DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES MARCH–APRIL 2017

MINNESOTA CONSERVATION VOLUNTEER

How the Swans Came Back Conservation Officers Save the Day Contents

32 A Thing Called Birding A city-park escape from the daily grind of a tech job leads one man to discover the allure of watching birds. By Travis Bonovsky Minnesota Conservation Volunteer, March–April 2017 Volume 80, Number 471

see more online features

8 Visions of Swans The story of this bird’s return to Minnesota is more fascinating than a fairy tale. By Carrol L. Henderson 22 What Is Wilderness? Researchers reconsider the history of human influence in the Boundary Waters. By Evan Larson

EXPLORE THE PAST You can see every issue of Minnesota Conservation Volunteer magazine back to 1940 online. Visit MCV’s archives at mndnr. gov/mcvmagazine/archive.

Minnesota Conservation Volunteer (usps 129880) is pub- lished bimonthly by the Department of Natural Resources, 500 Lafayette Road N., St. Paul, MN 38 Search and Rescue, 55155-4046. Preferred periodicals postage paid in St. Paul, Minn., and additional offices. Detect and Solve POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Minnesota Conservation Volunteer, Department of Natural Young Naturalists learn how conservation officers Resources, 500 Lafayette Road N., St. Paul, MN look out for everyone’s safety. By Joe Albert 55155-4046. Equal opportunity to programs of the Department of Natural Resources is available to all individuals regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, age, or disability. 46 The Waters Downhill Discrimination inquiries should be sent to DNR Affirmative Action, 500 Lafayette Road N., St. Paul, Along with crops and cattle, this farmer nurtures a MN 55155-4031, or the Equal Opportunity Office, conservation ethic. By Keith Goetzman Department of the Interior, Washington, DC 20240. For alternative formats, call 651-259-5365. Minnesota Conservation Volunteer is available online or mailed on request. An annual contribution of any amount ensures continuation of your subscription. departments © Copyright 2017, State of Minnesota, Department of Natural Resources. Permission from the publisher is required to reproduce or transmit in any form or 2 This Issue by any means. Printed on chlorine-free paper containing at least 10 4 Letters percent post-consumer waste. 6 Natural Curiosities 50 Thank You

COVER PHOTOGRAPH: RICHARD HAMILTON 70 Field Notes SMITH. OPPOSITE PAGE: RED-TAILED HAWK BY TRAVIS BONOVSKY. ABOVE LEFT: BWCAW BY 72 Minnesota Profile EVAN LARSON. This issue

Where We Came From You, dear reader, and I have been having installed indoor plumbing—improvements long conversations over the time you’ve been we kids barely noticed but which the grand- reading this magazine. Whether or not you mothers repeatedly praised. write to me, I try to listen—to imagine your Here at the DNR magazine, I’ve been concerns and your joy. This editor’s column, watching, and guiding, where we’re headed my 156th letter to you, marks the close of my since 1986. My on-the-job training started years as editor of Minnesota Conservation with editor emeritus Robert Kraske, who Volunteer. For the past three decades, my hired me as associate editor. On my first relationship with you and the natural world day, he put a large box of letters from read- has animated my life. ers on my desk and assigned me to read Now, making this strange passage called each one. Thus he wisely introduced me to retirement, I feel a little like Alice dropping you and your passion for outdoor life. down a rabbit hole into uncharted territory. When my mentor announced his To get my bearings, I am trying to follow impending retirement, I worried that I some of my own advice. In the May–June was not ready to act in his place. But when 1997 issue, I wrote: “The lessons of navi- DNR leaders offered me a chance to take gating in the woods could apply almost over, I followed Teddy Roosevelt’s counsel: anywhere as a person attempts to mark “Whenever you are asked if you can do a progress and maintain a course: Know job, tell ’em, ‘Certainly, I can!’ Then get busy where you came from. Watch where you’re and find out how to do it!” headed. Start where you’re at.” To begin, I enlisted the help of people Where I came from takes me back to with more knowledge and experience than summer weeks in western Minnesota with I had. Besides being critically important to a grandparents on the farm and grandparents fledgling editor, teamwork invites creativity living in town. For us grandkids, staying in and invigorates everyone. Over the years, both places seemed a lot like camping. We I’ve been fortunate to hire and work with pumped pails of cold well water and heated many dedicated people—far more than I it in kettles on the stove for washing dishes, could name here. clothes, and us. On the farm we could take Today our ace team (Lynn Phelps, Mike a quick shower with solar-heated rainwater Kallok, and Keith Goetzman in editorial; from a bucket and hose rigged up alongside David Lent and Sue Ryan in circulation) the garage. In town and country, we used collaborates on almost everything. We live by outhouses and, honest, Sears Roebuck cata- a few unwritten rules: Meet deadlines. Don’t logs. Those were the 1950s, before my uncles assume—verify facts. Serve readers—what

2 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer A reader-supported magazine encouraging conservation and sustainable use of Minnesota’s natural resources.

Magazine Staff Editor in Chief Kathleen Weflen Art Director Lynn Phelps Managing Editor Keith Goetzman Online Editor Michael A. Kallok Database Manager David J. Lent Circulation Manager Susan M. Ryan DNR PHOTO, RELEASE OF NORTHERN SAW-WHET OWL SAW-WHET OF NORTHERN RELEASE DNR PHOTO,

Subscriptions and donations does the reader need to know, see, discover? Try to make each 888-646-6367, press 5 for MCV new issue the best one ever. Governor Mark Dayton Since 1940, excellence has been a hallmark of The Conser- vation Volunteer. In my time here, we’ve acquired many new tools for polishing that tradition. In 1986 we were typing stories on typewriters or word processors. We sent edited manuscripts to a typesetter, who set columns of type for the editor to cut and paste into page layouts. By 1989 we were Our mission is to work with citizens to conserve and manage the state’s natural working on desktop computers and sending files directly to resources, to provide outdoor recreation the printer. In fall 1992 black-and-white photos gave way to opportunities, and to provide for commercial uses of natural resources in a way that full color. Before long, instead of slides, photographers were creates a sustainable quality of life. transmitting digital images online.

Throughout the changes, the magazine has stayed true Commissioner Tom Landwehr to its mission of encouraging conservation, sustainable use, Deputy Dave Schad and enjoyment of natural resources. And you, MCV readers, Commissioner have marked its progress. Assistant Bob Meier Commissioners Barb Naramore Readers make everything possible. Your contributions Sarah Strommen support Minnesota Conservation Volunteer from start to finish. No other magazine that I’ve ever heard of anywhere in the Communications Director Chris Niskanen country can make that claim. The life of this magazine relies Division Directors uniquely on you. Luke Skinner, Ecological and Water Resources What animates your life? For me, and perhaps for most Rodmen Smith, Enforcement Jim Leach, Fish and Wildlife of us, the root cause is a verb—love. We love this place called Forrest Boe, Forestry Minnesota, our home, our natural community. Beginning at Jess Richards, Lands and Minerals Laurie Martinson, Operation Services home, we expand our vision to love the Earth deeply, truly, Erika Rivers, Parks and Trails and actively. Regional Directors Thank you all for being such a vital part of my life for Rita Albrecht, Bemidji so long. Lori Dowling-Hanson, Grand Rapids Dennis Frederickson, New Ulm Kathleen Weflen, editor, [email protected] Keith Parker, St. Paul

March–April 2017 3 Letters

“I sincerely welcome the Minnesota DNR’s involvement in the controlled expansion of the Minnesota elk population. ” —Brad Shinkle

Best Birds. The article by Michael Furtman and time to support the reintroduction efforts. about grosbeaks (“Have You Seen a Grosbeak?” I sincerely welcome the Minnesota DNR’s Jan.–Feb. 2017) was one of the best. The pine involvement in the controlled expansion of grosbeak on the cover is the most beautiful the Minnesota elk population. But I fear that I’ve ever seen. without attendant predator control, the efforts Diane Pierce Huxtable, Lake Wales, Florida will have limited success. Brad Shinkle, Minnetonka Snail Level. What a great piece on snails (“Tiny Travelers,” Sept.–Oct. 2016), and your Any restoration must be done recognizing that opening piece (This Issue) brings the wide wolves are well established on the landscape, world down to snail level. says DNR wolf expert Dan Stark. Wolves would Danny J. Bobrow, Normandy Park, likely be an important mortality factor to any Washington elk population where the species overlap, but in many places the two species successfully coexist. Appreciation for Elk. I commend MCV and author Joe Albert for the excellent sum- Wow Again! I had an interesting rainy day mary of the status of elk in Minnesota (“A at the cabin recently. It was the perfect oppor- New Chapter for Elk,” Jan.–Feb. 2017). I am tunity to sort through and reduce my pile of a landowner in Sawyer County, Wisconsin, MCV magazines. What should have been a which hosts the first restored elk herd in the two-hour task on my to-do list turned into an state. The animals were reintroduced in the all-day affair. And I didn’t throw away any of late 1970s. [The herd size] has been relatively them. I found and reread stories I had forgot- stable at approximately 125 animals for the past ten. Stared at photos that made me say “wow” decade. Subsequent research established that again. Thanks for this déjà vu moment. automobiles, wolves, and bears are effectively George C. Kirk, Finland limiting population growth. There is virtually no cash crop agriculture in the area and lim- Making the Grade. This retired teacher ited livestock activity, so conflicts with people gives your magazine an A-plus. It is consis- have been limited. Local support has carried tently interesting in its broad and varying over to the introduction in 2016 of a second choice of article subjects. Its illustrations are elk herd in the Black River Falls region. As faithfully labeled and well-chosen to clarify a longtime member of the Rocky Mountain an article’s prose. There is nothing to improve Elk Foundation, I have contributed money professionally in its production quality—not

4 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer

contributors

Carrol L. Henderson, page 8, began working for the DNR in 1974, helping to manage populations of Canada geese, wood ducks, and mallards at Lac qui Parle Wildlife Refuge. He became DNR Nongame Wild- life Program supervisor in 1977. When he interviewed for the job, he asked Wildlife chief Roger Holmes about the possibility of reintroducing the trumpeter swan. A few years later, with funds from the Nongame Wildlife Checkoff, the idea became reality.

University of Wisconsin–Platteville geog- raphy professor Evan Larson, page 22, grew up near Milaca. He has used tree Wade Steinbring captured this photograph of a long-eared owl in Roosevelt in rings to study forests in North America and northwestern Minnesota. These owls are common in the state’s coniferous and Sweden, and he took his first trip to the deciduous forests in the east and the north. Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness 30 years ago. The research that fundamentally Send your photos of Minnesota wildlife to [email protected]. changed his perspective on wilderness was carried out in close collaboration with Kurt materials, printing, assembly, nor distribution. Even its small Kipfmueller and Lane Johnson, who were size is convenient. involved in crafting the story published here. Gary L. Anderson, Alexandria Travis Bonovsky, page 32, lives in Brooklyn Center with his wife and their Career Path. Thank you for your efforts in making the cat. You can read his nature blog at Volunteer one of the greatest conservation publications in palmerlakepark.blogspot.com. the world. I can say the Conservation Volunteer is one of the important factors that influenced me to choose a career with the DNR. In the mid 1960s, a friend sent my name in to be a subscriber. For 50 years I’ve looked forward to each BILL REYNOLDS publication. The magazine exposed me not only to articles Joe Albert, page 38, a freelance writer and pictures of our resources but also to career possibilities. from Bloomington, once wanted to be a conservation officer. When that didn’t pan Michael Kovacovich, retired regional parks manager, Bemidji out, he began writing articles and novels about the profession. Timely Reminder. Thanks for putting “Your last contribu- tion” on each issue because I easily lose track of time. DNR INfoRmatIoN CeNteR mndnr.gov Darrell Ulrich, Baudette 651-296-6157 Toll-free 888-646-6367, press 5 for MCV write to us DNR VoluNteeR PRogRams We edit letters for accu racy, style, and length. Send your letter 651-259-5249 and daytime phone number to [email protected] or state PaRks ReseRVatIoNs MCV Letters, 500 Lafayette Road N., St. Paul, MN 55155-4046. 866-857-2757 mndnr.gov/reservations

tuRN IN PoaCheRs (tIP) hotlINe March–April 2017 800-652-9093 5 Natural curiosities

Acornless Oaks. We have three oak trees at our cabin on Big Sandy Lake. They are over 35 years old and each year produce tons of acorns. Last fall there were no acorns at all. Is there something wrong with the trees? Tom Solei, Woodbury

Reproduction takes a lot of energy, and trees tend to have a bumper crop of seeds every few years or even several years in a row, then produce few or no seeds for a few years, says DNR tree expert Rick Klevorn. By the book, red oaks produce large seed crops every three to five years. Last year was probably just an off year for the oaks at your cabin. SHERALYN BARNES SHERALYN Follow the Leader. How do the geese in a Don’t Blame the Birds. Some peers and I flock pick the leader? If more than one goose in were discussing the potential futility of halting the flock is honking, what does that mean—if the spread of zebra mussels, fearing that water- anything? fowl may carry mussel larvae on their feathers Virginia Dolence, Hibbing and feet. Has the DNR surveyed bodies of water without boat ramps to conclude watercraft are They take turns leading, says DNR waterfowl the primary culprit in the spread of zebra mussels? expert Steve Cordts. Scientists think that geese Douglas Brown, Ulen fly in V formations to conserve energy. When the lead bird tires, it simply moves back in Patterns of zebra mussel spread fit patterns of how the formation, like a race car drafting, and people use and travel between lakes and rivers another bird takes the lead. As for the honking? rather than patterns we would expect if the mus- Most likely, it simply helps the birds position sels were being spread by birds, according to DNR themselves with respect to each other. Cordts aquatic invasive species expert Kelly Pennington. says that some interesting research has been Lakes with no human development rarely contain conducted on ibises migrating from Austria invasive species like zebra mussels. to Italy. The birds position themselves and Researchers studying the potential of ducks time wingbeats to maximize efficiency, catch to move zebra mussels have found that they updrafts, and avoid downdrafts. Geese likely transport far fewer larval zebra mussels (veligers) do the same thing. per trip than humans do. They also found that

6 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer transport by waterfowl is limited to very short Robbed Robins. Last summer a red squirrel distances. If waterfowl were moving zebra mus- carried off a nest full of robin nestlings in my sels, we would expect to see more clusters of lakes yard. How big an impact do squirrels, skunks, feral with zebra mussels. For example, in the Twin cats, etc., have on nesting song and game birds? Cities metro area, zebra mussels have been in Beryl Novak, Gheen Prior Lake for many years, but not all surrounding lakes contain zebra mussels even though ducks Avian nest predation has a rich research history, and waterfowl move freely between them. says DNR wildlife expert Nicole Davros. Thanks We know that zebra mussel larvae can be to modern technology such as miniature video found in water collected from boats. That’s why cameras, we now know it is not always the usual Minnesota law requires people to clean and drain suspects that steal eggs or nestlings. In the Midwest, water from their boats and other equipment. predators such as raccoons, skunks, foxes, and coy- More information on preventing the spread is otes often receive a lot of the blame. But squirrels, available at mndnr.gov/ais. weasels, snakes, cowbirds, feral cats, mice, birds, badgers, and even deer have been documented raiding nests. Grassland bird research has shown roughly 80 to 85 percent of nests fail to fledge any young because of predators.

Four-O’clock Count. I have counted over 50 four-o’clock plants in a 550-yard stretch of an old road on the Anoka sand plain. The plants grow within the area mowed each July. Plant texts say that these plants prefer disturbed areas. What disturbance favors these plants in these locations? Max Malmquist, North Branch

Four o’clocks have two things going for them when it comes to thriving in tough locations,

SHERALYN BARNES SHERALYN says DNR plant expert Robert Dana. They put Giant Leaps. Do wood-duck ducklings ever down large, deep roots that store a lot of energy break a leg when jumping out of the nest to and water, so when they are mowed, it is easy for follow the mother duck? them to resprout. They are also perennials and Pete Nelson, Hastings hard to pull out of the ground. Once established, a four o’clock can stick around for a long time. Baby wood ducks are very light and their bones are not completely hardened, so they bounce like ask us rubber balls when they hit the ground, says DNR Send questions and daytime phone number to wildlife expert Robert Fashingbauer. Leaps from Natural Curiosities, 500 Lafayette Road N., St. Paul, as high as 65 feet have been documented, he says. MN 55155-4046 or [email protected].

March–April 2017 7 Jan. 5, 1996, at minus 24 degrees, I sat on the ice on the Mississippi River near Monticello, watching and photographing a flock of about 50 trumpeter swans. Some swans floated in a small pool of water; others rested on the ice, their bills tucked tightly under their wing coverts. Steam rose from the frigid water as frosty clouds of fog floated over the river. Crystalline layers of hoarfrost covered tree branches. Sun- beams illuminated the swans as they alternately materialized and van- ished in the fog. Every few minutes a swan rose to stretch and flap its wings, creating an angelic form—a vision of swans. This enchanting natural scene had been missing from Minnesota for more than a hundred years. Even more rewarding for me to realize: Some of those swans were derived from eggs I had collected in Alaska as part of a project to reintroduce trumpeter swans in Minnesota. Trumpeter swans had disappeared from the American landscape so ear-

ly in our history that their memory was relegated mainly to museums, place COURTESY OF CARROL HENDERSON DNR PHOTO,

8 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer March–April 2017 9 PHOTO COURTESY OF THE CAMPBELL FAMILY COURTESY OF PHOTO Two-year-old William Campbell of Nebraska examined a trumpeter swan shot by his father, a market hunter. Until 1900 in the United States, selling game was legal, and no special protections existed for trumpeter swans.

names like Swan Lake, history books, and in their first year. These birds can live for literature such as E. B. White’s The Trumpet more than 25 years. of the Swan. It appeared that the trumpeter Trumpeter swans’ large size, conspicuous swan had a past but no future. white plumage, and thick down contributed Fortunately, the story does not end with to their historic demise. Subsistence use of this gigantic bird’s disappearance from the swans as food by Native Americans would state. With patience, persistence, and op- have occurred for thousands of years with- timism, wildlife biologists and volunteers out diminishing the species. But European found a way to bring the world’s largest fur trappers and settlers hunted swans not waterfowl species back to Minnesota. only for meat, but also for swanskins and swan’s-down. The bird’s long wing feathers Big Downfall. The trumpeter swan(Cyg - made popular writing quills. Artist John nus buccinator) weighs up to 35 pounds and James Audubon preferred trumpeter swan stands up to 4 feet tall with a wingspread quills for drawing the fine details of song- approaching 8 feet. Its resonant trumpeting bird feet and claws. calls can be heard over a half-mile away. The Fur buyers shipped swanskins to Europe loud call is made possible by a loop of wind- to be cut up and sold as ladies’ powder puffs. pipe inside the breastbone. This extra-long In 1806 the Hudson’s Bay Co. first reported trachea is, in effect, a nearly 3-foot-long swanskins in its sales. From 1853 through trumpet, stretching from lungs to bill. 1877, the company purchased 17,671 swan- Adults have snow-white plumage with skins, most from trumpeter swans. However, black legs and a black bill. Juveniles have by 1877, swan populations were greatly pearly-gray plumage and pinkish bills reduced, and the company reported pur-

10 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer Minnesota DNR biologists collected swan eggs in the vast wetland complex of Minto Flats near Fairbanks, Alaska. A floatplane shuttled the team to trumpeter swan nests. A small log cabin served as base camp.

chasing only 122 swanskins. Trumpeter swans were disappear- ing from wetlands in Canada and the northern United States. Minne- sota was a major portion of their U.S. range. The Dakota called a lake near Mankato Manha tanka otamenda, meaning “Lake of the many large birds.” On July 13, 1823, Count G. E. Beltrami encountered adult swans and cygnets on those same waters— now called Swan Lake—providing the first nesting record by European explorers. But there were no nest re- cords after 1885. Trumpeter swans had become extirpated in Minne- sota, and biologists feared the species would become extinct. By 1932 only 69 trumpeter swans survived in the continental United States, mainly in Montana.

Restoration Plan. In the 1960s Hennepin Parks began a decades- long effort to reintroduce trumpeter swans to Minnesota. Their goal: Es- tablish a free-flying flock of 100 swans with 15 breeding pairs. The Depart- ment of Natural Resources built on the success of Hennepin Parks, now known as Three Rivers Park District. The 2015 survey of trumpeter swans in Minnesota recorded 270 swans in the five-county metro area, including

DNR PHOTOS, COURTESY OF CARROL HENDERSON DNR PHOTOS, 56 nesting pairs.

March–April 2017 11 In June 1986 at Minto Flats in Alaska, the author, DNR volunteer Dave Ahlgren, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service pilot Rodney King landed on 16 lakes and collected 50 trumpeter swan eggs in 24 hours. Top row, from left: This typical nest was a mound of vegetation 5 feet across with five eggs. The biologists candled each egg to determine if the embryo was alive. They labeled the collected eggs and left two live eggs in each nest. A small suitcase with padded compartments was used to transport the eggs. Bottom row: A protective swan launched an attack on the author, landed nearby, and honked vociferously while swimming near its nest.

