad-leaved wattle, golden wattle, green wattle PLANT ORIGIN SA, Vic, NSW CULTIVATION This species has been widely planted as an ornamental, particularly in the southern parts of Australia, because of its profusion of fragrant golden-yellow flowers. A variant of this species with drooping (i.e. pendulous) branches and another variant with pale-coloured flowers are also known in cultivation. In addition, a garden hybrid of this species and Queensland silver wattle (Acacia podalyriifolia), called Acacia x siebertiana L. Winter ex A. Berger, has also been developed overseas. GROWTH HABIT A rather short-lived large shrub or small tree usually growing 3-8 m tall with an upright and spreading habit. However, this is a somewhat variable species and small, spindly forms sometimes occur that flower when only 0.5-1 m high. GROWING REGION This species grows naturally in dry sclerophyll forests, open woodlands, shrublands, heathlands and grasslands. It is mainly found growing in sandy and stony soils, but also occurs in red loams. EXTRA NOTES Tall bush/small tree; mass of yellow flowers in spring. Wattle Blue Butterfly caterpillars feed on young leaves. Australia’s floral emblem. A shrub or small tree with simple 'leaves' that are bright green or dull green in colour. Its younger branches and 'leaves' are somewhat drooping in nature. Its 'leaves' (6-20 cm long and 5-50 mm wide) are leathery and sickle-shaped (i.e. they resemble eucalypt leaves). Its golden-yellow flowers borne in small globular clusters (6-10 mm across) that are arranged into larger elongated compound clusters. Its elongated and somewhat flattened pods (50-140 mm long and 5-8 mm wide) are sometimes slightly constricted between each of the seeds.
A u s t r a l i a n p l a i n s 21 Peduncles 3–6 mm long, stout, glabrous. 5 mm Heads showy, globular to obloid, densely 40–80-flowered, bright golden.
Pulvinus 4–7 mm long
Much-narrowed at base, normally 9–15 cm long and 10–35 mm wide.
1cm
22 subsp. rosmarinifolia rosmarinifolia A. Cunn. Grevillea
FULL BOTANICAL NAME Grevillea rosmarinifolia A. Cunn. subsp. rosmarinifolia GENUS Grevillea FAMILY Proteaceae COMMON NAME rosemary grevillea, rosemary-leaved grevillea, spider flower PLANT ORIGIN Native to south-eastern Australia (i.e. southern and central New South Wales and northern Victoria). CULTIVATION Rosemary grevillea (Grevillea rosmarinifolia subsp. rosmarinifolia) is widely cultivated as a hardy shrub in temperate climates. Several forms and cultivars are known in cultivation, including 'Desert Flame', 'Lara', 'Lara Dwarf', 'Limelight', 'Rankin Springs' and 'Rosy Posy'. This species is also one of the parents of many of the popular hybrid grevilleas, some of which have also escaped cultivation. GROWTH HABIT A small to moderately large shrub usually growing 0.3-2 m tall. GROWING REGION Naturalised in south-eastern South Australia, the ACT, south-eastern Queensland and beyond its native range in southern Victoria. Grows naturally in woodlands near streams and on moist slopes, and in mallee and shrublands on sandy soils in the temperate regions of Australia. A weed of grasslands, open woodlands and rocky slopes in temperate and occasionally also cooler sub-tropical regions. EXTRA NOTES Spreading shrub, pink to red flowers. Nectar provides food for birds and insects. A small to moderately large shrub growing 0.3-2 m tall. Its long and narrow leaves (0.8-3.8 cm long and 0.5-3 mm wide) have margins that are curled under. Its flowers are usually borne in regular pairs along the branches of the flower clusters. These flowers are pink to red in colour, sometimes cream near their tips, and are curved downwards. They have a prominent style that is enlarged towards its tip.