The DNR launched its Nongame Wild- Cooper and I wrote a proposal for restor- life Program in 1977, and at first the state ing trumpeter swans. On June 10, 1982, the agency lacked funds for a swan restoration DNR published the plan. project. In 1982 the first donations received DNR Wildlife chief Roger Holmes speci- from the DNR Nongame Wildlife checkoff fied that trumpeter swans were being rein- became available. As DNR nongame wildlife troduced to restore an integral part of our supervisor, I found my mind swirling with state’s biological diversity and not for eventual possibilities for helping beleaguered wildlife. designation as a game species. He also speci- University of Minnesota ornithologist Jim fied that areas occupied by swans would not

12 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer DNR PHOTOS, COURTESY OF CARROL HENDERSON be closed to waterfowl hunting: It was up to enough to endure minor jostling and slight hunters to learn to identify the protected variations in temperature when transported. swans. The consequences of shooting a trum- peter swan may include fines up to $3,000 and North to Alaska. We would collect eggs confiscation of firearms. in June 1986 on wetlands west of Fairbanks, There was no playbook for this project be- Alaska. My assistant was Dave Ahlgren, a cause Minnesota was the first state to proceed DNR volunteer and pilot for Northwest Air- with a major trumpeter swan restoration. We lines. Ahlgren and Northwest vice president needed to perfect techniques for collecting, Bill Wren arranged for our air travel to Alaska transporting, and hatching swan eggs and car- as well as our return via first class with trum- ing for the downy cygnets. Steve Kittelson, our peter swan eggs. ace biologist, worked out the details. For carrying the eggs, Kittelson adapted Trumpeter swan eggs require 33 to 34 days the suitcase design used by the U.S. Fish and of incubation. We needed to collect the eggs Wildlife Service to transport whooping crane when they were between 3 and 4 weeks old, eggs. Each suitcase contained foam liners so the developing embryos would be strong with hand-carved cavities for 12 eggs. Small

March–April 2017 13 The author and pilot Rodney King measured and labeled eggs at a swan nest.

channels between cavities allowed air circula- west of Fairbanks in Minto Flats. On June 10 tion from a battery-powered fan in the end we took off to collect the eggs. The aerial view of the suitcase. Four old-fashioned hot-water of this wilderness wetland was awesome. We bottles would be laid over the eggs to main- saw bald eagles, black bears, moose cows with tain their temperature at about 100 degrees. calves feeding in shallow water, and then our We would replace the water every two hours first swan nest. A pair of snow-white swans with hot water from the plane’s coffeemaker. glowed like pearls against deep blue waters. For egg collecting, U.S. Fish and Wildlife One swan was incubating on the nest mound Service pilot Rodney King selected Minto while the mate swam nearby. Flats, a vast wetland complex with more than 1,000 swans at that time. King had mapped 24-Hour Egg Marathon. King, Ahl- nest locations and selected lakes that would gren, and I landed on the small lake and allow access with his Cessna 185 floatplane. taxied to the swan nest. We collected eggs He’d calculated the stage of incubation so we and got ready for takeoff. But the wind had could collect eggs that were within 10 to 15 died, and the water was glassy smooth. That days of hatching. was bad. A floatplane needs some chop on With great anticipation, Ahlgren and I the water to break the surface tension that flew to Anchorage on June 7. We traveled to bonds the floats to the water. Fairbanks where we joined King. For the final King taxied to the nearby shore, got out, leg of the trip, he flew us to a log cabin 40 miles and turned the plane around. Then he began

14 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer A suitcase with a dozen swan eggs was passed off for the next leg of its journey. A small fan wired into the suitcase ventilated the eggs as they traveled in an overhead bin of a jet to Minnesota.

takeoff. Two-thirds of the way across the lake, the floats had not broken free of the water. He shut down the mo- tor, and we thunked into the opposite shore. King got out and repeated the maneuver. Again, we failed to lift off. King turned to us and said, “One of you will have to go.” We decided that Ahlgren would return to the cabin so he could boil water to keep the eggs warm. As the plane taxied away from my new island home, King threw me a sleeping bag. He smiled and said he thought he could find his way back. About an hour later, King re- turned and we flew to other lakes with nesting swans. At each one, King landed artfully and taxied near the nest. With chest waders, I entered shallow water and stepped onto the bog mat to approach the nest. Several times I went through the bog mat and really cold water poured over the top of my waders. At the nest, King and I labeled each egg and candled it to ensure it was fertile. We selected two live eggs to leave in the nest and took the bal- ance of the clutch—usually three to five eggs. Each time we filled our egg suitcase, we flew back to the log cabin where Ahlgren was filling hot-water bottles to keep the eggs warm. In the light of that long Alaskan day,

DNR PHOTOS, COURTESY OF CARROL HENDERSON DNR PHOTOS, we visited 16 nests and collected 50

March–April 2017 15 Top row, from left: Using a stethoscope, DNR biologist Steve Kittelson listened for cygnets peeping prior to hatch- ing. A cygnet used its egg tooth to crack open its shell, then rested after breaking free. Each cygnet was weighed after hatching. Bottom row, from left: Cygnets huddled under a heat lamp. DNR employees Margaret Dexter, Jan Welsh, and Kittelson clipped flight feathers on one wing of each cygnet to keep them from flying out of their out- door wintering pen at Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area, where they stayed until spring of their second year.

eggs. At 7:45 p.m. we returned to Fairbanks. Cygnet Psychology. Once the eggs ar- Ahlgren and I caught flights to Anchorage rived, Kittelson took over the hatching and then Minneapolis. We tucked the egg and rearing process. Using pheasant-egg suitcases into the first-class overhead bins. Ev- incubators, he kept the eggs at 100 degrees, ery two hours, as curious passengers peered misted them to maintain 60 percent rela- over our shoulders, we took down the suit- tive humidity, and turned them regularly, cases and replenished the hot-water bottles. as parent swans would do in the wild. Kit- At 10 a.m. on June 11, we arrived at telson weighed each egg daily to ensure that Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area it showed steady weight loss as the yolk and and placed the eggs in incubators. white transformed into a cygnet.

16 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer DNR PHOTOS, COURTESY OF CARROL HENDERSON

As cygnets neared hatching, Kittelson fencing to protect the cygnets from owls, kept the eggs in close proximity so they eagles, raccoons, mink, and other preda- would imprint on each other’s peeping— tors. At the end of their first summer, as they and not accidentally on voices of people. approached the size of adult Canada geese, After the cygnets hatched, they spent one the swans had their wing feathers clipped, more day in the incubator to “fluff out” and they were placed in two separate fenced and bond with each other. Then Kittelson pens, each with an aerated pond. Why two moved the cygnets to indoor brooders. For pens? When restoring Canada geese in the their first several weeks, he fed them a well- 1960s, waterfowl biologists learned that balanced diet of waterfowl starter feed. If geese raised together in one pen would not their feed contained too much protein, their mate with each other. wrist joints would become twisted and they would never be able to fly. Released at Last. An important question Next, the cygnets were moved outdoors in restoration: What age to release swans? to a pen in a shallow pond. The pen was cov- Because natural mortality is typically high ered above and on the sides with wire-mesh in a trumpeter’s first year, we decided to

March–April 2017 17 The Air National Guard flew trumpeter swans from Minneapolis to Detroit Lakes to be released. In wetlands at Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge, the author and Peggy Hines Peters (middle) and Steve Kittelson (below) released a pair.

hold them in captivity until 23 months of age. Because trumpeter swans normally select a mate in their third year and begin nesting in their fourth year, this release age would give the swans a year to be- come familiar with their release area before they reached breeding age. In 1987, after five years of plan- ning, egg collection, and cygnet rear- ing, we began the most important part of our project—releasing swans in their new “homes.” We had gath- ered swans for our first major swan release with 21 juveniles from the Minnesota Zoo, the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago, and Three Rivers Parks. The swans had their wings clipped so they could not fly away when re- leased in spring. New flight feathers would grow back in late summer. Trumpeter swans imprint on the first place that they fly from, so to them Minnesota would be home. Peggy Hines Peters, DNR wildlife technician, had selected some out- standing wetlands around Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge near De- troit Lakes for release of the swans. But how would the flightless swans get there? Transporting the swans in large dog kennels in a truck would have risked injuring their legs dur- ing the bumpy ride. So we needed

18 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer In winter in the late 1980s, Sheila Lawrence began feeding trumpeter swans and other waterfowl on the Mississippi River near her home in Monticello. Because of her many winters of daily prodigious effort, Lawrence has been credited with helping along the trumpeter swan recovery.

another option. Thanks to my military back- County. On April 20, 1988, we repeated the ground, I decided to call the Army Reserve at release scenario with 40 swans in northwest- Fort Snelling and ask if they could organize a ern Minnesota. ABC news sent out a crew transport training flight to deliver 21 swans with reporter Roger Caras. At a lake on the to northwestern Minnesota. They must have White Earth Reservation, local children re- thought I was nuts and would have nothing leased the swans. The story aired on ABC to do with it. Then I called the Minnesota on May 10, 1988. Caras estimated about 40 Air National Guard and posed my idea of million people watched. As the broadcast a training flight with a cargo of swans. They showed the final pair of swans swimming off, loved the idea. Caras commented: “The magnificent trum- Recalling my graduate school lessons in peter swan, gone from the lakes of Minne- working with the media, I realized this event sota for over a century, has been summoned would be newsworthy as the First, Biggest, home. … They are being brought back by and Most. So I contacted ABC, NBC, and the citizens of Minnesota with funding from CBS news in New York and pitched the swan a checkoff system on their state tax forms. … release as the first and largest in U.S. history. The swans are gifts that Minnesotans have Three members of the CBS news team came given themselves.” to cover the first release of 21 swans. Cygnets from Alaskan eggs were released On April 22, 1987, as we opened their ken- in 1988, 1989, and 1990. Juvenile swans res- nels, each pair of swans walked into the wa- cued in Alaska in 1992 were also released in ter, swam out a few feet, rose up, and flapped spring of 1994. From 1987 through 1994, we their wings. It was an incredible feeling to see released 217 swans. In 1995 we began an ex- the swans begin their new life in Minnesota. tended effort to release trumpeter swans in On April 13, 1988, DNR Nongame Wild- southern Minnesota, and we released anoth- life released five trumpeter swans at Swan er 139 swans in the Heron Lake area between

DNR PHOTOS, COURTESY OF CARROL HENDERSON DNR PHOTOS, Lake, Manha tanka otamenda, in Nicollet 1995 and 2012.

March–April 2017 19 Counting Swans. Our initial restora- This swan, identified by a leg band, hatched from an tion goal was 30 pairs of breeding swans egg the author collected in Alaska in 1988. in the state. We reached that goal in 1991. The swan population continued to grow in suggests that 1,700 nesting pairs produce northwestern Minnesota. However, we had about 5,000 cygnets in a year. Wow! little information on nesting ecology, nest- ing success, and habitat preferences. Old Friends. On Jan. 10, 1997, I returned DNR nongame wildlife biologist Katie to the Mississippi River near Monticello to Haws collaborated with Kris Spaeth, a grad- observe trumpeter swans at their favorite uate student at Bemidji State University, to wintering site by the home of Jim and Sheila study nesting swans. Researchers found 18 Lawrence. I sat on the rocks at water’s edge nests in 2007 and another 27 in 2008. Among with my camera in hand. In the middle of the 39 successful nests, 197 cygnets hatched the river, one swan parted from the flock from 225 eggs—a very impressive total. and swam toward me. I photographed the Swans nested in 29 lakes and 16 smaller swan as it drew closer—within 50 feet, then wetlands. They preferred water bodies of 40 feet, then 20 feet. Finally, it swam so close less than 60 acres with shallow cattail edges I had to turn my camera sideways to get the and forests surrounding at least three-quar- whole swan in the viewfinder. Then the swan ters of the shoreline. Cattail tubers provided stepped from the water, and I could see a leg abundant food. Such smaller bodies of wa- band. I focused on the band and took a pho- ter had less disruptive wave action, shore- to. It was swan number 619-71888. line development, and boating traffic. As the swan stood silently looking at me, Nest predation of trumpeter swans was I began to talk to the swan in a calm, low almost nonexistent. Only 1 percent of the voice. I carried on small talk for about five eggs were taken by a predator—possibly an minutes. Finally, the swan turned away, en- otter. Trumpeter swans are extremely ag- tered the water, and rejoined the flock. gressive and effective in driving predators, Back at my office, I looked up the swan’s even Alaskan brown bears, from their nests. band number and discovered I had col- I had originally expected the swans re- lected this swan as an egg in Minto Flats on leased near Detroit Lakes to expand their June 10, 1988. We had reared that cygnet range southward into the prairie pothole and released it on North Chippewa Lake in country of Otter Tail County. Instead, to my Tamarac NWR on May 23, 1990. surprise, the swans ventured north and east, I can surmise only that the swan on where they nested on lakes with bog mats the river had stopped by to say, “Hi, Dad. amid forests of black spruce and tamarack— And thanks.” nV the kind of habitat where I had collected the eggs in Alaska. You can support the DNR Nongame Wildlife Program In 2008 Minnesota had an estimated with a tax-deductible donation. Make a one-time 3,600 trumpeter swans. In 2015 DNR non- or recurring donation at mndnr.gov/nongame. game wildlife biologist Christine Herwig Or look for the loon on your state income-tax or

led a survey that tallied 17,021 swans. This property-tax form and write in your donation. COURTESY OF CARROL HENDERSON DNR PHOTO,

20 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer March–April 2017 21 22 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer What Is Wilderness?

Examining tree rings, researchers reconsider the history of human influence in the Boundary Waters.

By Evan Larson

Wilderness is a poignant word that conjures up images of sweep- ing tundra, rugged mountains, and primeval forests broken only by lakes and winding rivers. The common feature shared by these images is the absence of human influence. This perspective was codified in the 1964 federal Wilderness Act, which defined wilderness as land “untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.” What would it mean if landscapes we now consider wilderness were, at least in part, the legacies of human activity? As an associate professor of geography at the University of Wisconsin– Platteville and a dendrochronologist, or tree-ring scientist, I am pursuing

Tom Wilding, a researcher at the University of Wisconsin–Platteville, takes notes about a AN LARSON

EV scarred 300-year-old red pine near Lac La Croix in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness.

March–April 2017 23 answers to such questions. Over the past five on research to seek a more complete and nu- years, I have collaborated with professor Kurt anced understanding of wilderness. Funded Kipfmueller and research specialist Lane by the National Science Foundation, this re- Johnson from the University of Minnesota, as search may help guide the management of well as students from both of our institutions, the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilder- ness—an iconic Minnesota landscape—by Lac La Croix (above) has been used as a paddling considering the role of people in its history. route for centuries. Here researchers have found My own perspective on wilderness in the red pines bearing peel scars (below left) made by BWCAW was transformed on day four of a Ojibwe people to release resin used for sealing late August trip to Lac La Croix, a massive birch-bark canoes. A peel scar on a dead red pine island-studded lake along the border of the (center) shows ancient ax marks and unharvested United States and Canada. The winds had resin. Large living pines (right) show evidence of at picked up and the water was growing choppy least eight low-severity fires. Now fire-free for more as my research crew and I neared a site that than a century, these pine stands are vulnerable to Johnson had urged me to visit. We paddled the next fire. around a small point, spotted a landing, and

24 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer pulled up our canoes in the shade of tower- ning alone. And if lightning had been the ing pines. The landing was directly along the cause, why were so many fires limited to this Border Route, once a primary fur-trade cor- one stand? ridor from Lake Superior to Rainy Lake. In pursuit of answers to these questions, our The trees at this site had stories to tell. Near- research group has studied tree rings at 75 sites by, the trunk of a fire-scarred, wind-thrown across the BWCAW. From these studies, we’ve red pine displayed a long, vertical wound. developed an environmental narrative that Upon closer inspection, marks from an ax helps us explore the meaning of wilderness. were evident, but barely, as centuries of heal- ing wood curled over the wound. The injury Forest Sanctuary. Protected by the BWCA was intentional. At one time, this injury ran Wilderness Act of 1978, this million-plus- thick with resin. When combined with wood acre landscape harbors some of the last pine ash and animal fat, this resin created the gum forests spared during the logging era. Since used to seal the seams of birch-bark canoes. then, the BWCAW has become a vital natu- Scanning the forest, we noted that nearly every ral laboratory for scientists to understand large red pine within sight bore a similar scar. the dynamics of northern ecosystems. With By examining annual growth rings in core more than 150,000 visitors each year, the area samples taken from tree trunks, we found has also become an integral part of many that many pines at this site were more than Minnesotans’ cultural identity through out- 250 years old. Distinct injuries recorded door adventures and the search for wilder- within their rings denoted the passage of ness experience. multiple low-severity surface fires that dam- Clear waters and deep forests convey a aged but did not kill many of these trees. In sense of the primeval, yet this landscape has all, 16 fires burned here between 1660 and a rich human history that spans thousands of 1909, after which fires abruptly ceased. years. In the 1700s Ojibwe settled in the area AN LARSON Lightning certainly caused wildfires in the following a westward migration over the pre- OS BY EV

T area, but the abundance of past fires seems ceding decades. After the arrival of early Eu-

PHO too great to have been the product of light- ropean explorers during the 1700s and early

March–April 2017 25 Remnant Old-Growth Forest and Area Burned Since 1919 in the BWCAW

This map shows where visitors to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness can expect to encounter old-growth forest that is at least 120 years old and predates 19th- and 20th-century logging. In other areas they will find second- growth forest, some of which has been disturbed by more recent fires or wind events, including the 1999 blowdown. Before European settlers arrived in the region, Ojibwe people selectively set smaller, more frequent fires to clear land for encampments and trails and to promote growth of beneficial plants. This also promoted the growth of scenic stands of large pines. Created by University of Minnesota researcher Lane Johnson, the map is based on information from Miron “Bud” Heinselman, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.

1800s, the area became a hub of trade among tell of the Ojibwe people using fire to clear en- the Ojibwe and French-Canadian voyageurs. campments and trails and to promote plants The journals of explorers and voyageurs in- such as blueberries, a highly valued food that clude numerous mentions of trade relation- grows vigorously on recently burned land. ships and locations of Ojibwe settlements. The intensity of land use varied from place Oral traditions and ethnographic research to place, depending on local conditions and

26 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer proximity to travel routes, resources, and and 1970s, Heinselman documented the settlements, yet people were clearly a part of role of fire in Boundary Waters forests. To the landscape. do so, he used the ages of trees established af- Working with historical documents and the ter severe fires and fire scars recorded in the advice of U.S. Department of Agriculture For- growth rings of living trees. est Service archaeologists, our research team Heinselman’s research was fundamental identified red pine stands on and off the his- to developing the field of fire ecology. He toric Border Route. At each site we used tree pioneered the concept of a “shifting forest rings to reconstruct historical patterns of fire. mosaic” shaped by landscape-scale fires. Our work builds on the groundbreaking Despite his remarkable efforts, questions re- research of Miron “Bud” Heinselman, a pre- mained. In a landmark 1973 publication, he eminent scientist and strong advocate for the wrote, “In the Boundary Waters, people were BWCAW until his death in 1993. As a U.S. primarily an added source of ignitions until

MAP: LANE JOHNSON MAP: Forest Service researcher during the 1960s about 1910. … A relevant question, then, is

March–April 2017 27 EVAN LARSON EVAN LANE JOHNSON EVAN LARSON EVAN

Clockwise from top left: A cross section from a tree at search, we know that the amount of moisture Upper Pauness Lake shows that the tree started growing available to red pine trees during the growing in 1756 and has peel scars in 1802 and 1816. Ben season influences the relative width of each Matthys and Liz Schneider use a crosscut saw to gather annual growth ring. Wide rings correspond a sample. Chris Crawford (left) and Kurt Kipfmueller to wet summers, and narrow rings to dry survey Little Saganaga Lake from a 2006 burn site. ones. As weather and climate vary, uniform patterns emerge in the rings of trees across how much burning would have taken place the region. Distinct as fingerprints, the pat- prior to 1910 if only lightning ignitions had terns can be read to assign calendar dates to occurred? A direct answer is unobtainable.” the rings of dead trees with absolute certain- The rings of long-dead pines may now ty. Through crossdating, we used fire scars bring an answer within reach. Our research in remnant stumps to produce a network of uses a technique known as crossdating, sites with fire history that spans the wilder- which provides us access to information hid- ness and tells a detailed story of fire activity den from Heinselman. Through previous re- over the last 400 years.

28 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer EVAN LARSON EVAN LANE JOHNSON

Cultural History. The fire patterns illustrat- Lane Johnson (left) uses a borer to collect a core sample ed by our data are stark. Fires were most com- from a centuries-old red pine on Saganaga Lake. The mon along the Border Route. In some places, author (right) labels a peel scar sample he’s collecting the open stands of red pine we see today expe- from a log near Lac La Croix. rienced fires every five to six years during the 1700s and 1800s—the period when fur-trade particularly in an era of profound environ- networks were expanding across the region. mental changes. Our data make a strong case that many of How then does the legal definition of wil- these spectacular red pine stands are, in part, derness square with stands of red pine that legacies of the region’s cultural history. are quite possibly a product of historical land In The Boundary Waters Wilderness Eco- use? Should managers take a hands-off ap- system, Heinselman stated that “old-growth proach based on the idea of “untrammeled red and white pine groves of the Boundary wilderness”—even while once-open pine Waters reserves are among the most en- stands grow denser and more susceptible dangered forest communities of the entire to conflagrations? The severe effects of the Great Lakes region of the United States and recent fires such as Pagami Creek, Ham Canada. They are an irreplaceable element Lake, and Cavity Lake, which reduced many in the biodiversity of the region.” Our data groves of old-growth pines to ashes and suggest that at least some of these pine stands charred snags, illustrate the likely outcome. took root and flourished in the presence of Alternatively, do we identify heritage stands frequent surface fires, many of which were of ancient pines that represent the confluence likely set by people. By burning away tree of human and ecological processes and then seedlings and underbrush, these fires created actively manage them with prescribed fire? the open, parklike forest structure prized by The aim would be to increase their resilience people in the past and today. to the impacts of severe wildfires, provide The more complete understanding of opportunities for future regeneration of red BWCAW forests emerging from our work pine, and maintain a vital component of the poses challenging questions for managing region’s ecological diversity. the nation’s most visited wilderness area, These are difficult questions that require

March–April 2017 29 Left, from top: Lane Johnson documents a peel scar sample that still shows the resin Ojibwe people gathered from such scars. Dendrochronology, the study of tree rings, allows scientists to precisely date peel scar samples. Right: Without frequent fires, smaller conifers create “ladders” that will allow fire to climb to the canopy.

of that scene, its quiet serenity part of the tall, smooth trunks and the silences.” As research- ers, we have been to this stand and docu- mented peeled trees that tell of human land

use in the 1790s and early 1800s. From the LARSON BY EVAN PHOTOS tree rings of charred stumps, we now know that fires passed through in 1739, 1757, 1764, 1867, 1875, 1892, and 1915. Fires stopped burning here as the traditional lifeways of the Ojibwe were constrained. The pines Ol- son refers to remain on the landscape today, though the forest around them is changing. In the end, people decide the definition and designation of wilderness. Today, public land managers are charged with the difficult task of preserving the beauty, function, and biodiversity of wilderness areas in the face of changing climate conditions and increasing human use. A growing body of evidence sug- gests that active management that includes the use of prescribed fire can help maintain careful thought and reflection, but with the resilient forest communities. Wild places that long absence of forest fires enabling a build- were profoundly impacted by the actions of up of fuels, answers cannot wait long. people in the past need not devalue the wil- derness concept. Rather, this knowledge can Wilderness Views. In his essay “The Loons make them richer through tangible connec- of Lac la Croix,” Sigurd Olson evoked a long- tions to our human history. ing for the deep connections between people The stands of ancient pines on Lac La Croix and wilderness through his lyrical descrip- embody the ideal of wilderness, yet they have tions of pictographs on granite cliffs and a felt the tread of moccasins and boots on their hill challenged by Ojibwe runners. roots for centuries. Recognizing the role of Olson wrote about a pine stand along the past human influences in creating these mag- Border Route “as perfect as any we had seen” nificent stands may help people learn how to where a trapper’s cabin had “seemed a part be better stewards of wilderness today. nV

30 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer March–April 2017 31 32 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer By Travis Bonovsky

A Thing Called Birding

Routinely walking around a city park, a man discovers the allure of watching birds.

W hile riding along the edge of a field on my Huffy dirt bike when I was around 12 years old, I saw a bright yellow-and- black bird and heard its unusual song. I wasn’t a birdwatcher then, but I remember the encounter well. I really wanted to see that bird again after I started birding seriously at age 35. My love of birds was probably always there, hidden some- where deep inside me. Like many people, I had been exposed to the outdoors at a young age through camping trips and scouting. But throughout college and the early years of my career, the outdoors went vastly unnoticed. I was just too busy to pay attention. Around 15 years into my computer-related career, I felt fenced

A blue jay and a black-billed cuckoo are among the birds the author has

TRAVIS BONOVSKY TRAVIS spotted while birdwatching at Palmer Lake Park in Brooklyn Center.

March–April 2017 33 From left: female red-winged blackbird, yellow warbler, merlin, house wren.

in. Communication had become so in- At first it was white-tailed deer. Because stantaneous that I felt like I was expected the city deer were used to people, they al- to work—or at least respond to emails— lowed me long looks and curious interac- around the clock. And like most people, I tions. I started bringing my cheap, point- tried in vain to make this the norm. Over- and-shoot camera to snap photos of them. worked and stressed, I slept poorly and my When I couldn’t find any deer, I started health declined. I had to escape it all some- noticing birds. I was amazed at the sheer how. As my respite, I chose a path around a number of different species I encountered green swampy lake in a park near my home in the same area in a single season. I re- in suburban Brooklyn Center. membered my ninth-grade science class My wife and I had ridden our bicycles where our instructor made us learn 30 spe- around the paved path at Palmer Lake cies of Minnesota birds. At that time I sim- Park, but never had I gone there by myself. ply memorized them long enough to pass Whether it was just being alone or being the quiz. I’m sure I couldn’t have named in the fresh air, walking the path seemed more than three by the end of that semester. to help. My wife began encouraging me to But now something was different. Identify- keep up my routine. For the first time in ing birds didn’t feel like learning at all. In- many years, I was spending hours outside stead it felt like discovery. It was something with no other purpose than just to be there. I could do at my own pace and completely As I wandered, I started to notice things. lose myself in. With each visit I picked up

34 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer TRAVIS BONOVSKY little bits of information about each bird’s digital camera was by far my most valuable behavior. The time of year or the type of tool for learning about birds. While it’s true habitat became clues for me to try to find that you can get great close-up looks at birds the same bird again and again. through binoculars, the average person just In the beginning, bird sounds were much can’t hold onto that visual in his or her brain too difficult for me to decipher. But I found for very long. By capturing a photo, you can that asking “when, where, and what” worked take the image home and study it, compare well. Yes, my end goal was to properly iden- it with images in field guides, and ask other tify which species of bird I was looking at, but birders to help you identify the species. I was equally curious about their lives. “Why With a photo, you have a nonexpiring, are they in this particular area? Why do I al- nonsubjective reference of what you saw at ways see that kind on the ground? Why do that exact time and place. Heck, the precise those little ones move so quickly?” I had lots time and date are automatically recorded of questions but didn’t realize that this curi- for you within the file. And thus was born osity was a thing called birding. my “shoot first and ask questions later” method of birding. And it was so much fun! Picture Them. Another thing I didn’t re- With my camera in hand, I became en- alize is that I carried with me a pocket-sized thralled watching birds and observing secret weapon of sorts. No, it wasn’t my their behavior. At the end of my workday, I binoculars or even a field guide. My little would spend whatever daylight remained at

March–April 2017 35 the park. And on weekends I’d do the same From top: indigo bunting, monarch butterfly, over the course of many hours. Eastern meadowlark. My wife encouraged me to create a blog about my sightings. Being a computer geek found hundreds of local, like-minded people by trade, I soon launched the Palmer Lake sharing their appreciation of birds through Park Nature Blog and wrote short accounts brief accounts and photographs. of recent visits. Now I had a perfect outlet for sharing my newfound hobby with others, Hooked on Birds. It was easy to get but more important, I had another learning hooked on birds. The most “free” of any crea- tool. Writing down a few things about a par- ture on our planet, birds come and go as they ticular bird helped me remember it better in please, some traveling halfway around the the long term. I was creating a comprehen- globe during migration. Looking for birds sive, dated record of exactly what I saw where and photographing them appeals to the col- and when. Scientists use the word phenology, lector in me. And collecting them, whether the “study of cyclic and seasonal natural phe- in checklists or photographs, can be a never- ending quest. As for photographing wildlife, no subject is more challenging and reward- For me, birds have ing than birds. More times than not, they are obscured by tree trunks, branches, and come to represent leaves. When they do finally come into view, they typically move again within seconds. the very face of Being in the right place at the right time is what it’s all about. And when that happens, nature itself. the reward is magical. For me, birds have come to represent the nomena in relation to climate and plant and very face of nature itself. They have a sym- animal life.” Phenology plays an important biotic relationship with the environment. role in birdwatching. This realization tripped something inside Three years into my blog, I could see that me and changed the way I view our world. I wasn’t going to come to the end of bird- The habitats that support such an amazing watching anytime soon. I began buying new variety of birds are changing rapidly. field guides, studying them, and asking my To my surprise, after five years of paying wife to periodically quiz me based on the close attention to every bird I laid eyes on, I still photos. Online, I found magnificent photos had not seen the yellow-and-black bird of my helpful in deciphering species. childhood. As I learned more, I realized that The following spring I found myself hik- my odds of again finding an eastern meadow- ing around Palmer Lake Park carrying my lark had decreased dramatically since I was a first decent camera and a telephoto lens. kid. Those fields are long gone; apartment Aside from my camera, I discovered social buildings now stand there. Last year I finally media as a tool that propelled me deeper found a meadowlark, with help from a friend,

into this thing called birding. On Facebook I at Palmer Lake Park of all places. nV BONOVSKY TRAVIS

36 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer March–April 2017 37 Young naturalists Illustrations by Bill Reynolds ▼

Search and Rescue, Detect and Solve Three stories show how conservation officers look out for everyone’s safety.

Outdoors in Minnesota, day and night, men and women called conservation

officers are working to protect people and wild things. Since

1887 these peace officers have been enforcing laws that safeguard Minnesota’s

natural resources—fish, wildlife, land, and waters that we

all share. Conservation officers, or COs, work for the Department of Natural

Resources. Among their duties, COs rescue people and uncover

crimes. Here are three true stories of COs at work. By Joe Albert

38 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer Swamp Spy With four propellers spinning furiously, a a video-game joystick. He was remotely small aircraft called a drone hovered high controlling the drone to take pictures of above a swampy marsh. A deputy sheriff the land and water below. stood on shore, moving what looked like Out in the marsh, conservation officers

March–April 2017 39 Tony Salzer and Brittany Hauser heard a agement Area when they’d wandered onto shotgun blast. Heading in that direction, a floating bog, fell through into waist-deep they slogged through knee-deep water water, and couldn’t get themselves out. but stayed dry because they’d put on waist- Now Salzer and Hauser were also in high rubber waders. water up to their waists. The officers Salzer’s two-way radio crackled to life. told the man he’d be OK. Then Salzer “Look for the drone hovering above the removed the shells from the hunter’s swamp,” the deputy’s voice on the other shotgun so it wouldn’t accidently go off. He asked the man to take off his blaze- A man had orange hunting vest. Then, to help the helicopter pilot find them, Salzer tied dialed 911 the vest to the end of the shotgun and to ask for help. poked it up and out of the cattails. The pilot spotted the blaze orange and radi- end told him. He turned his eyes toward oed to Salzer that he could see the group. the cloudy sky and saw the flying object. From the helicopter overhead, a rescuer Salzer and Hauser were on the right track tossed out a long rope tied to the helicopter and didn’t have far to go. at one end and to a vest harness at the oth- More than an hour earlier, a man had er. The COs strapped the hunter into the dialed 911 to ask for help: He and his dog vest. The rescuer pulled him up out of the were stuck in a swamp among thick cattails. swamp and into the helicopter. When the Though the man tried to tell the deputy rope came back down again, Hauser put sheriff where he was, he had trouble giving on the rescue vest and carried the dog up directions because the swampy land had into the helicopter. Finally, the rescue line few signs or markers to follow. The drone pulled up Salzer with the hunter’s shotgun. had already searched two spots without Nearby, on dry land, an ambulance finding the man. Salzer decided to radio waited for the helicopter to land. When it for help from the Minnesota State Patrol, did, paramedics checked the hunter for in- which dispatched a rescue helicopter. juries. Tired but OK, the man drove home Salzer and Hauser heard the helicopter safely with his dog. and breathed a sigh of relief as they ap- Being flown out of a swamp was a proached the drone and finally found the new experience for both Hauser, a new man and his dog. The man and his Brittany CO, and Salzer, an officer for 10 years. spaniel had been hunting small game in the COs never know what they’re getting into 25,000-acre Carlos Avery Wildlife Man- when they answer a call for help.

40 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer Candy Bar Caper Most people were fast asleep as conser- road. Two people stood outside. One was vation officers Keith Bertram and Jeff shining a flashlight over a field. The other Johanson decided to end their patrol and was pointing a rifle into the field. The COs head home at 2 in the morning. They had turned on their truck’s red emergency spent the past several hours looking for lights, and the two men ran. people who were illegally shining bright Bertram and Johanson scrambled out lights to find and shoot deer. In Minne- of their truck, yelling to the men to stop. sota it’s illegal to shine and hunt for deer Bertram ran after the man with the flash- more than two hours after sunset or any- light, telling him to drop the light and put time with a weapon in a truck or car. his hands in the air. Johanson chased the Almost as soon as they started home that man with the gun, shouting at him to drop fall night, the officers saw a beam of light in the weapon. Both men soon stopped run- the distance. Deciding to investigate, they ning. The officers walked them back to turned onto a gravel road and switched off the truck and ordered them to place their the lights of their DNR patrol truck. Slowly, hands on the hood. gravel crunching beneath the tires, their As Bertram patted down one man to DNR truck drew closer to a pickup truck. check for weapons, he looked up and saw a Someone inside was shining a light out the third man in the driver’s seat of the pickup. passenger window. Suddenly, the light and He shouted and told the man to put his the pickup vanished. The officers quickly hands in the air. Bertram and Johanson put realized the pickup had gone over a hill. handcuffs on the two men. Then they ap- Reaching the hilltop, Bertram and Jo- proached the third man, ordering him to hanson saw the pickup parked along the keep his hands in the air. When the officers

March–April 2017 41 told the man to step out, they discovered Because the men had broken the law by he had a .22-caliber rifle on the seat next shining, Bertram and Johanson arrested to him. After taking the gun, they realized them. They radioed the local sheriff to it was loaded. come and take the men to jail. At the coun- The COs handcuffed the third man ty jail Bertram and Johanson interviewed and started asking all three men questions each man until sunrise, but no one admit- about what they had been doing. The men ted to shooting deer. insisted they’d been shooting coyotes and After the interviews, the COs went back raccoons. When Bertram and Johanson to where they’d arrested the men. They looked in the bed of the pickup, they saw searched all around for signs of dead deer pools of blood and pieces of hollow hair. but couldn’t find any. Bertram guessed the blood and hair came Several days later, a landowner phoned from deer. Johanson and reported finding three dead

42 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer deer in a grassy place on his land. A doe that signature with those on the men’s and two fawns had been shot. The deer driver’s licenses. All Minnesota driver’s were close to the scene of the arrests. But licenses have signatures. When Bertram the COs knew they’d need evidence to link looked at the licenses, it was easy for him the men to the dead deer. to see the signature on one matched the Combing through the grass, Bertram signature on the candy bar receipt. spotted a piece of paper and picked it up. Confronted with this evidence, the man It was a sales receipt from a gas station who bought the candy bar confessed to in St. Cloud. The receipt showed the the crime: He and his friends had killed signature of someone who had bought the three deer illegally. a Twix Peanut Butter candy bar the day “Without that piece of paper,” Bertram before the arrests. Bertram felt a surge said, “I don’t think we would have been of adrenalin, knowing he could compare able to solve the case.”

March–April 2017 43 Follow the Nose During the fall firearms deer season, conservation officers try to make sure about a half-million hunters follow the rules. They respond to citizens who ask questions about hunting laws or report seeing something possibly illegal. One day, officer Julie Siems and her K9 part- Brady, K9 partner ner, a specially trained dog named Brady, responded to a report by someone who used hand signals to tell him where to had seen a hunter loading a deer into go. Brady moved quickly and kept his a truck and unloading a shotgun on a nose to the ground. Using his well- roadside. The caller thought the hunter honed sense of smell, Brady soon found might have shot the deer from the road, the shotgun shell in tall grass. Then which is illegal for safety reasons. Brady again followed his nose and Two other COs were at the roadside found the spot where the hunter had with the hunter when Siems and Brady field-dressed the deer, cutting it open to arrived. They wanted Brady to sniff and remove its internal organs before tak- search for the shotgun shell used to kill ing it home. Brady’s discoveries proved the deer. The hunter said he had defi- the hunter was telling the truth: He had nitely been away from the road when obeyed the law and stayed away from shooting. But without snow on the the road when he shot the deer. ground to follow the man’s tracks, the Without Brady, the COs probably only way for officers to know the shoot- wouldn’t have found the evidence—the ing place for sure was to find the spent spent shotgun shell. The hunter was hap- shotgun shell. The hunter told the COs py that suspicion about his hunt had end- where he’d stood when firing the shot, ed. The caller was glad to hear the deer so Siems and Brady began searching had been taken legally. After the success- that area. ful investigation, Siems said, “Everybody Siems kept Brady on his leash and left pretty happy that day.” nV

Teachers resources Find a Teachers Guide and other resources for this and other Young Naturalists stories at mndnr.gov/young_naturalists.

44 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer March–April 2017 45 The Waters Downhill

Along with crops and cattle, this farmer nurtures a conservation ethic for the watershed.

By Keith Goetzman

From the windswept ridge on his farmland in southwestern Min- nesota, Jack Weber can see Lake Shao- katan in the distance. The shimmering lake, headwaters of the Yellow Medicine River, has a direct connection to how he farms. Weber knows that any water that falls from the sky over his land either soaks into the soil or runs off, and it all ends up as part of the Minnesota River watershed’s ground or surface waters. And make no mistake, this farmer

Jack and Sara Weber pause while riding on their land. Behind them is Lake Shaokatan, headwaters of the Yellow Medicine River.

46 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer Water Champion

Photography by Layne Kennedy does all he can to keep water from run- for the Natural Resources Conservation ning off his land. Service—and his father-in-law to boot— “One thing I really don’t like to see is the with introducing him to many of the tech- horizontal movement of water. That’s a big niques that he has put into practice. no-no for me,” says Weber. That’s why he “When we first started farming, we uses farming techniques that instead allow did tillage and stuff like everybody else precipitation to percolate downward into did. And he [Johnson] said, ‘Maybe you the earth, where it nourishes soil and plant ought to try something a little different.’ life and recharges groundwater supplies. As my father-in-law, he doesn’t make me By using no-till planting methods, rotat- do it,” Weber says with a chuckle, “but he’s ing corn and soybean crops with small been an invaluable asset. And he initially grains, growing cover crops, and grazing pointed us in the direction that we took.” cattle on his land, he nurtures rich, absor- Johnson calls Weber a natural innova- bent soil that captures valuable rainwater. tor, among the 10 to 20 percent of farm- And that’s a big deal. One of the biggest ers “who are willing to try new things. ecological problems in the watershed is He’ll promote it too. If it works, he’s going rapid farmland runoff that speeds erosion to encourage somebody else to try it.” and carries sediment and farm chemicals Weber’s innovative practices are a cu- into waterways. riosity to many of his farmer neighbors. “Everything flows toward Lake Shao- But he eagerly talks up the benefits he’s katan. That’s actually one of the main rea- seen, including an especially convincing sons we started doing this,” says Weber, one: impressive crop yields. By growing referring to his farming practices. “Water cover crops and including a small grain quality is my big thing.” in his corn-soybean rotation, Weber Weber grew up on a cattle farm in the says, he made more money this past area but took little interest in farming year than he would have with conven- himself until he returned from several tional corn and soybean rotation. He tours of duty in Iraq with the Army Na- freely shares his growing methods and tional Guard. There he had seen that life results on his website (jwfinc.com) un- in a desert landscape revolves around der the slogan “Responsible, Sustain- water, especially rivers. “To those people, able, Profitable Farming.” water is everything,” he says. “Here we just By building resilient, absorbent soil, take it for granted, and the majority of us Weber makes the most of nature’s irriga- abuse it.” tion system. In the past several years, he Weber started out in 2011 with rented says, “We’ve gotten ample amounts of farmland, then bought a parcel. He and his rain, and our ground is not prime by any wife, Sara, now farm 280 acres of cropland means, but our yields are just incredible.” and run more than 100 cattle on 140 acres Weber’s water-friendly practices earned of pasture, on a combination of rented and his farm recognition under the Minne- owned land near Hendricks. He credits sota Agricultural Water Quality Certifi- Dennis Johnson, a district conservationist cation Program, launched as part of the

48 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer Oats (top) are part of a mix of six small grains that farmer Jack Weber grows in rotation with more conventional corn and soybeans. This rotation and Weber’s no-till farming methods (center, after corn harvest) keep his croplands covered year-round. This prevents runoff and nourishes rich, absorbent soil (bottom). current Year of Water Action declared by Gov. Mark Dayton. It’s basically a badge of honor bestowed by the Minnesota De- partment of Agriculture on select farmers who are doing the right things. Weber heard about the program on a visit to his local soil and water conser- vation district office in Lincoln County. Told that he’d probably be a shoo-in, he was indeed cleared for certification after a farm inspection and some paperwork. Certification gives Weber a sign to dis- play and, ostensibly, bragging rights. But he’s not the sort to brag. Weber knows that anything he can do to prevent runoff is good for the shallow, 995-acre lake downhill from the farm. Walleye, northern pike, and yellow perch swim there, and waterfowl gravitate to Lake Shaokatan and surrounding wetlands. On the Weber farm, Jack and Sara like to immerse themselves in the sights and sounds of natural bounty, both wild and sown. “If we have time in the evening, we’ll drive out into the field on a four- wheeler and sit in the middle of the calves that are out grazing cover crops,” he says. “That’s my favorite thing to do—to go out and watch progress.” nV

To learn more about the Year of Water Action and take a water stewardship pledge, visit mn.gov/governor/issues/wateraction.

March–April 2017 49 Thank you

Thank you to every Minnesota Conservation Volunteer reader who gives an annual subscription donation. We gratefully acknowledge the following supporters who gave $50 or more in May–December 2016.