A u s t r a l i a n p l a i n s 23 24 laevigatum (Gaertn.) F. Muell Leptospermum FULL BOTANICAL NAME Leptospermum laevigatum (Gaertn.) F. Muell GENUS Leptospermum FAMILY Myrtaceae COMMON NAME Australian myrtle, Australian tea tree, Australian teatree, coast tea- tree, coast teatree, coastal tea tree, coastal tea-tree, Victorian tea- tree PLANT ORIGIN Native to south-eastern Australia (i.e. the coastal districts of New South Wales, eastern Victoria and north-eastern Tasmania). CULTIVATION Widely cultivated as a garden ornamental, as a windbreak or hedging plant, for the stabilisation of sandy soils, and in rehabilitation areas where sand-mining has occurred. GROWTH HABIT A shrub or small tree usually growing 2-4 m tall, but occasionally reaching up to 6 m in height. GROWING REGION A weed of coastal sand dunes and cliffs, coastal heathlands and occasionally also dry sclerophyll forests in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Widely naturalised, particularly in coastal districts, that are beyond its native range in southern and south-western Australia (i.e. in central and western Victoria, south-eastern South Australia and south-western Western Australia). Also occasionally naturalised in south-eastern Queensland and beyond its native range in the coastal districts of north-eastern New South Wales. Naturalised overseas in New Zealand, southern Africa, south-western USA (i.e. California) and Hawaii. EXTRA NOTES Shrubs or small trees; most species need moist areas. Flowers attract native wasps, bees and flies which keep tea-trees healthy. A shrub or small tree growing up to 6 m in height.Its older stems are covered in thin brown bark that is shed in long strips. Its small leathery leaves (15- 30 mm long) are sparsely covered in silky hairs when young. Its white flowers (15-20 mm across) are usually arranged in pairs in the upper leaf forks. These flowers have five white petals and numerous stamens that are borne on the top of a swollen base. Its flat-topped woody fruit (7-8 mm across) have 6-11 small compartments. A u s t r a l i a n p l a i n s 25 26 rubicunda Vent. Kennedia FULL BOTANICAL NAME Kennedia rubicunda Vent. GENUS Kennedia FAMILY Fabaceae (Queensland, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, and the Northern Territory) Fabaceae: sub-family Faboideae (New South Wales) Leguminosae (South Australia) Papilionaceae (Western Australia) COMMON NAME Coral pea, dusky coral pea, dusky coral-pea, red Kennedy pea PLANT ORIGIN Native to the coastal and sub-coastal districts of eastern Australia (i.e. north-eastern Victoria, eastern New South Wales and eastern Queensland). GROWTH HABIT Evergreen, Dense foliage, Open foliage, Spreading, Perennial. ASPECT AND CLIMATE Sub-tropical, Warm temperate, Cool temperate. Tolerates light frost. GROWING REGION Naturalised in south-eastern Australia (i.e. in Tasmania and beyond its native range in Victoria). Specifically growing in Low maintenance garden, Courtyard, Container growing, Coastal garden SIZE & FORM Ground cover, Climber Height--1-1.5 m; Spread--1-3 m SOIL REQUIREMENT Loamy, Sandy loam, Clay loam. Well-drained, Moist moderate drainage. PH LEVEL Acid, Neutral, Alkaline FLOWER Showy lipstick-red pea flowers. Flowing in spring, summer and winter. SPECIAL USES Erosion control, Pollution tolerant, Fast growing, Playground friendly ATTRACTS WILDLIFE Butterflies, Other insects. Food source for Long-tailed Pea-blue Butterfly larva. EXTRA NOTES Dusky coral pea (Kennedia rubicunda) is regarded as an environmental weed in Tasmania and those parts of Victoria that are outside its native range. This species is seen as a potential threat to one or more vegetation formations in Victoria, and is currently of most concern in the southern parts of this state. For example, it is listed as an environmental weed in Knox City, has