Anonymous (1,214) Craig & Karen Anderson Virginia & Earl Arons Gerald D. Bandy Frances & Russ Beech Curt & Sharon Aaby Dallas C. Anderson Dean R. Ascheman Rick Banks Bruce Beery Thomas Aagard Dan & Lisa Anderson Gary Aschenbrenner Warren Banks Donald H. Behm Larry Aasen Donald & Susan Royal Ashburn John & Catherine Baratto Wayne D. Behm Charles & Mary Abatte Anderson Daniel Asher Brad Barker John & Ann Behmler Gary & Connie Abraham Doug & Deb Anderson John Ashland Jr. Kerry Barker Dean Beilke Paul & Jo Ellen Abraham Doug J. Anderson Leanne Ashley Geoff Barnard Art & Bev Bein Susan Abrahamsen Dr. Karl Anderson James Ashworth Mike K. Barnes Kim Beise Jon Abrahamson Erik Anderson Linda L. Ashworth Duane Barnhart William Belford Mark Acosta Gary Anderson Steven M. Asproth John F. Beckel Carmen F. Bell Kay M. Acton Gary G. Anderson Associate Optometry PA Nedra & John Barnes Steve Belland Tim & Patt Adair Gordon C. Anderson Brad Athmann Kelly Barrett Jim Bellefeuille Tom A. Adamich H. Gordon Anderson Jim & Cathy Atkins Maria & Chris Barry Janice I. Belshan Rickie D. Adams Howard W. Anderson Michael & Sandra Paul & Vicki Barry Marian Bender Sandy Adams Jim Anderson Atkinson Wayne Barstad & Anne Dennis Bendickson Mentor C. Addicks Jr. Joe Anderson Pamela Augustine Kapuscinski Jacalyn L. Bendorf John M. Adolphson John & Lee A. Anderson Nancy & Gordon Bonnie L. Bartels James Bendorf Kirk A. Affeldt Karen J. Anderson Augustson James J. Bartol Duane Bengtson John & Cathy Agee Karin Anderson & Erik Ericka Augustyn Sharon Rodning Bash Gene & Paula Bengtson Mark Ahle Scheurle Frank Aunan Robert Basiago Robert B. Benjamin Susan Ahlness Kenneth N. Anderson Rich & Tami Aune Anita L. Bastiansen Bradley W.M. Benn Dave Ahlquist Luke A. Anderson Timothy J. Aune Mike Bastien Carol Bennett Jane Ahrens Marian L. Anderson Aurora Pictures Gary Bataglia Michael M. Bennett Mike Ahrens Marshall K. Anderson Don & Darlene Austin Larry & Penny Bates Mike Bennett A-J Acres Campgrounds Martha & Renner Tom & Nancy Austin Tom A. Bateson John Benschoter Arnold Alanen & Lynn Anderson Chris Avent Howard A. Batten Carol Bensman Bjorkman Mary T. Anderson Kyle Axtell Bruce Batzer & Diane Craig & Barbara Benson Charles & Patricia Alberg Nancy J. Anderson James Azarski Pogatchnik John W. Benson Linda Albert Odell J. Anderson Robert & Kathleen Azman Bill & Mary Ann Bauer Marlys Benson Jeff D. Albrecht Peter Anderson Terry Baar David Bauer Peggy Benson Bruce Aldrich Robert Anderson Kay C. Bach Jay & Patricia Bauer Shannon Benson Jeffrey C. Alexander Ronald C. Anderson Kenneth Bachofer & Mary K. Bauer Vernon D. Benson & Tracy & Audrey Alfson Stan Anderson Linda Marie Kyle Bauman Anne E. Benson Elaine Allen Todd A. Anderson Robert & Lynne Ralph A. Baumgartner Terri & Dean Bentler Jamie & Diane Allen Tom Anderson Bachschneider K. & C. Baus Dan Benzie Mark S. Allen Wayne Anderson Donald & Sandy Backerud Kevin & Peggy Bausman Vic Benzinger Paul Allen Westen H. Anderson William & Sandra Beach-Kohn family Jeffrey M. Berg Tom & Sally Allen Glendora Andre Backowski Cris Beal Jim R. Bergan William G. Allen Ottar S. Andreasen Dorothy K. Backstrom Kristen Beam Randall Bergan Beth Aller Patty & Grant Andreasen Byron Backus John & Ann Beane Kent & Linda Bergemann Mark C. Allgaier Craig Andresen Donald C. Bacon Shawn T. Beattie Paul Bergemann Michael J. Allmann Karen L. Andrew Pam Bacon Peg Beauchaine Hal J. Berger Bruce Almquist Earl Andrews & Bob Lowell A. Bagstad Ken Beauchane Bruce E. Berggren James Almquist Hlavnicka Jerald Bahls James Beaupre Kent Bergh Tim R. Almquist John Andrews Patrick Baier Ann & Tom Beaver Kari Berglund Phyllis R. Alvin Marguerite & Budd Edward L. Bailey Carol Beberger Anna V. Bergquist Betty Ambers Andrews James Bailey Dorothy Becher Kenneth W. Bergquist Chris Amley Steve Andrews & Craig Baker & Diane Tim Bechtold Leslie & Susan Bergquist Donald A. Amos Menghui Yan Andrews Hitterdahl Donald Beck Lorraine G. Bergquist Kevin & Nancy Thomas Andrick Patrick Baker Jonathan & Elizabeth Beck Adele Bergstrom Amundsen Al & Row Angell Ron Baker John F. Beckel Lennard C. Bergstrom Eric Amundson Don B. Angell Russell Baker Carl & Cheryl Beckendorf Denise Berigan-Pirro Paul T. Amundson Gerald L. Anschutz Wayne Bakke Jennifer Becker Gerry Bermel Rodney Amundson Dennis Anspach Owen Bakken Kathy Becker Mark & Deb Mary & Marc Andersen Chris & Linda Anton Don Balbach Mark & Mary-Jean Becker Bernhardson Allan Anderson Michael Anuta Helen Balcome Thomas F. Becker Nick Berning Alyssa Anderson Karen Anway Michael T. Baldwin John W. Beckes Gary & Patricia Berntsen Andrew L. Anderson Greg & Jan Aplin Scott & Kathy Balke Dale & Donna Becklin Cale Berry Angela Anderson Dean & Debra Armstrong James L. Ballard Sara C. Beckstrand Judith C. Berry Brian Anderson Jim Armstrong Neal L. Ballard Harry & Marilyn Bedman Scott R. Berry & Kate Carol R. Anderson Ronald D. Arndt Margy Balwierz Andrew M. Bednarczyk Johnson Carolyn Anderson Patrick Arnold Barbara Bambenek David & Karen James D. Bertrand Chris & Nicole Anderson Irving J. Arnquist Thomas H. Bandel Bednarczyk Timothy & Patricia Bethke COURTESY OF CARROL HENDERSON

Pat & Sue Bettenberg Steven & Connie Bogard Dave Brisbin Douglas A. Burch James R. Carr Beth Gilbertsen Betts Peg Bohanon Robert H. Brix Bruce Burg Cheryl A. Carter Michael & Pattie Betz Dale & Sandra Bohlke Rollin & Noreen Bernie Burggraf Wayne & Mary Carter Roger Betz Judi L. Bohm Brockman Paul Burggraff Judith Cartier Robert J. Beugen Duane & Cleo Bohne Dan & Pat Brockton William Burggraff Ronald J. Carver Mary M. Beulke James R. Boie Steven Broderius Ronald Burley John P. Case Roger & Susan Beuning Tony Boldon Dennis Brodin Michael & Susan Burnett James Casey Steve Beuning Thomas Bolduc Rod & Marilyn Broding Patricia & Russell H. Michael Casper Bialka family Roger & Joan Boleman Holly Brodt Burnison Ann & Mark Caspers Bernard & Pam Stefanie Bolks Keith Brohaugh Beth & Bob Burns Bob & Katy Cass Bidelman David Boll Chris Brokl Kay & Dick Buro Gary Castellano Rebecca Bierbaum David M. Bolt Larry & Dorothy Harold H. Burrows Jeff Caswell Lee Biersdorf Carole Bond Bromenshenkel Elwood E. Burseth Dennis Caughey Shaloy Bignall Timothy & Joan Bonner Kevin Bronk Robert & Beverly Cedar Point Resort Matt P. Biljan Wesley Bonow Raymond Brooks Burtness William Cedarleaf Rebecca Billmyer Marjorie & Jack Bonse William Brooks Bruce A. Burton Duane D. Cekalla John Bintz Darryl Booker & Joan Lawrence P. Brosnan Elizabeth Busa Centerpoint Energy Bill & Dorreen Birchen Vorderbruggen Phyllis K. Brosnan Mike & Ann Buselmeier Gary Cerkvenik Rick R. Birdsall Timothy Boonstra Ron Brossard Nancy & Ted Buselmeier Frank & Kathie Cerra Kullen & Jeanne Robert P. Borchert Steven Broste Sarah Bushard Dr. John D. Cervenka Birkeland Patricia H. Bordewich Mr. & Mrs. James C. Julie Busta Valerie J. Cervenka Roger Birnbaum Cliff & Linda Borgerding Broten John & Pam Butler Joe Chadwick Peg Birse Dean Borghorst Rose Marie Brouillard Bruce Buxton Karen Chandler & Craig John & Cindy Bisek Boria family Kathy Brown Carolyn Byers Schulz Bishop family Terry & Karen Borwege Michael & Lori Brown Dr. Bruce Byram Wendy Chapdelaine Julie Bishop & Mary E. Mike Boster Paul H. Brown John Cabot & Sarah George D. Chapin Manning Galen R. Bottemiller Rhoderick & Laura Brown McArdle Cabot Mike T. Chapman Jerry & Sharon Bisping Gary Botzek Rosalee J. Brown Ralph N. Cadmus Thomas Charbonneau Richard E. Bittner Art Bourgeois Stan Brown & Mary Matt Cage James F. Charles Gile & Bev Bixby Stephen & Connie Bowen Terwey Edward Caillier Scott Chase Nancy Bjerke Corey Bowes Theresa L. Brown Willis & Mary Cale Thomas & Carolyn Chase Judy Bjorke John R. Bowlin William L. Brown Tim C. Callister Mary Chastek Duane Bjorlin Bill Bowman Alice M. Browne Philip J. Cameron John E. Cheleen Daniel Bjornson Marian D. Bowser Karen A. Bruce Colin & Anita Campbell Lloyd Cherne Vern & Marilyn Black Jim & Ruth Bowyer Robert & Janet Bruce Gary Campbell Tim Chrapkiewicz Karen Blackbird Richard E. Boyer Sheldon Bruce Mr. & Mrs. James R. Andrew B. Christensen Debbie Blackman Dale H. Braaten Robert & Dorothy Bruer Campbell Kim Christensen & Dan Fred & Linda Blaisdell Michele Brabec Shari K. Brumm Jim Campbell Zimmermann David P. Blake Harold A. Brace Frederick B. Bruns Pat & Shirley Campbell Neil & Theresa Joanne D. Ghiselli Blake Gary Brama Henry W. Bruns Robert C. Campbell Christensen Richard & Kathleen Blake Dolores L. Brand Merlyn & Arleen Bruns Steve Campbell Ron & Sharon Jerry Blakeborough Edward C. Brandeen John Brusegard Chris & Sheri Camper Christensen Pat Bland Lynn & Wren Wayne E. Bruss William M. Cannon Debbie Christenson Steve R. Blanich Brandenburg Steve Bryant Gerald Caple Gordon Christenson Bill & Beth Blank David L. Brandt Michael Brytowski Renee M. Capra Paul Christenson David Blasing Richard E. Brandt Carl & Diane Bublitz Paul W. Cardinal Stanley Christenson Joan & Duane Blaska Sandralee M. Noel Bublitz Corinne & Sean Carey Eddy & Karen Don & Coreen Blau Branzovsky Craig & Linda Buchholz Jim & Patty Carlen Christensson Mike & Connie Bleecker Richard G. Brasket Charlotte S. Buck Cindy Carlson Laurie & Terry Rod Bleifuss family Sharon Braski family Harry & Katie Buck Clifford M. Carlson Christiansen Carol Bleizeffer Linda Bredeson B.J. Buckland III Cole & Mary Carlson Thomas A. Christiansen Waldo Blenkush Robert C. Bredt Peter & Mary Budge Craig Carlson Norma & Larry Bryan Blinsmon Roger Brekken Julie & Terry Buege Curtis & Gladys Carlson Christianson Charlie & Elaine Blixt Galen Brelie John Buehler David R. Carlson Richard Christopher Henry J. Blomquist Jacque Breman Bill Buell Gary Carlson Lee W. Christopherson Marie Y. Blomquist Mervin L. Brenke Spencer Buerkle George H. Carlson Pat Cicharz Galen G. Blomster Kevin J. Brennan Gloria H. Buetow Gerald A. Carlson Nicholas & Carol Dennis Blood Marcia & Randy Brennan Phillip A. Buhn Greg Carlson Cieminski Gordon A. Bloomquist John Brennemen Linda M. Buhr James R. Carlson Citizen - Tribune Donald R. Blowers Claude Brew Jo Ellen & Dennis Jan Carlson & Gene Circuit Relay & Switch Larry K. Blowers Erick Brewer Buisman Leclerc Douglas Clare Mickey Bluedorn Doug & Karen Brewers Delia Bujold Jane & Denny Carlson Albert L. Clark Mark W. Boback Paul & Trish Brewinski Jerry Buker John Carlson Jean & Malcolm Clark Ernest P. Boben Robert A. Brezinski Judy Bull John & Sandy Carlson Jerry Clark Gary R. Boche Marlee & Bill Brice Richard L. Bull Laurence Carlson Maurice F. Clark Paul J. Boche James & Janet Bricher Benjamin Bullard Mary E. Carlson Thomas P. Clark Jon Bode Stella & Paul Bridgeford Sheri A. Buller Merrill & Judy Carlson John E. Clarke George & Mary Bodem Chris Bridson Steve Bultena Owen M. Carlson Mary Clarke Karen & Ray Bodnar Nick & Moriah Brierley Dianne Bultman Patrice & Roger Carlson Mark & Diane Clarno Don & Micki Boehm Michael & Elaine Brinda Rodney Bunkers R.C. Carlson Marvin L. Boerboom Brindley’s Harbor Resort Cricket Buntje Robert Carlson Greg & Melissa Boeser Darrell & Helen Brink Cathy & Denis Burand Sally L. Carlson Greg Boettner John & Mary Brink David & Barb Burandt William A. Carlson 51 Thank you donate at mndnr.gov/mcvmagazine or call 888-646-6367.

Will Clausen Philip R. Cowie Joanie M. Davis James E. Doll Paul M. Egeland D.J. Clauson Gary C. Cox Joy Davis Bob Dolle & Julie Myles Robert & Deanna Egge Julie A. Clauson Adrid P. Coz Robert E. Davis Dan Domeier Jimmy Egger C.C. Clawson Irma M. Cragun Joe & Sue Davison Joseph L. Domeier Craig & Jan Eggers Tom Clawson Janet Craig David D. Dayton Don’s Barber Shop Dave Eggers Janis Clay Dan Craigie John W. Dayton Marge A. Donnell Michael Eggert Steven H. Clay Dennis & Nancy Cramblit Steven J. Dayton Dan Donnelly Gilbert L. Eian John & Karen Clayton Eugene & Deb Crandall Carl J. De Almeida Lisa & Troy Donth Brad & Sherry Eichhorst Martha Cleaveland M. Constance Crane Steve & Virginia Debner Dianne Dorland David Eichhorst Barbara Clemens Bill Cranford Edwin S. Dee Myrna G. Dorrance David & Ardis Eide Lawrence M. Clemens John P. Crawford Jerry F. Dee Dennis Dorschner John Eide Charlie Clement Judy & Peter Crawford Larry Dee Hilarie Dorsey Gary Eidson Eugene Clement Debra Cree Pauline K. Dee Donna M. Dosland Pete Eikeland Eileen J. Clifford Laurence Crepeau Robert Deem John Dotray Gary P. Eilers Ian Clift Wade D. Crews Bret L. De Geer Edna Dotson Fred Eisinger Diane & Dave Cmiel Tim G. Crichton Greg & Kathy Dehler Judy Dotterer Josephine Ekblad Robert D. Coates Barbara Crist Bruce & Mary Deinken Jeanne & Dan Doty Robert Ekeberg Ronald L. Cochran Dan Crohn Hans & Lynne Dekker W. Herbert Doty Heather J. Eklund Bob & Diane Coderre Cliff Crosby Dolores Delaney Keith & Crystal Tracy & Lindberg Ekola Lee Coe Ellie Crosby Gary M. Delaney Dougherty Ron Ekren Dorothy Coffey James J. Crosby Mike T. Delaney David Douglas Joel A. Elftmann Michael K. Colehour Russell & Joan Crosby Dave Delgehausen Al Douglass David Eliason Mel Colliander Marvel Cross James & Annie DeLong Joel W. Downer Erik Eliason Frank Collins Frank Crotty David Del Zoppo Robert Dowson Caroline Elioff Georgia G. Colter Ouida G. Crozier Sam Demas Gregg A. Draeger Jerry Elkjer Commercial Kitchen David K. Culbert Frank Dennis Dot Drake Vincent & Katherine Ella Services Gary & Dorie Cummins Dr. Lawrence B. Denny Roger Dreher Cheryl Ellefson Daniel J. Commerford Doug & Goldyne Doug P. Deppe Mary L. Dresser Dennis Ellefson Helen L. Comnick Cunningham Linda Derks Paul M. Dressler Mary Elleraas Dennis Compton Marilyn Cunningham Richard Dernek Sandy Driscoll Byron & Char Ellingson Donald D. Condiff Rick & Barb Cunningham Ted J. De Roode Ralph & Ruth DuBall Steve Ellingson David & Winnifred Sheila K. Cunningham Mary Dertinger Thomas Dubbels Bill & Diane Ellis Conger John M. Curran Pamela Desnick Karen L. DuCharme James & Nancy Ellis David R. Conkey Grace Curry Hal Devereux Andrew M. Duda Karen & Steve Ellis Don R. Conlin Edward J. Cushing Rick & Betty Devine Ann Dudero Mark & Jodi Ellis Tom & Jana Conlin Mrs. Margaret Cushing David & Carolyn Devins Edward E. Dufour Melvin Ellis Marianne & Greg Conn Charles Czaia Joel T. Deweese Dave & Ronnie DuFresne Robert Ellis Mike Connelly Dyanna Czeck Kurt Dey Richard Dufresne Joanne Ellison Mary Conney Brandi Czyson Martyn J. Dibben L.C. Duke Brian & Kevin Ellsworth Kevin Connor Kareen & Lee Daby Nancy J. Dickinson Bryant C. Dullinger Elaine Elnes Tom Connor Barbara Dacy Stan Dickman Kathleen Dumond Nancy Elwood John Connors George Dahl Jim & Sarah Diebel Robert R. Duncan Donald J. Emanuel Todd T. Conrad Philip L. Dahl Bill Diedrich Donald Dunker Todd Embury family Michael D. Conroy Rosemary T. Dahl Glenn A. Diedrich Bill & Mary Lou Dunn Thomas J. Emme Doug Cook Jim Dahlberg Anthony Dierickx Robert G. Dunn Mark Enderlein Robert L. Cook Clara M. Dahle Carol Dierksen Paul Durkee Tom Eng Ron Cook Katherine Dahlin Paul Diers Joe Durkin & Janice Sue Engberg David & Kim Cooke Devin & Janet Dahline Steve Dietman Krupke Marie A. Engdahl Margie M. Cooney Richard R. Dahlman Linnea & Gary Dietrich Gini Duval Myron G. Engel James & Barbara Arthur B. Dahlquist Alan Dietz Helen Dwight John E. Engelhart Copeland Jim & Lois Dahlquist John G. Dill Jr. Robert A. Dwinnell Kelly Engelhart Dan Corcoran David C. Dahlstrom Paul J. Dilling Tom & Gayle Dybvik Renee Engelmeyer Francine Corcoran Dean & Donna Dahlvang Carolyn J. Dindorf Fred Dyck Kim Engelstad Jeffrey J. Cordes Steven Daigle James H. Dingle Kermit Eastman Terry M. Engfer Sandra Cordie Anne Dailey & Suzanne Herb & Verndelle Timothy L. Eaton Karen Engle Marion A. Cords Milette Dingmann James & Patricia Ebacher Curtis Engstrom Jean B. Corley Dick Dailing Don & Vi Dinndorf Ralph D. Ebbott Oscar & Judy Enroth Kathleen H. Corley Melanie Dalbec Doug & Lois K. Dion Orlan Echternach Sarah Erenberg Adam Cornell Janet Dalgleish Tom Dircks Brad Eck Dr. Carl & Pat Erickson William Cornell Gail & Randy Daniels Stephen A. Dirksen Joyce M. Eckes & Eric David H. Erickson Larry Cornellier Sr. Ray L. Daniels Juanita Disney Michelsen Dennis D. Erickson Ronald Corner Frances Danielson Lynette Dittberner Doug Eckhoff Dennis E. Erickson Miriam E. Cory Richard D. Danielson John C. Dittrich Harvey & Carol Eckman George Erickson Charles Coskran Ruth E. Danielson Richard & Christina Mark & Mary Eckman Gladys Erickson Frank M. Cossetta Vicky Danielson Diwok Matthew J. Eckman Kenneth W. Erickson Jon Costanzo Deborah Danneman George F. Dixon Jim Edberg Leland & Marilyn Laurie Costello Jim Dargay Robert F. Dobial Donald Edgar Erickson Mike & Julia Costello Harris I. Darling Bob & Terri Doerr Vernon & Marianne Linda Erickson Richard A. Cotten Richard B. Darling Pamela Doerr Edgerton Paul & Ruth Erickson James A. Coulter William Darling Harvey H. Doetkott James & Janet Edlund Steve & Patti Erickson Bradley J. Coulthart Marion Dauner Renee M. Doetkott James E. Edlund Thomas K. Erickson Brian & Ann Counihan Tom Davern Richard Doherty Don & Nancy Edwards Thomas W. Esser Sam Courey Norma Davidson Raymond H. Dolan Jim & Kathy Egan Ruth Estes Elizabeth H. Cowie Carolyn Davis Ginny M. Dolence Kevin Egan Gerald Etter COURTESY OF GARY ALAN NELSON

Allen R. Ettesvold Brian & Deneen Flanary Jeffrey D. Friese David Gerdes Robert A. Gordon Edgar L. Evans Mary Flaten & Jeff Flaten Kevin Friesen Scott Gerlach Muriel Gorham Gary Evans Ronald V. Flatgard Bernard Frisch Jerry Gesch Kevin T. Gormley Morrie & Daphne Richard W. Flaws Jamie Fritschel Clifford & Jo Ann Wendi Gornick Evenson Margaret Fleming Cathy J. Fritz Gesellchen Dave A. Gorski Wendy Evenson Steve Fleming Jon & Jeanie Frolander Kari Geurts Odean Goss family M.L. Everingham Michael W. Flinn DDS Bill Fromelt Gaylen & Penny Ghylin Bruce Gossell Karen R. Evers Allen V. Flohrs Barrie Froseth David J. Gibbons William Goude Jon Evert Barb Flom Charles F. Frost Mary Jo Gibbons K. Gould Randall G. Ewald Anthony C. Floyd Terri L. Frost-Dionne Fredric M. Gibbs Jack M. Graba David & Julie Ewert Jerome L. Fluegel Sharon Fruetel Caron & Mark Gibson Judith Graham Charles & Norma Bob Flynn Kim Frutiger Nancy Gibson Ronald & Barbara Extrand Jeff Foels & Kelly Nail Ron & Pat Frykholm Lilla Gidlow Graham Dr. William E. Faber Mary P. Foley Paul T. Fuchs Ben & Kim Giesen Roger Granberg Patricia L. Fahey Mary Folkman Kalina & Renner Fuglie Daniel W. Gilbert Bruce A. Granger Dorothy Fairbanks Anastasia Folpe Carroll D. Fuhr Doug Gilbert Jim & Carol Granger Timothy Fairclough Roger Folta Jayne Funk Janet S. Gilbert Margaret Granlund Doug & Denis Falch Don Fondrick Joann Funk & Steve John R. Gilbert J. Earl Grano Gail Falconer Larry & Donna Forbes Marking Gregory Gillard Karen Grant Eric B. Falk Glenn & Renee Ford Jim & Christie Furber Cari Gillen-O’Neel Tim Grape Nancy Falkum Gregory H. Fordham Denise Furlong Kelly & Ashley Gillespie Paul Graupmann Patrick J. Fandel Linda Forsberg J.S. Futcher Tom Gillespie Mark E. Grausnick Greg Fangel Joel & Mary Forseth Dennis Gaarder Foster & Gail Gilliland Jerry Gray Sandra Fanyo-Tucker Curt Forst Richard & Barb Gabriel Paul Gillispie Russell J. Gray Jr. Jon & Carol Farchmin Phil & Caroline Philip & Sara Gaebe Steve J. Gilloley Wayne T. Grazzini Lynn Farley Fortmeyer David Gagne Robb & Kathy Gilman Bradley R. Green Farmers Agency Inc. Emily Forzani Ruthan Gagner A.J. Gingerich Leon Green Anne E. Farnham Barry & Eileen Foss Nancy Gaida John F. Gislason Jr. Edith Greene Donald & Lucille Farrell Eric Foss Vanda Galen John & Sonia Gisvold Laura Greenlund Tom Farrell James J. Foss Robert & Rebecca Gary & Fayth Glass Charlie A. Greenman Kurt & Louise Fasen Patrick W. Foss Galkiewicz A. Laverne Gleason A. J. Greenshields Ken R. Fastner Edwin W. Fossen Kerry Gallagher Bob & Becky Glesne Kevin Gregerson L. Robert & Angie Mary & Cecil Foster Peggy Gallagher Lynn A. Glesne Robert & Pat Gregerson Faundeen Robert K. Foster Darryl Gallaher Barbara Glick Ed & Judy Grelson Timothy Faver Donna Fostveit Wayne Galles Leonard J. Gloeb Harold Greseth Patricia A. Fay James Fourniea Jared Galligan Glorvigen & Associates PA David & Debbie Greteman Noel & Judy Fedje Thomas M. Fournier Glen Gallion Donna & James Glynn Wesley D. Greve Jack Fehrman Steve Fowler Michael J. Galvin Jr. Richard P. Goblirsch Brian E. Griesert Lillian L. Fehrman Talla Fowler Paul W. Gandrud Jr. David T. Godbout Delbert Griesert Anne & Peter Feider Ann Fox Britt & Bjorn Gangeness Tony Goddard Dale G. Griffin Richard Feigum Anthony Fox Joan & Lee Gangl Jan Godeke Tom & Gretchen Griffin Kristina Felbeck & David Karl & Kirsten Fox John & Suzanne Gappa Douglas Godwin Wilma K. Griffin Heitke Sheldon Fox Don & Carolann Garber Ken Goebel Carol & Lee Grim Kay & Nile Fellows Rick & Denise Frame David Gardner Sharon Goebel Phillip G. Grimm Thomas J. Felton Robert C. Francis Gary J. Gardner Linda M. Goering Gerald & Terry Grinde Rick & Nita Fenno William T. Franck Dr. Susan E. Gardner & Carla T. Goers & Tom Iago Joseph F. Grinnell Bridget Fensholt Greg J. Frank Dr. Philip Scott Roger Goeschel Daniel Griscom Donald A. Fern Barbara Breckenridge Kristin V. Garey Ricky L. Goettl Donald Gritzmaker John Fern Franklin Charles L. Garr Jerry Goettsch Brian R. Grivna Mark Fernelius Daryl & Joan Franklin Kenneth A. Garrahan Richard Goetz Jane & Brian Grivna David Feroe & Linda Svitak Larry Fraser James M. Garrison Paul Goff Matt Grobel Tom & Jeanne Ferris Timothy Fraser Charles Garski Rosemary Goff & Robert Joe Groebner Louise Feske Jim & Kelly Frauenkron Robert Gartland family Toborg Anne Marie Gromme Daniel O. Fiala Bruce Frazier Tom P. Garvey William Goff James G. Grosenick Diane & Jerry Fignar Randy Frazier Glenn & Gloria Gaster Connie & Tim Gohla Stacey L. Gross Greg Filice & Svetlana John Fredell Daniel J. Gatto Duane & Diane Golaski Danny J. Grossnickle Simovic Richard Fredericks James W. Gausman Duane D. Golden Douglas D. Grove Bob Filipek Howard M. Fredine Ronald Gauthier Judy Golden Danton W. Grube Lynne Filipkowski H. Freeman & C. Mork Larry & Patty Gavin Melvin F. Goldenbogen George B. Gruber Steve & Bonnie Fines Gerda Freier Carl Gawboy David & Kathy Goldner David Gruhl Kenneth R. Finke Erik J. Fremstad Jim C. Gay Howard Goltz Esther Gruidl George R. Finn Jr. James E. French Katherine Geary Roger & Elizabeth Don & Marilyn Perry Firkus Jim & Cindy French Judy Geck & John Quaife Gomoll Grundeman Jane & Mike Fischbach Violet French Dan & Julie Geiger Ernesto G. Gonzalez Duane J. Grundhoefer Tim Fischbach Harold & Barb Frerich Kathie Geiger Bonnie & Kenneth Good Lois J. Grunst David Fischer Rick & Susan Frericks Maurice Geiger Gretchen H. Goodman Donald Grussing Jeff Fischer Dale Fretland W.D. Geiger Timothy Goodman John Grutsch Tom & Carolyn Fischer R. Mark Frey Brenda J. Geisler John R. Goodrich Arnie & Ruth Gruys Joe & Ellen Fisher Jonathan Fribley James & Cheryl Jeri Goodspeed-Gross Pat & Paul Guehler Tracy M. Fisher Chuck Frick Gelbmann Jacqueline Goodwater Lynn Guenette Scott Fjelsta Lawrence J. Frick Jr. Andrew Gengler Donald E. Goodwill Bob & Jane Fladung Richard Fricker Gail A. Gentling Tom & Dorothy Goodwin Judith M. Flahavan Richard D. Friday C. Leigh Gerber family Marcia Goossen Ann L. Flanagan Peter & Chris Friedlieb Ray & Mavis Gerber Francis A. Goplen 53 Thank you donate at mndnr.gov/mcvmagazine or call 888-646-6367.

Don M. Guilmette Harold C. Hansen Gale Havrilla Eric V. Herendeen & Jerry Holm Stanley F. Gulczinski Louise Hansen Armin Hawkins Damita Crouse John D. Holm Dorothy L. Gum Mary A. Hansen Roy G. Hawley Larry & Debbie Herke Kevin Holm Gunderson family Richard Hansen Susan Hawthorne John Herman Michael & Mary Holm David L. Gunderson David P. Hanson Bernelle L. Hay Lynn Hermanen Robert & Marlyn Holman Charles R. Gustafson Ed Hanson William K. Hayden Tim & Heidi Hermes John A. Holmblad Don & Bev Gustafson Howard B. Hanson Daniel J. Hayes Daniel Hernandez Charles & Joan Holmes Owen Gustafson Jennifer & Darrick David & Susan Hayes Mike W. Hero Tom Holmgren James & Rita Guttmann Hanson Jack N. Hays Billy Herring Wayne Holmgren Gustave C. Gutz John D. Hanson William M. Heaney Georgina Herring Renee Holoien & Holly George M. Guyant Karl Hanson Robert A. Hearn Herrmann family Morris Dale & Barb Haack Kathy Hanson Jeff Heaton John Herrmann Tom Holsinger Lisa Haag Kitty Hanson Tim Hebert Linda & Dale Herron Maren D. Holst David Haak Milton & Marjorie Clarice C. Heckmann Annamary Herther Dave G. Holste Richard W. Haak Hanson Loren Hed Clinton Hertle Patty & Bob Holycross Michael Haas Nancy Hanson Steven Hedberg Marc & Jackie Hertz Charles W. Hommeyer Daniel J. Haasl Paul Hanson Steven R. Hedberg Noreen Herzfeld Joel Hood family Brian Haataja Richard Hanson Carter & Florence Thomas R. Hess Susan L. Hooker David Haataja Thomas & Jan Hardel Hedeen Jack & Barbara Hessburg John H. Hooley Connie A. Habermann Mike & Mary Harden Robert & Carolyn Hedin Warren W. Hesse Stanley B. Hooper Jane & Steve Hachfeld Donnamarie Hardy Bill Hedlund family L.L. Hesterman Terry & Kathy Hoopman Michael H. Hackner William Hare Marvin Hedlund Steve & Chris Hettig Barbara A. Hope Sally Hadler Mary Hargens Jon Hedman A. Eric & Dr. Janet Jon & Jane Hopeman Joan K. Hagen Libby M. Hargrove Randy Hedman Heukeshoven Allan & Alice Hopke Edward Hagstrom Steven & Laurie Royce L. Heffelfinger Susie Heusinkveld Arthur Hopp Robert S. Hagstrom Jr. Harklerode David W. Hegdahl Judith W. Hidde John F. Hoppe Dwight & Jan Hahn Jack & Grace Harkness Barbara K. Hegg Michael Higgins Mike Hoppe Mary J. Hahn Roy A. Harley Mark E. Hegman Carolyn Hilgendorf Tom Horak Mark & Kathryn Haidet Jodie Harmon Larry Hegstad Darryl Hill Jimi Horejsi Bonnie Haines Ed & Sue Harney Guy Heide Gene C. Hill Tom V. Horejsi Erick Y. Hakanson Destin Harrell Neil Heiden Jan Hill Gary Horkey James W. Hakes Robert C. Harren Sherren Heil Julia Hill & Dana Bennis Robert Horn Kenneth & Shirley Hakes Hazel L. Harris Ardys Heilig Roger Hill Anders Hornfeldt Karl R. Haldorson Jay D. Harris Laura Heiman Troy W. Hill Gary Horning Alan Hale Pam & Dave Harris Thad Heimendinger Bill Hilliard Ellen L. Hostetler Rex & Jaci Hale Dale & Becky Harsh Michael T. Heimer Diane Hilscher Rhea Hotzler Cherie Hales Kurt H. Harstad Paul Heimsness Donald R. Himango Peter Houg Nils & Heather Halker Daniel R. Hart Rick Heine John S. Himle Brad Houghton Craig & Cheryl Hall Mark Hartley Al & Dorie Heinen Andrew M. Hine Roberta C. Houle Sandra Hall Philip A. Hartley Richard J. Heinen Benjamin Hinz Nancy & David Thomas Hall Dr. Susan Hartley Brian Heinis Merrimon & Carol Hipps Houtkooper Susan M. Hallberg Daryl & Kathryn Lola Heinrich Alden & Shirley Hirsch Thomas J. Hovatter Mae Halling Hartman Mike Heinrich Matthew Hirschi Jane A. Howard Randy & Nancy Richard & Rowena Cynthia Heins Larry A. Hoagland John & Susan Howe Hallstrom Hartman Ellen T. Heins Jim & Anna Hobbs Michael Howe Timothy Halupczok Bud Hartshorn Helene Heintz Patrick Hoberg William R. Howery Mike & Cheryl Halverson Richard L. Hartung Chuck Heitz John J. Hockert Steven Hoybook Terry Halverson Ryan D. Hartwig Howard H. Helberg Philip H. Hodapp Jr. Colleen & Larry Hoyme Joel Halvorson & Carol Lyth & Mary Hartz Judy Helgen Joseph P. Hodge Jay & Elaine Hromatka Frissell A.G. Harvell Barb Helgeson Alan Hodnik Hubbard County SWCD Rohn D. Halvorson Craig Harvey Mike & Mary Helgeson Becky Hoeft Diane Hubbard Ronald Halvorson David & Mary Harvey Mike & Susan Heller Donald L. Hoeft Dave & Toni Huber Bill & Ann Hamann George W. Harvey Robert A. Helvig Anne Hoffman Mark & Cyndy Huber Tom Hamel Wayne & Lynn Hass Bob Hemmingson Carl F. Hoffman Kenneth W. Hudalla Mark D. Hames Jerome Hasselquist Hendel family Rodney Hoffman Michael Hudalla Carol A. Hamilton Butch & Eileen Hastad Kelly Henderson Susanne Hoffman Anna Hudson Dave Hammer Barbara J. Hastings Roger Hendricks T.J. Hoffman Kaye Huelskamp Dr. Victoria R. Hammer Kay & John Hatlestad Alden & Arlene Joan Hoffmann Jean & Hugh Huelster Clarence Hammett Laura Hauck Hendrickson Ross Hoffmann Roger Huettl Tom Hammitt Mel & Marianne Hauck Robert & Mavis Terry J. Hoffmann Marlin & Cecilia Hughes Willard Hammond Sherry Hauck Hendrickson Gary Hoffmeister Galen Huizinga John Hamre Fred & Cathleen Bruce Hendry Kris Hogquist Tom Hull Lawrence Hamre Hauenstein Roger E. Henke Joe Hogue Dr. Theodore Hullar Brett Hams James G. Hauer Mike Henkemeyer Cletus Hohn & Marilyn Betty Hults Mike Hanan Robert Haugen Denny A. Henkes Hoegemeyer Jim & Jean Humeniuk Kirk G. Handahl Sara & Bill Haugen Luke Hennen & Deborah Tom Holbrook Robert Humeniuk Walt Handschin Vance Haugen Kohlardt Helen N. Holden Gregory H. Hunder Jim & Jo Hanko Eric Haugland Jerry & Noreen Hennessy Mary & Vic Holec John J. Hunt Donna Hanley Jo Ellen Haugo David K. Hennies Kent & Cheryl Holen Larry & Dianne Hunt Duane Hansel Oliver Haugo Roger & Darlene Greg Holey Daniel Hunter Adeline R. Hansen Joseph P. Hauptman Henningsgaard Valerie Holler Greg Hunter Amy Hansen Joe Hautman Richard D. Henshaw James Hollermann Jeffrey Hunter Bruce & Patricia Hansen Morris J. Haverland Kenneth Heppelmann Steve Holley James G. Huntting Jr. David C. Hansen Rebecca Havlicek Daniel J. Herbst Bert Hollinshead Lisa Huntting DAVID BRISLANCE

Henry E. Huot Jr. Randolph Jennings & Seth Johnson Elizabeth Kampa Fran Kiesling & Sharon Jack Hurley Mary Griep Steven C. Johnson Joe & Georgia Kandiko Lubinski Donald J. Hurtgen Wayne B. Jennings & Joan Stuart Johnson Barbara J. Kane Robert Kiewatt Jr. Thomas R. Huschle Sorenson Sue Johnson Tom R. Kane Marjorie A. Kight Dawn & Jason Huso Bill G. Jensen Thomas & Mary Johnson Ken Kangas Sr. Nancy Killian Ruth M. Husom Doug & Kathy Jensen Thomas H. Johnson Matthew & Lauralin Marvin Kindt John P. Hutar Joel & Laura Jensen Thomas R. Johnson Kania Curtis King Pam & Larry Hylton Mark Jensen Timothy Johnson Karen A. Kanis Kathy King Julian H. Hynnek Michael A. Jensen Timothy C. Johnson John M. Kannas Kurt King Warren & Mary Ibele & Orin Jensen Vernon & Sharon Ken Kappes Lois & Richard King John Ibele Owen & Darlene Jensen Johnson Cyril & Sue Kapsner Maggie King Mark Ihrke Karen E. Jenson Wayne & Lonnie Johnson Marlan L. Karbo Michael D. King Alyce T. Ilg Paul Jenson Alan Johnsrud Dennis N. Karcewski Sharon King Mike & Paxie Imsdahl Jeff Jentz J. Johnston Gwen & Jason Kardell Linda Kingery Jennifer & Kurt Robert Jentzen Jeff & Pam Johnston Marnie B. Karger Joe & Kathy Kingman III Indermaur Michael Jerabek Jennings C. Johnston Tom Karges Lee & Steve Kingsbury Marcy T. Irby Mark Jeronimus Kyle Johnston Gayle A. Kari Brian Kingsley & Sarah Kenneth Irons Carl R. Jessen Paul & Sarah Johnston James E. Karlberg Borchers Arlan L. Irwin Robert L. Jessen Kathleen Joiner David A. Karn Edwin J. Kinney Cheryl R. Irwin Kelley R. Jewett Bruce & Susan Jones David & Maureen L.A. Kipp & Scott W. Olson Amy Isaacson Neil R. Jirele John Jones Karsnia Douglas W. Kirk Lynn Isaacson Michael D. Joachim Mark Jones Pat & Karl Karst George C. Kirk Doris Isaksen Jean Johansson Randy T. Jones Stephen C. Kartak Seth Kirk Rod Isebrand Ron & Sandy Johansson Robert W. Jones Michael J. Kasel Joe & Heather Kirkeby Marion Israelson Ellis & Lorraine Johns William J. Jones Mike Kasella Joe Kirkwood David Issacon Kenneth Johns Russell & Kathryn Dr. Balsy Kasi Kim Kittilson Mike A. Itzin Allan Johnson Jongewaard John Kasprick James D. Kittlesen Pamela K. Iversen Ann M. Johnson Kurt F. Jopke Paul E. Kaste Barb Kivisto Robert Iversen Barbara & David Johnson Carol J. Jordan Mike Kaster George Kivisto Ralph Iverson Bill Johnson Tom Jordan Bob & Connie David & Loni Kjos Raymond Iverson Bob Johnson Mary & Roger Jordeth Katzenberger Sonia Kjos & Steve Waring Rebecca Iverson Cary Johnson John C. Jordine Chris Kauffman Dale K. Klabunde JD Haas & Associates, PLLC Clifford B. Johnson Paul R. Jorstad & Brigitte Erik & Tara Kaufman George & Mary Klacan Ellen Jaastad Dan & Barb Johnson Kay Reuther J.B. Kaul Maurice Klaphake Kenneth G. Jackson David Johnson James & Julia Josephson Edward Kaye Gordon Klein Pam & Bill Jackson David & Jeanette Johnson John & Barbara Barry S. Kazmer Duane J. Kleine Todd Jackson David A. Johnson Jovonovich Mark & Sherry Kean Milka J. Kleiner Francis & Catherine Dennis & Sue Johnson Kathy Jowaski family R. Wynn Kearney Jr. Dean Kleinschmidt Jacobs Dick Johnson Andrew J. Joyce Dr. Michael & Sally Karen Kleinsteuber Ramona Jacobs Donald R. Johnson Margaret A. Joyce Keating Nancy R. Klenk Jacobson family Doug Johnson Tom Juba Charles Keck Don & Deb Kleven Arlen G. Jacobson Douglas W. Johnson Terry & Sandy Judge Faris Keeling Larry Kleven Everett & Kathy Eldon Johnson Jay Juergens Barbara J. Keen Dr. Lowell H. Kleven Jacobson Emmert L. Johnson Robert W. Julen Randy Keen Richard Klima Joanne Jacobson Fletcher Johnson Pat & Beth Julik Kathleen M. Keenan John & Mary Klimek Joel D. Jacobson Gary W. Johnson Lois Julin Rose Keimig Loren & Laura Klimek Kathy Jacobson Greg Johnson Ron Julkowski Eileen Kellen Merle & Elizabeth Kent Jacobson Gregory G. Johnson Paul R. Julsrud Bob Keller Klintworth Pete & Louann Jacobson Harlan Johnson Howard Juni & Billie Edward & Karen Kellogg Gerald J. Klitz Peter Jacobson Herman E. Johnson Anne Juni Bill & Pat Kelly Clyde W. Klosner Raeoun C. Jacobson J. Merriman Johnson Jim Junkert Daniel Kelly Sharon Klotzbach Thomas E. Jacobson Jake Johnson Samuel Jurkovic Jr. & Kurt Kelsey Wally & Shirley Klovstad John R. Jaeger James E. Johnson Joan C. Myrom Maynard J. Kelsey Donna K. Kluge Paul & Jean Jaeger James S. Johnson Kenneth E. Just Pamela & Michael Kelsey Larry & Pat Klunder Gordon Jallen Jeff Johnson Dr. David L. Justis & Robert & Joanne Kemkes Robert & Dolores Kluwe Jimmy James Joyce Johnson Nuala C. Galbari Olivia & Daniel Kendle Robert J. Kmitch Colleen Janowiec- Judy L. Johnson Bruce Jutila Bob Kennedy Barry W. Knapp Johnson Kenneth G. & Margaret Art & Judy Jytyla Dale Kennedy Lee & Linda Knase David D. Jansen Johnson Kaardal Insurance Nancy Kennedy James M. Knezz Arlene M. Janzen Kenneth R. Johnson Agency Inc. Harriet & Jack Kent Kathy Knoblauch & T.L. Arvid M. Jaranson LaVerne A. Johnson Michael Kaess Carolyn A. Kerfeld Ische Daniel Jarl Larry Johnson Bob Kaeter Todd Kerkow & Amber Mitzi Knoll Fred W. Jarl Leon L. Johnson Dennis W. Kaetterhenry Setter Charles P. Knopp Peter & Gae Jarvis Mary M. Johnson Pastor Dan Kahl Jeff Kern & Jenny Delfs Jay Knuths Steven D. Jedlund Pamela L. Johnson Andy & Vanessa Kahn Richard Kern Don Knutson Michael Jeffers Patti L. Johnson Richard Y. Kain Charles & Marsha Kessler Sharon Knutson Ronald S. Jeffery Richard & Joyce Johnson Harley & Vae Kaiser April & Joseph Ketter Hans Koch & Amelia Michael J. Jellinek Rick & Judy Johnson Florence L. Kalenius Kurt & Angela Kettner Kennedy Bill & Darlene Jenison Robert Johnson Gene W. Kalisch Lorraine & Fred Keup Richard B. Koch Thomas Jenkin Robert & Alice Johnson Ken & Lisa Kalish Audre Kiecker Tom & Sina Koch Kim W. Jenkins Robert & Betty Johnson David Kallevig Leon & Janet Kieke Justin J. Jenniges Robert M. Johnson Rebecca Kallio Betty C. Kienenberger David Jennings Ronald L. Johnson Jenny Kalmes Richard & Barbara Pat Jennings Ross E. Johnson Bill Kalseim Kienzle 55 Thank you donate at mndnr.gov/mcvmagazine or call 888-646-6367.