been targeted for removal from the Kananook Creek area south of Melbourne, and is listed as a potential environmental weed or "sleeper weed" in Frankston City. A u s t r a l i a n p l a i n s 27 28 quadrangulata Xanthorrhoea FULL BOTANICAL NAME Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata GENUS Xanthorrhoea FAMILY Liliaceae COMMON NAME Grass Tree, Rock Grass Tree, Mount Lofty Grass Tree. PLANT ORIGIN This species of slow growing and long lived grass tree originates in South Australia. SIZE & FORM A low growing trunk topped with a spray of grassy leaves. It has a spear-like spike of flowers which can reach five metres tall.Medium Shrub (Usually between 1.2m & 3.6m). GROWTH HABIT Clumping. ASPECT AND CLIMATE Grown in temperate regions. GROWING REGION It occurs in south-eastern regions from the Vincent Gulf to the northern Mt. Lofty Ranges where it inhabits rocky sites such as along ridges but also on heavy clay soils. This species grows naturally in dry sclerophyll forests, open woodlands, shrublands, heathlands and grasslands. SOIL REQUIREMENT It is mainly found growing in sandy and stony soils, but also occurs in red loams. WATER REQUIREMENT Minimal FOLIAGE Trunk to 2 m, sometimes branched; crowns hemispherical; leaves quadrate-rhombic in section, 1.5-2.5 (usually c. 1.8) mm wide, 1-1.5 mm thick, very bluegrey-green, glaucous. FLOWER Inflorescence 95-125 cm long; scape 20-70 (usually c. 55) cm long, c. 12 mm diam.; spike length usually less than the scape length, 5-60 (usually c. 30)cm long, 20-40 (usually c. 30) mm diam., dark-brown at flowering. FRUIT Fruits straight, 15-21 mm long, emerging 4-9 mm above the bracts; seeds 9-12 mm long, 3-4 mm wide. DESIGN USES A very architectural and handsome plant for landscaping work. Feature plant, Wow factor. ATTRACTS WILDLIFE Refuge for small mammals, lizards. EXTRA NOTES A bush ballerina with its leafy skirt and vertical flower stem. Long-lived. Dense stands are known to burn fiercely, which provides a further hazard for the indigenous flora and fauna in this country. A u s t r a l i a n p l a i n s 29 30 nivea Eremophila FULL BOTANICAL NAME Eremophila nivea GENUS Eremophila FAMILY Scrophulariaceae COMMON NAME Emu Bush, Silky Eremophila PLANT ORIGIN Rare in its natural location in WA. SIZE & FORM Medium shrub. Eremophila nivea is an erect shrub which grows to a height of between 0.8–1.6 m (3–5 ft). GROWTH HABIT Erect, Spreading. ASPECT AND CLIMATE Warm temperate, Mediterranean, Semi-arid, Arid GROWING REGION Coastal footslopes, Plains, 2nd line coast SOIL REQUIREMENT Clay, Loam, Sand WATER REQUIREMENT Minimal FOLIAGE The leaves are arranged alternately along the branches and are linear in shape, mostly 8–18 mm (0.3–0.7 in) long, 1.5–2.5 mm (0.06–0.1 in) wide and have a covering of woolly hairs. FLOWER Purple, Mauve. Tubular. DESIGN USES Feature plant, Screen, Attractive foliage, Wow factor. A highly ornamental but hardy foliage plant. Plant singly for contrast or grouped as an informal hedge, feature in borders, roadside verges and raised beds. MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT A good plant for drier areas, as it will be short lived in more humid areas. Needs good drainage and a sunny spot. It is helpful to mound the soil to improve drainage. Prune lightly after flowering. EXTRA NOTES Eremophila nivea, commonly known as silky eremophila, is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. In nature it is a rare shrub with hairy branches and leaves, and blue, purple or violet flowers. Its branches, leaves and sepals are covered with a layer of soft white to greyish matted hairs giving the plant a silvery-greyish appearance. The leaves are arranged alternately along the branches and are linear in shape, mostly 8–18 mm (0.3–0.7 in) long, 1.5–2.5 mm (0.06–0.1 in) wide and have a covering of woolly hairs.
A u s t r a l i a n p l a i n s 31 32 leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa Eucalyptus FULL BOTANICAL NAME Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa GENUS Eucalyptus FAMILY Myrtaceae COMMON NAME Blue gum, yellow gum. PLANT ORIGIN SA, Vic SIZE & FORM Medium tree. Eucalyptus leucoxylon is a tree that typically grows to a height of 10–30 m (33–98 ft) and forms a lignotuber. GROWTH HABIT Upright to spreading. Open canopy. GROWING REGION This species grows naturally in dry sclerophyll forests, open woodlands, shrublands, heathlands and grasslands. SOIL REQUIREMENT Clay, Loam, Sand WATER REQUIREMENT Minimal FOLIAGE Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same slightly glossy shade of green on both sides, lance-shaped to curved, 60–185 mm (2.4–7.3 in) long and 10–30 mm (0.39–1.18 in) wide, tapering to a petiole 9–25 mm (0.35–0.98 in) long. FLOWER The flower buds are arranged in groups of three in leaf axils on an unbranched peduncle 4–11 mm (0.16–0.43 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 2–14 mm (0.079–0.551 in) long. Mature buds are oval to diamond-shaped or more or less spherical, 6–17 mm (0.24–0.67 in) long, 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) wide with a conical to rounded or beaked operculum. DESIGN USES Subspecies megalocarpa is a relatively small tree with red flowers and large fruit is often available under the horticultural name, ‘Rosea’. It flowers profusely in winter is widely planted as an ornamental plant. E.leucoxylon is regularly planted for windbreaks and shading. EXTRA NOTES Eucalyptus leucoxylon, commonly known as yellow gum, blue gum or white ironbark, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It has smooth white, yellow or bluish-grey bark, usually with 0.5–2 m (1 ft 8 in–6 ft 7 in) of rough fibrous to flaky bark the base of the trunk. Young plants and coppice regrowth have leaves mostly arranged in opposite pairs, egg-shaped to broadly lance-shaped, 45–105 mm (1.8–4.1 in) long and 20–73 mm (0.79–2.87 in) wide. A u s t r a l i a n p l a i n s 34
35 Olearia ramulosa Olearia Olearia Asteraceae Twiggy Daisy Bush Qld, Tas SA, Vic, NSW, Southern (SA) Lofty 2-8 mm leaves to crowded tall with scattered to 1.6 m shrub Erect of leaves apex. Underside mm wide with a rounded long and 0.8-2.5 & 3.6m). Shrub (Usually between 1.2m grey-woolly.Medium Upright to sprawling. in found but also sand dunes in the coastline along Scattered the State. woodland across Clay, Loam, Sand Moderate Narrow crowded dark green leaves, broader towards tip, 3-15mm x under. margins rolled 0.8-1.7mm, downy white below, Masses of small daisy flowerheads 2-10 ray florets. to 25mm wide. Planted singly as an ornamental shaded under shrub planting in semi as a low hedge. or grouped areas Responds to pruning. full sun and well-drained soils. Prefers insects. Attracts butterflies and native daisy-bush, is a species of flowering plantOlearia ramulosa, the twiggy Victoria, South Wales, in the family in New South It occurs Asteraceae. in well drained soil in It's usually found growing Australia and Tasmania. often in gullies. heathy open forest, FAMILY GENUS FLOWER FOLIAGE SIZE & FORM DESIGN USES EXTRA NOTES PLANT ORIGIN GROWTH HABIT COMMON NAME ATTRACTS WILDLIFE ATTRACTS SOIL REQUIREMENT GROWING REGION WATER REQUIREMENT WATER FULL BOTANICAL NAME FULL BOTANICAL
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT
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u ramulosa A 36 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Gum River Red SA to a grows that typically is a tree Eucalyptus camaldulensis tree. Tall and (148 ft) 45 metres to sometimes but ft) (66 20 metres of height develop a lignotuber. often does not dense. Open canopy. Open to moderately whether sites, riverine on grows commonly camaldulensis Eucalyptus of permanent or seasonal water (Brooker et al., 2002). It is most banks and on floodplains heavy clay soils along river extensive on grey subject to frequent or periodic flooding, preferring deep moist subsoils (Costermans,with clay content lines the channels of 1989). It also sandy watercourses and creeks (Boland, 1984), commonly forming of areas extensive over extending sometimes but stands ribbon flats. flooded regularly Moderate frost Lime, Loam, Sand, Drought, Minimal lance-shaped, 80–180 mm (3.1–7.1 in) long The juvenile leaves are lance-shaped in) wide. Adult leaves are and 13–25 mm (0.51–0.98 sides, both on colour geyish green or same dull green curved, the to a and 7–32 mm (0.28–1.26 in) wide on 50–300 mm (2.0–11.8 in) long in) long. petiole 8–33 mm (0.31–1.30 The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven, nine or sometimes the long, in) (0.20–1.10 mm 5–28 peduncle a on axils leaf in eleven, individual flowerson pedicels 2–10mm (0.079–0.394 in) long. Mature yellow, creamy to or less spherical, green more to oval buds are and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide with a 6–9 mm (0.24–0.35 in) long prominently beaked operculum 3–7 mm (0.12–0.28 in) long. Flowering white. the flowers are mainly occurs in summer and (0.079–0.197 in) The fruit is a woody, hemispherical capsule 2–5 mm mm (0.12–0.47long and 4–10 mm (0.16–0.39 in) wide on a pedicel 3–12 in) long with the valves raised above the rim. FRUIT FAMILY GENUS FLOWER FOLIAGE SIZE & FORM PLANT ORIGIN PLANT GROWTH HABIT COMMON NAME COMMON SOIL REQUIREMENT GROWING REGION WATER REQUIREMENT WATER
FULL BOTANICAL NAME FULL BOTANICAL
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u camaldulensis A 38 39 Ficinia nodosa Ficinia Ficinia Cyperaceae Club-rush Knobby Qld, Tas WA, SA, Vic, NSW, 220 cm 15 and between to grows It hemisphere. Flax, or Grass Sedge in height. Clumping. cliffs,Coast, Coastal 2nd Coastal footslopes, Plains, Coastal dunes, line coast. It occurs in sandy coastal areas near lakes and sea in Victoria, South New Tasmania, Australia, South Australia, Western and Queensland. Wales –5ºC. to cold and light frost shade. Inland it can handle Full sun to 70% Salt salinity, Soil frost, Moderate Lime, Sand,Drought, Loam, Gravel, spray. cylindrical foliage. Deep green brownish/cream semi-spherical a with & summer, spring Flowering in flower at the top of the stems. large-scale and suitable for cultivation. features It is excellent in water a place full of sunlight in plant is very sturdy or a small place. The Grow landscape isolation zone. a green and deserves to be used as If necessary tolerant. is drought species this established, Once twice a up to it may be watered weather long periods of hot during week using sub-surface irrigation. Open mulch will help to conserve moisture. Ficinia nodosa, the knotted club-rush or knobby club-rush, is a rhizomatousbe to thought Cyperaceae, family the in perennial Southern in the Zealand, it is widespread Australia and New native to Hemisphere. It is ideal for coastal landscaping as it can take full exposure to ocean winds. It makes a great contrast plant for other it can be used in coastal zone the native to foliage grasses. Although may It heavy frost. from protection inland climates if it gets protected up again in spring. yellow a little in cold inland winters but will green FAMILY GENUS FLOWER FOLIAGE SIZE & FORM DESIGN USES EXTRA NOTES PLANT ORIGIN PLANT GROWTH HABIT COMMON NAME COMMON SOIL REQUIREMENT GROWING REGION ASPECT AND CLIMATE FULL BOTANICAL NAME FULL BOTANICAL
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT
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u nodosa A 40 Poa labillardieri labillardieri brownii Leucophyta viscosa Dodonaea ssp. angustissima 41 littoralis Allocasuarina Eucalyptus macrocarpa macrocarpa ssp. macrocarpa
Legends:
CONCEPTUAL PLANTING DESIGNS --COASTAL TYPOLOGIES Option 1. Rigid Secret Garden (Rigid Pruned Planting)
SCREENING PLANTING TYPE 1 / HEDGING
SCREENING PLANTING TYPE 2
SCREENING PLANTING TYPE 3 (PARTIALLY SCREENING)
SHRUBBREY
COPSE OF TREES
TIMBER PATHWAY
OUTDOOR FURNITURE - BENCH
SCREENING PLANTING TYPE 1 / HEDGING
42 Option 2. SYMMETRICAL BOULEVARD PLANTING
SCULPTURAL FORM
TREE ALLEE / FEATURE SPECIMEN
SCULPTURAL FORM
HEDGING TYPE 1
HEDGING TYPE 2
HEDGING TYPE 3 / BUFFER PLANTING
SCULPTURAL FORM
POMENADE
SCULPTURAL FORM
43 Option 3. DIRECTORY FORMING PLANTING
SCULPTURAL FORM SHRUBBERY / FILLER PLANTING TREE ALLEE / FEATURE SPECIMEN COBBLESTONE PAVEMENT SCULPTURAL FORM SHRUBBERY / FILLER PLANTING HEDGING TYPE 1 HEDGING HEDGING TYPE 2 FEATURE SPECIMEN HEDGING TYPE 3 / BUFFER PLANTING
SCULPTURAL FORM SHRUBBERY PLANTING POMENADE BUFFER PLANTING SCULPTURAL FORM
44 45
CONCEPTUAL PLANTING DESIGNS --ADELAIDE PLAINS TYPOLOGIES Option 1. CORNER OF THE SITE
Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa -- SCULPTURAL FORM PAVING
Eucalyptus camaldulensis -- WINDBREAK
LAWN
Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa -- SCULPTURAL FORM
Olearia ramulosa -- BUFFER PLANTING Myoporum parvifolium Ficinia nodosa -- FILLER --SHRUBBERY/FILLER
Jacaranda mimosifolia -- MAIN LANDSCAPE TREE / FEATURE SPECIMEN 46 Option 2. REST AREA FOR THE SITE
Grevillea lavandulacea -- SCREENING
Olearia ramulosa -- BUFFER PLANTING
Jacaranda mimosifolia PAVING -- MAIN LANDSCAPE TREE FEATURE SPECIMEN
Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa -- SCULPTURAL FORM
Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata -- SHRUBBERY/FILLER
47 Option 3. HARD PAVING LEADS TO THE ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Jacaranda mimosifolia -- MAIN LANDSCAPE TREE FEATURE SPECIMEN
Eucalyptus camaldulensis -- WINDBREAK
Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata -- FILLER
Myoporum parvifolium -- SHRUBBERY/FILLER Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa -- BUFFER PLANTING 48 REFERENCES Acacia pycnantha. [online] Available at:
Cullen, Jim; Julien, Mic; McFadyen, Rachel (2012). Biological Control of Weeds in McDowell, M., 2007. Dodonaea Viscosa - Growing Native Plants. [online] Anbg.gov. Australia. CSIRO Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-643-10421-1. au. Available at:
Eremophila nivea. APNI. Retrieved 18 February 2016. Myoporum parvifolium. [online] Available at:
Eucalyptus Viminalis ( Manna Gum ) | Backyard Gardener. [online] Backyard Plant for A Future, n.d. Allocasuarina Littoralis Black She Oak, Bull Oak, Wayetuck Gardener. PFAF Plant Database. [online] Pfaf.org. Available at:
Grevillea lavandulacea. Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre Stewart, A., n.d. Billardiera Cymosa – Sweet Apple Berry | Gardening With for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government, Canberra. Retrieved 14 July Angus. [online] Gardeningwithangus.com.au. Available at:
Grevillea lavandulacea. [online] Available at:
Kennedia prostrata. [online] Available at:
49 VicFlora Flora of Victoria Kennedia prostrata Royal Botanic Gardens Foundation Victoria. Retrieved 2 July 2018
Vlasveld, C., 2014. Leucophyta Brownii - Growing Native Plants. [online] Anbg.gov. au. Available at:
Warner, D., 2008. Calotis Scabiosifolia - Growing Native Plants. [online] Anbg.gov. au. Available at:
Woolshed Thirgoona Landcare, n.d. Narrow-Leaf Hop-Bush | WT Landcare Flora Index. [online] Wtlandcare.org. Available at:
Xanthorrhoea. [online] Available at:
50 " With the considerable selection of 20 Australian native plants, the book will take you through a journey of understanding the beauty and features of Australian native specimens with both visual and literal representaitons... "
LARCH 7032 ADVANCED ECOLOGY SOUTH AUSTRALIAN ZIYAN QI 1682771 TIANFENG PANG 1755570 PLANT BOOK