Chris Koehler Daniel P. Krupa James A. Larson Frank T. Lewis Robert Losinski Wanda J. Koehler Richard C. Krupich James G. Larson Glenn M. Lewis James Losleben Mike & Judy Koenen John Kruse Kathryn Larson Greg & Mary Lewis John P. Lovly Douglas Koenig Arnold L. Krusemark Mark & Jayne Larson Lee Lewis & Steve Bubul Joseph F. Lucey Marv & Judy Koep Joe & Sheila Kryjeski Marvin Larson Keith & Pat Libbey John L. Ludsen Erich P. Koester Allen Kubesh Steve Larson Ronald L. Libertus Gladys Luecken Karen A. Koester Matthew Kubly Timothy D. Larson & Dr. Michael R. Lidgerding Allen D. Luedecke Pete Kofoot Chris & John Kuderka Traci S. Amundson Richard A. Lidstad Doug Luepke Robin Kohn Larry & Carolyn Kuechle Wayne Larson Kory Lidstrom John & Cindy Lueth Wayne Kohnen Hal Kuehn Shawna Lasink Leif & Evelynn Lie John & Debra Luetmer Thomas J. Kolias Tom & Jean Kuehn Tim Laubach Robert Liebermann Julian R. Luetmer Darren & Ann Kolke Woody Kuehn Lyle G. Lauber Bernard Lieder Tony Luft Jennie Kolner Rodney W. Kugler Mark Lauderbaugh James & Janice Lien Arvid V. Luhman Barbara E. Kolpin Jeffrey Kuhs Florian I. Lauer Esther B. Lightfoot John Luhman Maureen & Joe Kolstad Alan Kulaszewicz Glen Lauer Keith Lightfoot Alfred G. Luing Eugene Kook Guy & Charlene John Laughlin G. Patrick Lilja Donald Lukenbill Jr. Matt Koonmen Kullander Mark D. Laumann Sarah Lilja Elizabeth Lund Robert W. Kopp James R. Kulstad Mike & Betty Lauritzen William Liljemark Gavin Lund Daniel J. Koppy James C. Kupfer Carron Lauseng Amy Lilla Jackie Lund Jeannette Korpela Thomas Kurth Kelli A. LaVoie Randy S. Lillehei Richard R. Lund Peggy Korsmo-Kennon Clinton D. Kurtz Robert Lawler Roger D. Lillemoen Robert Lund Janet Kortuem Joy Kurz Alan Lawrence Byron Lind Verena M. Lund Mike & Paula Koshmrl James L. Kuseske Betty Lawrence H.D. Lind Larry Lundblad Steve Koskovich Chuck Kutzera Jon Lawrence Jacqueline Lind Raymond & Barbara Robert J. Kosmach Gregory Kvasnicka Jimmy Layer Kim Lindahl Lundell Darrel V. Koss Sr. Jennifer Kyllo Elaine L. Leach Ben Lindberg Allen L. Lundgren Gene Kostreba Jerome Kyllo John Leaf Steve Lindeman Diane Lundgren Jim Kostreba Craig LaBare Tom & Susan Leaf Victor Lindgren Jeff Lundquist John Kotaska Michael & Linda Laak Elizabeth Lebakken John Lindholm Ed & Ann Lundstrom Terry Kotsmith James D. Lacher Cynthia LeBlanc Bruce & Kristen Lindner Scott Lutz Thomas Kottke Bob & Marjorie Sylvia K. LeBlanc John M. Lindner Steve & Lynn Lutz Thomas J. Kotula Lackmann Keith LeClaire Karen & Roger Lindquist Gary Lyall Dr. Robert Koubsky Randy & Cindy LaCore Michele LeClaire Glenn Lindroos Terry Lydell Bob & Gina Kowalski Adrienne & David Virginia Ledo Diane L. Lindstrom Peggy Lynch Rick & Christine Kowalski Laemmle Linda Lee John Lindstrom Allan Lynk & Karen Steven A. Kozak Diane M. LaFontaine Mike Lee Steve Lindstrom Johnson Harvey Kraabel Roger D. Lageson Patty Lee Mr. & Mrs. William F. Gerald E. Lyon Joan Krafft Jennifer S. Lahmann Tom Lee Lindstrom Mark & Cheryl Lyon- Bruce & Jerilyn Kraft Roy & Peggy Laine Wayne Lee Kevin J. Lines Jenness Carol & Jay Krafthefer Ben Lamb Thomas Leek Carla J. Lininger Kurt & Mary Lysne Andrew Kramer Jennifer Lamberson Ellen Leger Michael Linn Stephen Lytwyn Gene B. Kramer Richard E. Lambert Gregory T. Lehman Ray & Eliz Lins Don & Sheila MacDonald Kay Kramer Charles E. Lamberton Rebecca Lehman Nick & Linda Linsmayer Norma R. MacDonald- Lawrence Krantz Mary J. Lambrides Steven R. Lehman Tony & Matt Lippert Ockwig Robert Kraske Don Lamoureux Jim & Pat Lehmann Brian Litchke Dave & Lorrie Carl L. Kratzke Steve Lampman Sandra J. Lehmann Jane Litchy MacGillivray Scott & Joan Kraupa Dennis W. Lande Jeff, Jenni, & Nik Lehtinen James T. Livingston Paul & Barbara David & Judith Krause S. Diane Lande Eric & Laurel Lein Sherryl Livingston & MacGregor Joseph J. Kravetz Edward R. Landin Mike Lein Jim Lundy Geraldine Mach Lawrence V. Krawczeski Albert S. Lang Thomas R. Leisen Deborah A. Ljungkull Roger Machmeier Donald P. Kraybill Mark & Deb Langner Craig F. Leiser Bob & Sue Lloyd Andy Macho John W. Kreager Patrick & Emily Lanin Timothy C. Leister Dennis Lodermeier Carol & Terry Maciej Ron Kreinbring Tom & Ellen Lanin Laurie K. Leitch Mike Loeffler Madeleine MacIndoe Michael J. Krejci Rita Lanners David Leitten John & Lisa Loegering Lyle MacIver Donald E. Kremer Bret & Wendi Lanning Carol S. LeMaster Robert J. Loehlein Tony Mackenroth Glen Krenelka Russ LaPlante Gary LeMasters James A. Loehr Larry & Carol Madison Earl T. Krieger Joel M. Larsen Joel Lemberg Dan Lofgren John W. Madson Sylvia Kriett Larry & Donna Larsen Richard Lembke Ralph J. Logeais Irene Maertens Henry & Angela Marvin Larsen Mary Ann Lemke Alan Lohman James Maertens Krigbaum Peg & Tom Larsen Bill & Bea Lemmer Richard Lohry Mark & Tammy Magney Douglas V. Krinke Anders & Sonja Larson Donald L. Lemmerman Neal Loidolt David & Mary Magnuson Connie Krmpotich Brian Larson Ronald M. Lenarz Ronald M. Loidolt Robert W. Magnuson Steven T. Krob Caroline Larson Ralph J. Lentz Roger Loken Wesley Magnuson Roger H. Krogen Charles Larson Joe & Brenda Lenz Michael Lonergan Jacqueline J. Mahlke Hilary Kroll Dan & Sally Larson Ron & Shelly Lenz Hildred Shelland Long Gerald Mahon Jim & Judy Kroll Dave Larson James M. Lerberg Long Lake Veterinary Jim Mahoney Roger & Barb Kronholm Don Larson Mary & Bill Lerman Clinic Tom Mahoney & Maddy Steve Kronmiller Don & Ann Larson Sara Leuer Don & Judy Longhway Maxeiner Mark Krosch Douglas & Lynn Larson Roma L. Leuty Andrew Longtin Albert Maiers Delton Krueger Douglas A. Larson & Robert Levander Susan Longworth Lois E. Maine Elizabeth Krueger Alice Clarke Kevin Leverentz Lance A. Lonson Scott & Ginnyy Mainella Jeff & Deb Krueger Eileen Larson Sharon Lewandowski Sharon Looney Tony & Alice Maistrovich Lillian R. Kruger Elden Larson Gail Lewellan Richard & Cheryl Loose Mike Majerle Wayne Kruger Glen & Brenda Larson Luverne Lewerenz Andy & Dian Lopez Bonnie Majerus DAVID BRISLANCE

Maureen Makens Robert Mattson Jerry Medley Lucy & Bob Mitchell Elizabeth Myhre Susan Maki Steve Mattson Jerry & Carole Mehr Schuyler D. Mitchell Don Naaktgeboren Liz & Al Makynen Kathleen Mattsson Marjorie Mehring Shawn Mitchell Roberta Nagan Tom & Kathy Malaske Richard R. Matz Darla Meier Judith & David Mitzuk Mary Beth Nagel Louis S. Malchow Richard R. Mau Dennis & Barb Meier Alice Mock Paul E. Nagel Katie Maldeis Corrine Maxwell Milton H. Meierbachtol Linda J. Mock Theodore & Judy C. Nagel Irvin Malek Herb May Karen & Jim Meinz Curtis Moe Lisa Nahkala John & Myrna Malm Skip & Deb May Walter R. Meissner Joshua Moe James G. Nalezny Daniel K. Maloney Sheila Maybauks John J. Melancon Peter C. Moe Mike & Beth Nash Molly Maloney & David David P. Mayer John M. Mellang Rick Moeller Mark A. Nathe Kelley Charles & Marlene Chuck Melton Chuck & Barb Moen M. Nation Tom Maloney Mayhew Dr. Henry Menke Robert & Dawn Moffett Nature Stock Catherine Malotky & Patrick & Patti McAdaragh Gary A. Mentz Roger Mohror Photography David Engelstad Patricia M. McAllister Ken & Bridget Merdan Dee Molean Marlene & Ronald John Mample Leo McAvoy Dolores M. Merrill Tom & Kaye Molin Nauman Bryan H. Mandel Mary F. McBride Gary & Connie Messer Pete Mollick Michael Naumann Paul & Lisa Mandell Thomas McCabe Jeffrey Messerich Judith L. Grandel Molloy Robert Naylor Harlan & Dorothy John McCallum Jr. Ben Mettling Maureen & Bill Momsen Mary K. Nealy Mandler Theresa McCargar Jodi Metz & Curtis Robert C. Momsen Thomas & John Don & Sue Manion Patrick McCarthy Shoemake Mike Monahan Nechodomu-Reveiere Gerald M. Manley & Walt R. McCarthy Randy Metzer Jackie Monahan-Junek Roger D. Neeser Teresa Thomas Carol J. McCarty Chuck & Barb Meyer Dave & Debbie Monn Ken Neihart Randy & Denise Manlick Dan McClellan Craig T. Meyer Margot Monson Bob & Lori Neises Richard J. Manly Dave & Sandra Julie A. Meyer Tom Montague Albin E. Nelson Bruce Mann McClintock Lee Meyer Art & Barb Montgomery Barbara Nelson Jamie Mann Tim & Jeanne McCloskey Lester F. Meyer Jerry & Karen Montonye Bonnie E. Nelson John Mannillo Dave & Diane McClure Marlin D. Meyer Vanyo & Ann Moody Carl & Ruth Nelson Michael P. Manning Rodger & Marcia Maurice Meyer Duane Moore Charles Nelson James Manos McCombs Michael C. Meyer Judy Moran Clareyse E. Nelson Peter Manship Mary P. McConnell Nadine Meyer Patrick Moran Craig S. Nelson Herbert Manteufel McCormick Construction Patrick Meyer Robert W. Mordick Dale W. Nelson Robert & Julie Manuel Craig & Sue McCormick Chester A. Meyers Dan & Jean Moreno Danny Nelson Dominic Maras Roger D. McCulley Robert J. Meyers Kevin Morey Devin Nelson Steve Marchand Jim & Susan McCurdy Victor H. Meysenburg Cheryl A. Morgan Dr. Douglas A. Nelson Frank & Cheri Marchio Karen McDermott Carl Michaud Judy Morgan Edward P. Nelson Tom Marcouiller Gary McDonald Keith Mickelson William H. Morgan Eric Nelson Rick & Terese Margl John McDonald Raymond C. Mickow Judith Morin Erik T. Nelson Charles & Paulette Marini Malcolm W. McDonald Mid-Central Federal Lydia Morley Gary & Carol Nelson Tom Marinucci Ed & Rosemary McGlynn Savings Gerald J. Morris Gloria M. Nelson Deb Markell Dennis J. McGovern Larry Mierau James Morris James Paul Nelson III Onen & Sheila Markeson John M. McGrane Bob & Nancy Milan Jeff Morrison John A. Nelson Alan Markman John B. McGrath Jr. Bruce H. Miles Marjorie Morrow Justin Nelson Rick Markwardt John & Carol McGuire Diane & Steven Millard Jean & Dick Morse Ken Nelson Marquette Honey Farms John & Jackie McHale A.R. Miller Ed & Beth Morsman Kristen Nelson James & Janet Marr Mary Jane McHardy Aaron Miller Carl “Rudy” Mortenson Lavonne D. Nelson Alan J. Marschall Douglas McIndoo Adam P. Miller Jerry Mortenson Maureen E. Nelson Deb Marsh Dan McInerny Bruce Miller Thomas Mortenson & Orville T. Nelson Edward C. Marsolek Stewart & Kathy Gary W. Miller Mary Ellen Becker Richard A. Nelson Rich Marsolek McIntosh Harris Miller Karol Morton Robert Nelson Ardis Marti Jeffrey R. McIntyre Jessica Miller Tim Moseng Roger A. Nelson Brent L. Martin Barbara J. McKay-Jones John D. Miller Cheryl & John Mosner Roger & Lolaraye Nelson Ed Martin Catherine P. McKegney John H. Miller Martin Motyka Steve & Janet Nelson Jewell Martin Gerald T. McKenzie Mark L. Miller Danice L. Motzko Steven P. Nelson Michael Martin James McKenzie Marty Miller & Linda Gene Moyer Stuart & Grace Nelson Dr. Roy & Lisa Martin Michael McKenzie Skallman Robert Muehl & Julia Stub Nelson Samantha Martin Stu & Mary McKie Marvin R. Miller Foster Terry & Linnaea Nelson Paul Martinetto Kevin J. McKinstry Richard L. Miller Paul & Nancy Mueller Vordyn Nelson Su & Pete Martinetto Deborah K. McKnight Robert A. Miller Sr. Steve Mueller Wade Nelson Sue & Hugo Martinez & Jim Alt Ronald E. Miller James A. Mullin Wayne Nelson Tony & Carolyn Martino Brenda L. McLaughlin Russ D. Miller Tom Mulvaney Karen Nemchik & Tarik Paul E. Marturano Charles & Mary Thomas L. Miller Dennis Mulvey Samad Ethel & David Marx McLaughlin Dr. & Mrs. Noel L. Mills Daniel H. Mundt Joseph J. Nemec Bernhard Marzell Catherine McLynn William Mills Thomas C. Munn Mark Nemec Sharon K. Masloski Mary Ann McMahon Melvin Milne Howard Munson Anne Nephew Samuel R. Mason David McNair Mary Mirick O. Allen Munson Barbara M. Nesbitt Vivian Mason Jay McNamara George P. Miserendino Dave & Tricia Munter James Nesius Richard & Nancy Linda McNamara R. Misger Bob Murphy Janet Nethercut Massaro Bridget McNeil Jim Mishek Denny Murphy Carolyn J. Neu Jeff Masten Don McNeill T.M. Miska Robert Murray Jack & Lorraine Neufeld Jim Master Jill McRae-Cook Peter & Durayne Mitby Adeline M. Murtaugh Claudia Neuhauser William C. Matson Becky Mead Craig R. Mitchell Muske family John Matta Dan Meados Douglas R. Mitchell Charles & Kay Myers Ginny Mattson Meadow Lark Farm Frank Mitchell Don & Val Myers Peter B. Mattson Tom & Kim Medin Janet Mitchell Mason C. Myers 57 Thank you donate at mndnr.gov/mcvmagazine or call 888-646-6367.

Nick Neuman Mark Odefard Doug & Phyl Ostergren John Pearson Sherwood & Marilynn Brad Neumann Robert Oden Michael T. Osterholm Larry & Pamela Pearson Peterson Gwendolyn O. Neumann Tom Oden David L. Ostrander Leland & Doris Pearson Sylvia Peterson Jim Neumann Paul Odenbach Ryan Ostreng Mark R. Pearson Thomas C. Peterson Christopher Neumeier Jeffrey Odendahl James Ostrom John & Linda Peck Timothy & Kristen Ben Neville David Odland Karen Ostroot Roger Peckover Peterson Fred Nevin Tom & Pam Odland Lorrie & Phil Oswald Ellie Peden Vickie Peterson Robert & Dawna Newby Roy E. O’Donnell Douglas W. Otopalik Roy A. Pedersen Warren H. Peterson Keith E. Newman Tom R. O’Donnell Irene M. Ott Ardyce M. Pederson Joan & John Petroff Paul & Beth Newman Rosemary O’Donovan Dennis M. Ottem Philip J. Pederson John Petroskas Bill L. Newton Roger L. Oestreich Otto family James Pehler Michael J. Petroske John M. Nichols Barbara & Orlin Ofstad Laureen Otto George & Mary Peichel Roger W. Petry Robert H. Nichols Jason & Megan Ogdahl Paul E. Otto Holly & Paul Peirson Vernon D. Petterson Jon Nicholson Dennis O’Hare Carol A. Ouellette family Paula Pettit Jim Nickel Peter & Maureen Gratia H. Ouellette Michael Pekula Robert A. Petzel Tina Nickell Ohland John J. Overland Kevin Pelkey Michael L. Pexa Steve & Ginger Alan L. Oines David & Lynn Owen Evelyn Pelleymounter Larry Pfaff Nicklason Richard W. Ojakangas Nancy Owen Jared Peloquin Amy Pfankuch Nicollet County SWCD Thomas O’Keefe family John Owens Jackie Pelton Tom & Betsy Pfeifer Kenneth Nielsen John & Yvette Oldendorf Douglas & Suzanne Eugene Pelzel family Jacob B. Niesen family Judith A. Olin Owens-Pike Wayne Pelzel Jerry Pflepsen Terry & Caroll Niewolny J. Steven Olinger Kari Oxford Steve Penick Jon S. Phillips Nancy Niggley Tammi Oliver-Vaught PKT Enterprises Robert G. Penly Roger & Rosemary Kevin Nigon Douglas Olmanson William & Edith Packard John & Nancy Penn Phillips Richard Nigon David Olsen Angela Page Alice Pepin Paul Piazza Rudolph Nikko David & Audrey Olsen Thomas E. Pagenkopf Daniel P. Perich Jim Pichler David Nilsen Don & Kris Olsen Ellen Pahl Evelyn H. Perkins Genea & Jack Pichotta Arnie Nimps Gerald C. Olsen Lorena Palm Jerry L. Perkins Diane Pieper Robert & Stacy Nipp Luanna & Richard Olsen Doris Palmer Robert J. Perkins David G. Piepgras Chuck Nix Richard Olsen Kari & Mike Palmer Tony & Irene Perpich David W. Pierce William Nixon Jr. Rick & Susy Olsen Rodney Palmer Ethan Perry & Meredith Doris A. Pierce Blaine Nodes A. Richard Olson Steven & Valerie Palmer Cornett Robert F. Pierret Richard Nodland Alan Olson Dave Palya Lou Ann Perry Mavis Pierson Mike Nodsle Bruce & Paula Olson Panger family Tammy Perry Gordon Pietruszewski Dave Norback Cliff Olson Jan Pankratz Becki & Patrick Persons Roger & Ruby Pietsch Douglas Nordang Cooper Olson Sylvia Pannkuk Joe Pete Richard Pike John Nordgaard Corky Olson Henry Panowitsch Richard Peter Les Pilgrim Richard E. Nordin David Olson Sr. Robert B. Panther Robert J. Peters Michael Pilkington Robert L. Norenberg David P. Olson Dr. Harold J. Panuska Robert L. Peters Timothy Pilquist Robert E. Norman Donald Olson Robert & Carolyn Papke Kevin Petersen Dan & Cindy Pince Roger Norman Geoffrey R. Olson Jerome Parenteau Ronald & Rosemary Pincushion Trails Inn Jeff Nornes Jerry A. Olson Dean T. Parisian Petersen Rose & Dick Pinomaki Louis E. Norquist Julian Olson Debra Herzan Parker Art Peterson Stuart & Roberta Pinsky Richard L. Norrish Kenneth E. Olson Nancy C. Parlin Arthur J. Peterson Mark & Carol Pioske Jason Norskog Kristen & Randy Olson Mark Parrott family Barbara B. Peterson Nancy & Steve Piragis Erik North Larry Olson James S. Parson & Jan Daniel K. Peterson Ann Pirkl Steve North Laurel Olson Seal Smith Daryl Peterson John Pitera & Katherine David H. Norton Manley E. Olson Isabel & Louie Pass David J. Peterson Patterson Rosa Novak Maren Olson & Jamie Edward & Luci Passe David N. Peterson Skip Pitzen Trent Novak McBride Marie E. Past David W. Peterson Darlene & Ken Pizel Tom Novotny Mark & Norma Olson Steve Paszkiewicz Dean Peterson Judy Plank Tom Noyes Paul S. Olson Tom & Sally Patterson Dorothy Peterson Jim Platt Ron Nuhring Robert T. Olson Mark & Marybeth Patton Douglas Peterson Robert L. Pletan Mark Nupen Roger P. Olson Paul Patton Dr. Rolf & Carolyn Ron & Leann Plinske Diane Nurnberg Thomas Olson Randall & Mary Jo Patton Peterson Victor Ploszay Sandra & Peter Warren & Lilly Olson Brian D. Patty & Janet Duane & Marjorie Nan Plude-Bradley Nussbaum Jann Olsten Skalicky Peterson Phil Plumbo Luanne Nyberg Lynn K. Olund Kevin & Mary Patty E. Eugene Peterson Timothy B. Plunkett Jon Nygaard Janice Omacht & Peter David L. Pauba Eric & Janelle Peterson Rudy Pluth Diane Nystrom Anderson Gene H. Paul Fred Peterson Gina L. Pockrandt John B. Nystrom Jason M. Oman Dave & Jonni Paulsen Harvey M. Peterson G. Michael & Gerri R. Norm Nystrom Paul Oman Pam Paulsen Jerry & Donna Peterson Podrug Gary & Carol Obele Michael Omara David L. Paulson Merle & Betty Peterson Bill & Sarah Poirier Peggy Oberg Fay T. Ondler Dean Paulson Patricia L. Peterson Sally B. Polk Karen Oberhauser Timothy R. O’Neil John G. Paulson Phillip M. Peterson Jo Pollock John & Nancy O’Brien Dawn O’Neill John Paulson Reid & Ruthie Peterson Ed J. Pomerson Michael J. O’Brien John & Heather O’Neill Milt Paulson Richard I. Peterson Christine Pomrenke Jerry Ockenfels Mary N. Opheim Gary Paulu Richard L. Peterson Ervin Ponto Dr. Rita O’Connell Thomas Ophoven Russ Paumen Rolf & Kathy Peterson Michael B. Poole, CPA Will O’Connell Earl Orf & Diana Chuck Pavlish Rollyn Peterson Judy Poplawski Marcie O’Connor Hestwood John & Jean Payne Ronald A. Peterson Mark & Sharon Pat & Isabell O’Connor Ryan L. O’Rourke Ernie H. Peacock Sharon M. Peterson Poppendeck Scott & Rhiannon David Orr Donald J. Pearce Sherwood Peterson Jim Porter O’Connor Gerald & Susan Oss David M. Pearson family Greg Postiglione GARY ALAN NELSON

Jim & Denise Potter Bruce Redmon & Connie Daniel M. Roebbeke Gary Salzl Charles P. Schneider Steven Potvin Manske Arthur C. Roemer Don & Bridgett Dave Schneider Dean Pouliot Steve Redmond Charles E. Roessler Salzmann Doris S. Schneider Jay E. Powell Kate Redpath Janice Roetzel Curtis A. Sampson Bernard D. Schnitzus Linda Powell J. Hunter Reed Richard Rog Darrell L. Sampson Betty O. Schoeberl Richard Powell William & Bonnie Reed Laura L. Rohlik Myrna Sampson Milton Schoen Lyle & Rick Powley David J. Reeder Daniel Rolf Thomas & Cathy Sampson Bruce Schoenberg Melvin M. Prantner Dr. Lynn Reeve Ralph Rolland Thomas W. Samuelson Ron Schoenecker Walter & Harriet Pratt Andrew Rehbein Fred F. Ronkowski Linda Sander Ernst A. Schoenfeld Michael Pray Timothy M. Rehbine Ronald & Bettye Ronning T.E. Sander Nancy Schollett Curtis Pritchard Anna & Leif Reichgelt Dale E. Root Frances & Harold Thomas A. Schomaker Jim & Kathy Proctor Dr. William O. Reid Robert D. Rose Sanders Dr. James Schorn Carrie Prokop Gladys & Roger Reiling Thomas J. Roseen John Sanders Pat Schott Linda Prom Robert W. Reilly Bill Rosen David Sanderson Ruth Schow Carl E. Prosek William M. Reilly Skip & Terry Rosen Laun & Ruth Sanderson Joyce M. Schowalter David Prosser Jonathan Reis Forrest Rosenbower Ann Sandford Larry Schram Jerry Pruett Bruce Reischl Robert & Alice Alden Sandquist David Schrantz Howard H. Puder Steve & Deena Reisman Rosengren David Sandstrom Gary E. Schraut Tim Pulis David & Colleen Reitan Kenneth Rosha Dorothy & Lee Sanford James M. Schreiber Steve Pullen Roger C. Remer Brian & Kris Ross Donohue & Marilyn Sarff Harold & Bev Schreifels John Pumper Evelyn Remsberg Daniel Ross Alice Sarkela Jeff Schreifels Terry Purcell Richard Renner Mary K. Ross Tim Saterfield Duane Schroeder Anne & Brian Purrington Steve Renner Thomas J. Ross William J. Satterness Fred & Jan Schroeder Doug R. Purrington Ray Rensenbrink Tom Rossbach Jacque & Max Saucedo Marilyn Schroeder Peggy Purvis Jean S. Replinger S.J. Roste Jerry Sauer David G. Schrot Calvin & Sandra Joe Rethmeier Matt Roszkowski Joe & Geri Sausen Lloyd Schrum Puttbrese Beryl Rettinger Kim Roth Gene Sauter David Schueller Kristen Puttin Steven R. Rettke Peter Roth Chris Saville Daniel V. Schultz James F. Putzel Alan R. Reuteler Peter Rothe & Gail Shirley A. Sawyer Dave Schultz Lynn Quam Joe & Pat Reymann Amundson Maureen Scaglia Jennifer Schultz Bradley & Rita Quast Joyce & Dave Reynen Eric & Sarah Rousar Scanlan International Marcia G. Schultz John E. Quast Raymond Reynolds Dave J. Rothstein Duane & Jane Scepaniak Ruth Schultz Brad Quatier Virginia F. Reynolds Bill Rottschaefer David Schad Sue & Daniel Schultz Michael & Betty Quayle Ben W. Rezac Mark Roubinek Mike & Connie Schad Greg & Karen Schulz Darryl Quern Kay Rezanka Virginia Rovainen Ronald & Jean Schad Kathleen Schumacher Roger D. Quern Peter S. Rhode Sherry M. Rovig & Chris Schaefer James Schuster Gary C. Quick Bradley A. Riba Barb Crow Doris E. Schaefer Ronald Schut Pat & Michelle Quinlan John Ricard Dr. & Mrs. Nathaniel J.A. Schaefer Kathy & Jim Schute Melissa Quinn Barb J. Rice H. Rowe Richard H. Schaefer Jr. Robert A. Schwaab Arthur J. Raak Thomas Rice & Mary Louis L. Rowell Beverly A. Schafer Charles Schwagel Lyn C. Rabinovitch & Becker Katharine Rowley Stephen H. Schaitberger Mike Schwager John W. Saxhaug Tom Rice Shirley Rowley Eileen Schantz-Hansen Hollis H. Schwartz Loren Rachey John Richard Doug & Terri Roy Gary Scharber Nancy Schwartz Darryl Radford Ralph A. Richardson Mary Rubbelke Monty Scheiber Roger D. Schwartz Olli & Kathy Rahkola Raymond Richardson Kenneth Ruble Chris Schenk Lola Schwarz Scott Rahm Ronald L. Richardson Rick Ruckdashel Don & Jean Scherfenberg Mrs. Darla Schwegel Linda Rain Scott Richmond Tim & Carol Ruda Michele Schermann Randy & Cathy Karl Raitz Sylvia J. Rick John Rudeen Larry Schermerhorn Schwichtenberg Brian Rajala Ernest & Rachel Ridens Kay Rudek Doug Scheunemann Roger & Nancy Harry & Lois Ramaley Claude & Laurel Riedel John M. Runberg Roger Scheunemann & Schwieters Brad & LaTosha Randall Jim Riemenschneider Sandra J. Running Ellen Scholz Rev. Benjamin Scott Gyles & Carol Randall Saundra Riha Robert Rupp June Schifsky Bob Scott Leland A. Randall Kari Rihm Tom & Lynn Rusch Scott Schindelecker David H. Scott Patricia Raschio Stanley B. Ringold Orlando R. Ruschmeyer Tony & Julie Schippers David R. Scott Craig M. Raske Dennis Ringstad David L. Ruschy Charles E. Schlatter Davis A. Scott Kari Fedje Rasmus Mona Ritter Karl Ruser Sue Schlicht Ron Scripture Christine & Don James P. Rivard Anne Rutledge Phillip D. Schliem Duane & Marilyn Sea Rasmussen David Rivers Dr. & Mrs. J. Michael Ryan Fred Schlingman Brenda Sederberg Edward A. Rasmussen Ron Rizzo Michael Ryan Betty Schloemer Maija Sedzielarz Eric & Nanette Bill M. Robb Michael & Marjory Ryan Betty Schlosser James Seeley Rasmussen Jim & Barb Roberts Richard K. Ryan Tim Schmalz John R. Sehner Sue & Greg Rasmussen Lowell K. Roberts Lynn & Glen Rychner Mark Schmid & Sandra Ray Seibert Dennis Rasmusson Marion & Linda Roberts John D. Rylander Dennis Steve & Mary Seidlitz Patrick & Rita Rasset Sherry & Tony Roberts Lon J. Rylander Barbara Schmidt John W. Seifert Jim Rataczak Susan M. Roberts Judith Sabee Bernie Schmidt Bob & Marree Seitz Nicole Rath Don Robertson Steig Sabee Dave & Lucy Schmidt Jim Seitz Neal H. Rathjen Larry G. Robertson Thomas & Yvonne Sabyan Ellen Schmidt Michael Selb Nichole M. Rau James P. Robey David & Nancy Sadler Ervin L. Schmidt Douglas R. Selby Deborah Rausch Sandy Robin Tom Saga & Patrick J. Stephen Schmidt George G. Selcke Darla & John Rayman Max Robinson Lochwood Michael P. Schmidt Thomas R. Seldon Ruth Reabe Louise L. Robison Brian Sage Steve Schmidt R. & D. Rebers John Rock & Marjorie Bill St. Martin Steven & Karen Schmit Lyn Redding Fedyszyn Rexford Sala Bill & Liz Schmitt Dean Redmann Lauri Rockne Ken Salentiny Peter & Barb Schmitt 59 Thank you donate at mndnr.gov/mcvmagazine or call 888-646-6367.

LaVerne P. Sell Mark & Linda Skinner Judith Spellman Glenn & Phyllis Stimler Richard & Kathy Svanda Jeff Sella Jerry & Dona Skinness Sally Spence Kathy Stingl Daniel & Vicki Svedarsky Herbert & Mara Sellars Kenneth R. Skjegstad Shirley L. Spicer-Toohey Thomas & Connie Steve Sveine Donald W. Sells Stephen H. Skogman Wayne R. Spickzka Stirling Lee M. Swan George & Arlyce Selvestra Peg & Lee Skold Hazel Spiering Dale Stivland William Swan Michael Senjem Glen & Anna Skovholt Spike’s Barber Shop Tom A. Stoa Allan F. Swanson Carol L. Senn John Skraba III Neal Spilman Gordon & Mary Jean Bonnie Swanson Ronald E. Senn Steve Skramstad Wayne H. Spindler Stobb Bradley & Joanie Dave & Pat Senogles Kenneth & Diane Skrien Peter Spink Patrick Stock Swanson Glen Seopa Jackie Sladky Jeanne Spizale Chuck Stockman Craig Swanson Dale & Michelle Grace L. Slagle Patty & Phil Splett Peggy K. Stockwell Donald J. Swanson Setterholm Joseph M. Slavec Thomas Spoden Timothy & Melissa Kathy & Dick Swanson Judy Sevada Kent Slegh Dale R. Spoolhoff Stoddart Keith S. Swanson Kathleen Severin Brent O. Slick Grant & Pamela Springer Jacquelyn Stoehe Richard J. Swanson John B. Severson Charles L. Slowinski James Stabno Vicki L. Stoffel Steven Swanson Anna Sexton family Ted J. Smetak Todd Stafford Mary A. Stogsdill Steven & Patricia Ron & Kelly Sexton Judy Smida Dale R. Staiger Gary Stohl Swanson Bill Shaffer Amy & Cory Smith Daniel Staker Sharon Stokesbary Tom & Bonnie Swanson Bill Sharbono Andy & Paula Smith Darrell Staley Derrick W. Stolen Kristin & Steve Scott & Patricia Sharkey Daniel J. Smith Mike Stalpes David Stoll Swanstrom Dennis L. & Yvonne R. Dick & Shirley Smith Mark Stange Richard C. Stommes Gerald H. Swedin Sharp Elizabeth Smith Jerry F. Stangel Anthony & Teresa Stone Jean B. Sweeney Billy Shaw Frank L. Smith Patrick Stanton Charles & Danielle Stone Kristen Sweeney Kathleen Shea Greg & Laura Smith Dwain Staples Don B. Stone Laurie Sweep Grace & Rick Sheely Greg & Tammy Smith Jane A. Starr John D. Stone Lisa Swelland Gary Sheets J.D. Smith Florence K. Stater Lynn & Frank Stone Claryce L. Swensen Ruth Sheets Jack & Phyllis Smith Fund Ernest & Jan Richard Stone Cindy L. Swenson Mike Shepard James Smith Stauffenecker John Stoneburner Clifford G. Swenson Enrico J. Sherman John D. Smith Thomas Stavaas Marilee Storest Connie & Arlan Swenson Patricia D. Sherry Joseph Smith Deb Stave Peter Storlie Doug & Pam Swenson Dr. Jerry W. Sherwood Kathy & Brett Smith Mike Stay Gerald & Elizabeth Storm Lonnie Swenson Steve Shikowsky Marilyn Smith Patricia Stearns Kenneth R. Storm Robert O. Swenson Simon Shimanski Dr. Mark R. Smith Chris Steele Warren D. Stortroen Roger Swenson Fran Shimmin Newton Smith Ginger Stees & Bob & Dode Stoskopf Michael C. Swift & Bill & Mitzi Shimp Rande Smith Carol Skay Linda Stowe Dr. Anne Walter Bradford & Adaline Robert Smith & Mark Carl Steffen Patrick & Margaret Stoy Edmond Sworsky Shinkle Danielson Richard Steffen Richard Strait Jeffrey R. Syring Truman H. Shoaff Sally Smith Bob & Judy Steffes Bruce & Pat Strand Phyllis Syverson Richard & Kathy Short Theresa Smith & Mark Mike & Rocki Stein Vernon & Dianne Strand Dale Syvertson Mark W. Shorter Danielson Claire W. Steinberg Wendell Strandberg Michael A. Tabbert Tim & Marsha Shuff Terry & Bonnie Smith Richard Steindorf Michelle Strangis Wesley R. Taber Glen Siegle William K. Smith Jr. Les Steiner Tim Stratton & Suzanne John Tackman Kaleb Siekmeier Sue & Jeremy Smolich Clifford Steinhauer Wasilczuk Tim Taffe Tracy D. Siemers Roman P. Smulka Nancy Steinhauser Glenn Street Betty J. Tainter Daniel D. Sienko Peter T. Smyth Lenard J. Steinke John M. Street Jeanne Tanamachi George L. Sierakowski Brad & Brenda Snickers Edwin J. Stellmach Kimberly Strehlow David & Catherine Carolyn Sieraski Don Snyder Gerard Stellmach Bill & Charlotte Strei Tarnowski Chris Siercks Mary Sobasky Ronald L. Stellmach Andrew Streifel Roger Tarnowski Betty Sievert Glen L. Soderberg Sylvester J. Stellmach Gordon & Heather Don Tatge Siewert family Robert L. Soderling Judy Steltzner Streiff Charles & Joan Taylor Mark & Mary Sigmond Eugene Soland Will & Sharon Stenberg Laurie Stricker Gordon Taylor Debra K. Sigstad Robert E. Soleim Susan A. Stendel Jim & Cheryl Strike Janet & Patrick Taylor Daniel Siltala Donald L. Solem Sally Steneman Judy M. Stringer Molly Taylor Scot Siltman Dr. Laura E. Solem & Jim Stengel Gary Stroeing Phil Taylor George Simmons Rodney Booth Thomas D. Stenger Dorothy Strom Roger Teachworth Audrey Simon- Matt Solensky Chuck Stenson Gary A. Stromley Tony & Vicki Teale D’Autrechy Carol & Eugene Solheim Beverly Ann Stentz Eric Strommen Team Calhoun Charitable Brenda Simons Keith & Karen Solimar Charles E. Stephan Cathy Strub Trust Simonson Properties Philip & Claudine Solseng David Stephens Jim Struck Jean C. Teeslink Bob & Toni Simonson Frank G. Soltis Dennis Stephens Doreen K. Strutzenberg Gerald W. Teiken Daniel J. Simonson Don & Mary Somers Joyce L. Stephenson Gene Stukel Jerry Tempel Gary Simonson Peter & Kristin Somers Tom Stertz Pete Sufka Michael Tempes Randy Simonson Joan Somes Shelley Steva Bob Suhonen William Tereault Simpson family Duane C. Sonnenburg Shelley A. Steva Dan Sullivan Ed & Kristina Terhaar Tom & Sharon Simpson Carole Sorensen David R. Stevens George W. Sullivan Michelle & Eva Terrell Robert Sinave Diane Sorensen Ray G. Stevens Timothy A. Sullivan Alan Terwedo Deanna Sinclair Mark Sorensen Sandra A. Stevens Jeff Summerfield Mary Tessman H.R. Sinex Robert Sorensen Todd R. Stevens Bob Sundberg Joan Tester Katie A. Sipe Jim & Marilyn Sorenson Mike Stevensen Richard Sundberg Diana L. Tharalson Charles R. Sjodin Lee & Yvonne Sorenson Linda Stevenson Richard C. Sundberg Dennis Theede Julian Sjostrom Tim R. Sowash Thomas E. Stewart Nate & Mary Sunnarborg Terry M. Theel Julie Skallman Jeff & Sheryl Spaeth Paul & Mary Stifter Paul Suomala Thomas & Julie David A. Skeim Curtis Sparks Carrie Stiles Tom & Kaydel Super Theiringer Brenda Skime Richard J. Specht Dr. Thomas Stillwell Tom Supinski Ben Theisen DAVID BRISLANCE

J. Theisen Paul Tralle Fred Vine Warneke family Richard & Janet Peter Theismann Bradley Treder Bill Virant Doug & Jill Warner Wettergren William Thelen family Bill Trenter Ken Visger Thomas W. Warnke Dick & Bernie Mark Thene John Trettel Jeff Vlaminck Dorothy A. Warrant Wettersten Sheryl A. Theuninck Khuong Trieu Ann M. Voelker Judy K. Warren Conrad R. Wetzel Dennis Thielen Trillium Services Scott D. Vogel Steven E. Warren Kate Wetzel Marianne Thielen Tony P. Trimble David E. Vogt Scott & Gloria Warzecha Grant & Marsha Nich Thielen Mark Tripp Robert A. Vogt Carol B. Waschbusch Weyland Scott Thiem David H. Trombley Lance Voigt Richard W. Washburn Sr. Sandra L. Wheeler Allen Thiemich David L. Trompeter Richard L. Voigt Patti Wasmund Bruce Wheelock Dan & Sandy Thimgan V. Trotter Robert & Lois Vojtech Rud C. Wasson John R. Whelan Milly O. Thissen David Troutwine M.K. Volk David Watercott Bob & Faith Whitcraft Donna Thoennes Jerry Tschida Mrs. Elizabeth Volkert Eric Watkins Natalie White Alan G. Thole Karen Tschida Mark J. Volkmuth Joyce Watson Nora K. White Daniel J. Thomas Walter J. Tschida Robert & Luminita Robert W. Watson Patti White Gary Thomas Andy Tscholl Vollmer Heather Waye Gilbert S. Whitson Richard Thomas John J. Tschumperlin James Vomela Don & Peggy Weber Steve R. Whittet Roxanne Thomas Lisa Tuller Swanhild Voneida Larry Weber Joe & Julie Wiatros Michael Thomez Mark Tully Sara & Christopher Phil Weber Donald K. Wicklund Ben Thompson Randy J. Tuma Voorhees James S. Webster Helen Widerski Chris & Sarah Thompson Maureen Tumulty Alan Voracek Peter L. Webster Mike & Pam Wiehe Dale & Bonnie Thompson Mike Tuohy Fritz Voracek Harold L. Weed Marcia Wielinski Edward & Kate John & Sally Turk Elizabeth Vosburgh Richard H. Wegler Joseph F. Wieners Thompson Lawrence J. Turner Daryl Voss Aleta D. Wegner G.T. Wier James L. Thompson Spencer A. Turner Steven O. Voss Catherine B. Wegner Donald D. Wiese Jay & Susan Thompson Philip Turnquist Steven & Connie Voss Sharon Wehner Rob Wight Randall M. Thompson Tim & Sandy Turri Suzann M. Voss Janine & Mike Weideman Bruce & Rose Marie Rodney F. Thompson Carol Tveite Sharon Voto Robert Weiers Wignall Rodney P. Thompson David Twa John & Jill Vuchetich David L. Weihrauch James Wiik Steven C. Thompson Ruth & Ole Tweet Robert A. Waataja J.P. Weiner Bernard L. Wiklund Virginia & Donald David W. Twomey Gerald P. Waddick David & Bette Weinmann Warren C. Wildes Thompson Mike Tyminski J.C. Waddington Chuck & Myrlee Weisbrod Ellroy G. Wildhaber Bob & Bonnie Thomsen Pauline Tyrrell Dave & Betty Wade Earl Weisel Dave D. Wiley Michael Thomsen Don Uggla Gary & Linda Wagenbach James W. Weiske Linda A. Wilford Peter Thoreen Steven H. Ukasick Austin & Cullen Wagner Molly Weismantel Thomas D. Wilharber Leon Thoreson Stuart & Frances Ulfers George & Jennifer Don R. Weiss Joel Wilhelm John A. Thors Dale W. Ulrich Wagner Harry S. Weiss Jr. Jerry Wilkens Marlys Thorsgaard Darryl & Gloria Ulrich James Wagner Marvin Weiss Larry Wilkens & Mary Alan Thorson Scott & Jennie Ulschmid James W. Wagner Timm M. Weiss Lindgren Paul & Cindy Jerome C. Unger Mark Wagner & Laurel Tom Weiss Matt Wilkens family Thorwaldsen Scott Unze & Christine L. Parrott Verne & Phyllis Weiss Annie Will Ted T. Thull Anderson Roland Wagner Sandra & Arnold Beth E. Will John A. Thurmes Carol & Roger Upcraft Thomas P. Wagner Weissler Mary K. Willert Robert Thurston Kenneth Urban Robert Wahlroos Barbara Weisz Kristin Willette Lloyd & Ingrid Thyen John & Jennifer Urbanski Daniel Wainright John J. Weitz Allan N. Williams Rick J. Tibesar Ronald K. Utley Richard Wait James W. Welch Eldon Williams Phil & Jo Tichenor Gordy Uttermark Scott & Nancy Walcker Sue & Wayne Welke James R. Williams Daniel Tideman James F. Vacinek Timothy W. Waldeck E.J. Welle John D. Williams Tony Tiemann Kirk & Susan Vadnais Michael P. Waldenburg Kenneth L. Welle Melvin Williams Renee Tierney Richard J. Vance David Waldron Tom & Barb Welle Roger S. Williams George Tiers Mary Vancura & Peter Robert Walkama John Weller Terry Williams Douglas G. Tiffany & Judy Bauer Dr. Fred E. Walker Jr. Fred Wells F.A. Williamson T. Ohannesian Larry Vander Louw Sr. William E. Walker Michy & Chip Wells Mr. & Mrs. John M. Warren Tikkanen William R. Van Thomas & Maya Don & Leny Wendel Williamson Lorraine Timmons Essendelft Walkington Nicole Wenger Richard & Elaine Willis Julie Tinberg Amanda Van Havermaet Jon B. Wallin Paul Werler Orlo V. Willmert Barbara Tindle John Van Moer Mervin Wallingford Eric J. Werner Bob Wills Mary T’Kach Eric & Mary Van Norman Deborah Wallwork Richard Werner Gib Willson James Tobias Willis & Irene Van Harry Walsh Nancy & Jim Werner- Larry Willwerscheid Brian D. Toews Norman Jon A. Walsh Azarski Alex H. Wilson Orton R. Tofte Douglas A. Van Overbeke Maureen & Jim Walsh Bruce Werre Jim & Carol Wilson John & Deb Tollgaard Ben & Mandy Van Santen Russ Walsh Dave & Mary West Mark Wilson Fr. Frank S. Tomasiewicz Teresa Van Son & Richard Marsha Walstrom Glenn & Pat West Michael & Sandra Wilson Joseph Tomko Voorhees Don & Carolyn Walter West Wind Resort Natalie J. Wilson Kathy Tomlinson Constance Van Kenneth L. Walter Carol M. Westberg Scott Wilson Pat & Tom Tommet Valkenburg Dave Wandrei Duane Westberg W.J. Wilson James H. Tone Steve Van Vleet Lyle H. Wandrei Joseph Westermeyer Sue Wiltgen Dave & Judy Topinka Leonard S. Vargo Chuck & Marge Wanous Gregg & Marie-Anne Mike & Rose Windschitl Urban A. Torborg Douglas Veillette Chuck & Kristie Westigard Mary Wingfield Barbara & Paul Toren John R. Velin Wanstrom Don & Robin Westling Dan Winkel Wayne Torgerson Brian J. Vennes Edy Ward Warren Westphal Kent Torell & Myles Linda L. Verbeck John P. Ward Harvey & Loris Westrom Torell Elon S. Verry Lynette & Tom Ward Rod & Charlene Bob & Jane Townsend Mike S. Vidmar Sharon L. Ward Westrum 61 Thank you in Honor of ~ donate at mndnr.gov/mcvmagazine or call 888-646-6367.

Duane A. Winkler John A. Wolf Alan & Lynn Wyman John & Deborah Zak Jon Zoller Kendra Winter Marty J. Wolf Margaret Wynnemer David Zarkower Dennis Zuzek Herman Wisneski Sue Wolf Don Yaeger Robert C. Zaske Joseph R. Zwack William D. Wiste Louise C. Wolf-Novak Dave & Barb Yarusso Robert W. Zdarsky Pat & Rock Wittkop Craig & Terri Wolfe Kenneth Yeager Richard E. Zelenski Larry & Ruth Wittmers Eldon W. Wollmann Brian Yeats Carl Zenker Matching Gifts Rick Wittwer Joann Wolner Donald G. Yeats Mike Zenner Richard Witty Wayne C. Wolsey Douglas J. Yetzer Dennis A. Zetah Ameriprise Financial Inc. Tom & Jackie Witty Mike Wolter Albert B. Yngve James & Jean Zieba & Arch Insurance Group Inc. John Witzel Richard & Christina Barry K. Yocom & John Zieba Assurant Foundation John & Jody Wizik Wood Betty Christ Darvin Zieman Benjamin Moore Paints Amy & Tim Wodarski Ron & Jolie Wood Joyce A. Young Ed Zieroth The Clorox Company Mark K. Woell & F.B. Woodward Kevin W. Young Donald Zimmel Foundation Naomi Loges Dr. Blair & Jo Woolsey Thomas W. Young Ken & Barbara Zimmer General Mills Foundation Ernest & Sharon Rick & Kathy Workman T.E. Youngblood Arlene Zimmerman Prudential Foundation Woizeschke Thomas & Dixie Worth Don Youngdahl Gregory S. Zimmerman Thrivent Financial Donald R. Wojciechowski Ken & Cathy Worwa Jef Younkin Kathy Zimmerman Toro Foundation Norma Wojtalewicz Terri Wovcha William J. Yourd & Cindy Michael E. Zins United Health Group Edward Wokasch Charles W. Wright & Buttleman Tim Zinter Voya Financial Paul M. Wold Suzanne F. Wright Ted & Geri Zabrosky Sarah Zirkle Wells Fargo Community Dale A. Wolf Lorraine J. Wubbels Barbara Zahasky & Bob Richard J. Ziton Support Campaign J. Wolf Joshua Wurst Hogancamp Greg P. Zniewski

Robert Calhoun, by Louise Calhoun Allyn L. Ford, by Jerry & Mimi Fischbach In Honor of Linda Carberry, by Ed Carberry Rose Fort, by Michael Johnson Dolly Carley, by Gerre Carley Danielle & Connor Fredrick Dylan Aanenson, by Brianna Aanenson Florence Carlson Cal Fremling, by Mike & Diane Kennedy Bob Adam, by Sherrie Adam Joan Carr, by Peg Carr Dr. D.B. French Francis Albers, by George Albers Dr. Robert A. Cesnik Friends & family, by Margret Schueler All nature lovers, by Irv & Barb Hosford Eric Chien, by Theodore Chien Game Wardens, by Paul W. Wojahn Calvin & Mary Alley Vicar & Ruth Christopher Celaine Gardner, by Carmean family Lee Amundson, by Matt Amundson Aaron Claus, by Paul Claus & Mary Jones Eugene Gere, by Julie Smendzuik-O’Brien Matt & Maria Amundson, by Brent S. Amundson Eugene Contone John Gesme, by Colleen Person Annie Anderson, by Jerry Anderson Connie Smith Cox Olinda Glader Jake & Sierra’s wedding, by Donald Anderson Harley J. Cummings, by James Cummings Major Goard, by Steven Blomster Janelle Anderson, by Paul Furth Jan Cummings Godel Boys, by Mark & Diane Ehlers Rich Anthony & Brandon Giaquinto, Donald D., by Daisy D. Lloyd Gran by Katy Anthony Kay Dahlke, by Mike Dahlke Grandchildren, by John & Deb Hoger Waldo & Irene Asp, by Susan A. Olsen Ethel Mae Darnell, by Guyda Darnell Grandchildren, by Kathie & Gary Payne Dale Aufderheide, by Guy Aufderheide Donnie Davis, by sister Cash Granger, by Michael Granger Jim & Sue Backe, by Kyle & Jessica Zweifel Will Delaney, by Elaine Westerdahl-Delaney George A. Green, by Ernest W. Green Don Baldridge, by Gerald Baldridge & Trevor Del Caro Crom & Douglas Crom, Mary Green, by Bob Green & Erin George Pamela Shubat by Barbara Del Caro Scaia Karol Gresser, by Jim & Josephine Diedrich Ed Bankey, by Chuck Bankey Roy Delgehausen, by Col. L. E. Delgehausen John Grignon, by Kathleen Grignon Brady Barie Arnold Dengerud, by Steve Dengerud Grill family, by Elaine Grill Leah Barrett, by Lee Valsvik Jeff & Kyle DeWayne Paul R. Grover, by Morris Grover Robert Barrett, by David Quammen Daniel W. Dienst John Haessig, by Sally Haessig Betsy Bartel, by Shimmin-Kaim family Dan Dieterman, by Larry Dieterman Diane Haines, by R. Haines Dr. Milton C. Bauer David Dinehart, by Mike Sundin Michael Halbur, by Lee Halbur Tyler & Noah Bechtold, by Roger & Thomas Dirnberger, by Gene Dirnberger Elwood Hall, by Richard Poffenbaugh Linda Bechtold Rick Dobbs Harry Halvorson, by Joe Halvorson Josh Beebe, by Doug Salzwedel Rick Dornfeld, by Nancy Dornfeld Robert Hanson, by Eva Kate Hanson Al & Marlene Bekkens, by A-1 Automotive Joseph Dragich, by Mary Dragich & John Pastor Robin Hanson, by Don Uhlhorn Cletus Bender, by Bob Reginek Patty Dufresne, by Annette Marier Ian B. Harlander, Connor B. Harlander & Bennett & Reese, by Grandma & Grandpa Sherman Eagles, by Verna Beaver Kevin B. Harlander Chet Bennett, by Maria Johnson Richard R. Eastman, by Tamara Eastman Dick Hart & Marv Bisser, by Joe & Mary Hart Berg-Bezanson grandchildren, by James W. Eckart, by William Eckart Russell W. Hauck, by his family Jane Leonard Laura Eggen Pat Hawkins Gerald & Clarice Bergin Craig Eggers, by Kim McReavy Sam & Dan, by Jon Hebeisen Joe Bidwell Sr., by Tim Bidwell William Eickhoff, by Gene Eickhoff Fred Hein, by Wes Greve Connie Blair Deb Ellis, by Gordy Ellis Ellie Heller, by Terry Heller Connie Bock, by Virginia Larsen Elmer Engman, by Alan Clothier Betty Helmbrecht, by Sheri Dahlke Gene Boelter, by John Hunt Mildred & Rita Erdmann, by Ron Erdmann M.A. Henderson, by Odean Goss Ida Bohm, by Eric & Becky Batdorf Arnold Erickson, by Bruce Erickson Jon Hendrickson, by Jim & Anne Eidsvold Ray Borgstrom, by Joe Borgstrom Dan & June Erickson, by Diane McGowen Gene & Millie Henke, by Bill & Nancy Henke Golda Bowers, by Bonny Heisterkamp Marge Erickson, by Don Erickson Kenneth R. Hensel, by his wife Beverly Brama, by Michael Brama Margery Fagerstrom, by D. Church Katie Hershberger Ralph Brinkman Family, by Veronica Mourer Lyle Hilbrands, by Ron & Ruth Sommers Marlene Buck, by Marsha Goff Jim Featerstone, by David MacMullan Sandra Hinderscheid Uncle Bud, by Grandpa Red Danny Febel, by Tom Mulvaney John & Linda Hinners, by Jill Hinners & Lud Bukvich, by Linda & Ken Pogorelec Pamela Fiedler Peter Passi Joe Bungent Sr., by John Eret Renee Feist, by Dennis Feist Walter Hire, by Steven Hire Thank you in Honor of ~ donate at mndnr.gov/mcvmagazine or call 888-646-6367. GARY ALAN NELSON

Loren Hoff, by Glen K. Haugen Howard Makynen, by Liz & Al Makynen William Romoser, by Mary Romoser Clayton Holroyd, by Marjorie Morrow Maralee, by Gres Schueler Don R. Rose, by Lynn Dufresne Hap Holstein, by Jim Hanley Charles F. Martin Jr., by Carol Martin Harold Rose, by Marcy Rose Alex R. Holzemer, by Richard Holzemer Rose Marie Martinson, by Richard Martinson Armstrong Dorau Don House, by Jim Hansen Xavier Francois Mattei Doris Rowe, by Robert Rowe James D. Howard, by Lisa M. Howard Pamela McClanahan, by Ken McClanahan James E. Rowe, by Sandra K. Rowe John P. Huettl, by Karen & Doug James Dorothy McGuire, by Dennis & Ruth Ruller & Dona Nelson, by Thea N. Nelson Berdelle Ingeman, by Ronnie Ingeman Kathy McGuire Jane Ryan, by Ed Ryan Douglas G. Isackson Joyce McKinney Thomas G. Ryan Rolf P. Jacobson, by Nancy Jacobson Janice McNamara, by Richard Dyste Salil & Arav Marjean Jaeb JoAnn Menk, by family Marian Sampson, by David Nelson Carolyn Jansen, by Duane Jansen Ralph Menk, by Barbara Menk Susan Sand Jasper & Monte, by Tom & Tammy Hart David Menzel, by Krista Menzel Dr. E. Scharenbroich, by E. Scharenbroich Robert M. Jendro, by Elaine Jan & Doris Mezzenga, by Michael Berg Rachel Scharf, by Mary Ann Scharf Norman Jensvold, by James Jensvold Kari Miller, by her father Tim Schaub, by Darrell Schaub Ed, Art, & Vic Jirousek, by Jim Jirousek Rusty Miller, by LeRoy K. Miller Victor Schauer Audrey Johnson, by Candice Fleming Susan Miller Lou Schley Bruce Johnson, by N.C.T. volunteer MCV staff, by Susan Omoto Barbara Schliep, by Jerry Schliep J. Russell Johnson, by Scot Johnson Minnesota Military Members, by Ron Knox Carol Schmidt Mark E. Johnson, by Richard & Laura Johnson Minnesota Veterans Shelley Schmitt, by Carol Jerkovich Edgar Jones Moede & Geiger grandchildren, by Grampa Helene Schroeder, by Chuck Fisher Evie Juettner & Grandma Cynthia Schufman Donald Kammerer, by Cathie Kammerer David & Carolyn Moeller, by Ryan Moeller Ruth Schwartz, by Jerry & Cathy Schwartz Len Kamnikar Ernest Morreim John Seim, by Loren Erickson Edward Kaupas Mountainview Medford “Mocha”, by Alan Severts, by Sandy Severts James Kaur, by Catherine E. LePage Michael Murphy & Lisa Zakrajsek Drew T.A. Shock, by Tom Sopoci Lee Keehr families, by S.M. Keehr Nina Murphy Richard Sigurdson, by Barb Liukkonen Kalvin Kiesler, by Barbara Kiesler Emma, Alyse, & Will Narog, by Dave & Frederick Marshall Simmons, by Andre Lima Shari Kile, by Craig Kile Mary Narog Jay D. Simon, by Craig & B.G. Morton Mary & Gary Killmer, by Gary Killmer Les Nelson, by Nancy & Carl Brady Pat Simon Daniel James King, by Michael E. King Ray & Arlene Nerem, by Paul & Joyce Dawson Dallas Skare, by Rose Miller Dorothy Kipp, by Jan Kluegel Rory Netzer & Baby Girl Netzer J.T. Skerik, by Andy Skerik Roy Kirkhorn Nevaeh, Rylee, & Beckett, by Marty & Marilyn C. Smith, by J. Weston Smith Mark Klapmeier, by Ken Klapmeier June Immerman John & Mary Ann Spychalski, by David & Richard T. Knealing, by Daniel & Harold Niebuhr, by Colleen Niebuhr Carol Wilkie Barbara Guhanick Clay Novotny Jerry Stensing, by Sharon Campbell Jerry Knuesel, by Mary Vanderwert Don & Gail Nuessmeier, by Donna & Dr. Kevin Stiles Marge Knowlton, by Kenneth Knowlton Paul Von Lehe Dr. Roger Strand, by Jim Reistad Mavis Koenen, by Barb & Bruce Brown Daryl T. O’Connell, by David Petersen Robert W. Smith, by Frank & Susan Gilliland James Koenig, by Randy & Mary Koenig Oliver & Elliot, by Grandma & Grandpa Cole Irene Sucher, by John H. Sucher Clarence E. Koepp, by Marilyn & Carl Olson, by Eric Olson & Lisa Drage Frank Sullivan, by Thomas Sullivan Matt Mellenthin Craig & Marcia Olson, by Casey Olson Lyle Sustad, by the Lommens Larry Kontz Everett G. Olson, by Denise Ristinen Andy Swanson Fred Kranitz, by Sandra Kranitz Mervyn Olson, by Kevin Rein Brent Swanson, by Richard Swanson Robert Kraske, by Lisa & Erik Cressman Paul H. Olson, by John Olson Darryl L. Swanson, by Gladys Swanson Ray & Irene Krolak, by Dave & Beth Krolak Ordean East Science Students, by Ruth Swanson, by Catherine Leimbach Ada Lageson, by Jan & Robb Lageson Annette Strom Les Swardenski Donald Lahmers Edwin Orning Larry Taylor, by Greg Taylor Max Lande, by Carol Fealey Wilhelmina & Woodbury Palmen, by Landon & Teagan, by Cheri & Dennis Tretter John G. Lang, by Sylvia H. Lang Elizabeth Palmen Noel & O’Niell Tedrow Kay Gladys Larson Ambrose Pannek, by Richard Schultz Clayton Telander, by John Telander Law enforcement officers, by Kaitlyn, Kalsey, & Cole Palmer, by Don Tesch, by Barb Case Virgil Vollbrecht Cory Palmer Bryce Thalmann Parker & Sharon Lawlis, by Mark Lawlis Dave & Kathy Palmquist, by James & W.W. Thompson Lew Lehr, by John Lehr Mary Eddy Dorothy Thyen, by Jamie & Beth Thelen Robert Leitheiser, by Dean & Janet Leitheiser Kenneth E. Paul, by Alice C. Paul Lambert Tilly, by Rolland Falk Ron & Karen Lentsch Bert & Peggy Peters, by Don & Trudy Peters Louie Tinucci Jr., by John Tinucci Neen Lillquist, by Renee & Brenda Kathryn Pharmer Jeff Tordoff Harold Lind, by Art Lind Bill Pollock, by Gary McFadden Paul Tralle, by Tess Neal Lindgren, by Andy Lindgren Cliff & Ella Popp Rebekah & Alayna Triethart, by Mom & Dad Frances Lindquist, by Alan Lindquist Ardell Pudwill, by Ray Pudwill & Howard Tuchtenhagen, by Larry & Pat Klunder Mark Loeffler, by F.T. Loeffler Laura Simonson Hannah Tvedt Parker & Austin Logeais, by Wayne & Joseph Pyka, by Ron Pyka Steffan Tveit Therese Logeais Raymond & Gladys Quilling, by Russell & Palma Ulland, by Wes & Janice Frenzel Loon Lady of Lake Vermilion Mardy J., by Melinda Quilling John Van Heel, by Laurie Van Heel Brian & Leah Woolsey Hap Raabe Douglas Veeder, by Donald Veeder Fritz Lueck, by Dan Sherry Marge Rasmussen, by Glenn Rasmussen Richard Voigt Sr. Don Lund, by Jessica Lund Gary & Laurie Rau, by Jondahls Jane Votca, by Susan Hulberg Jesse Lund Sue Reitan Lowell Wadd, by Wallace Wadd Blair Lyall Patrick Richter, by Bill Burggraff Kevin Warnke Maddie, Brady, Zac, & Silas, by Warren & Friedrich Riepl, by Ferdinand Peters Mary Dufresne Stanley & Laura Ringold Jean Madsen Mary Kay Ripp, by Gary Schumacher Charleen Mahon-Peterson, by Tom Mahon Shirley Rode, by Jerry Rode 63 Thank you in memory of ~ donate at mndnr.gov/mcvmagazine or call 888-646-6367.

Bob Weiler, by Dick & Jan Teeters Ida E. & Newton F. Bandel, by Duane Bandel Bernard Brommer, by Phyllis Brommer Sadie Weiler & Jim Lawser Bernard L. Brommer, by Denise M. Brommer Bud Weitzel, by Bob Hoffman Sandra K. Bandli, by Christopher Clauson Kim Brooks, by Jon Brooks Jacob Weldon, by Dot Weldon Robert S. Banks, by Adrienne Banks Don & Sharon Broughton Cindy Wenum Reino Banttari, by Rodney Emerson Gust U. Brown, by Fern Brown John Wentz, by James Ebacher Delos Barber, by Shirley Barber Irene Brown Robert A. Whitten, by John P. Whitten Kenneth Bargmann, by family Lucian & Mary Brown Richard Wickworth, by Florence Wertz Bob Barkuloo, by Lisa Kellen William Brummer, by Scott Brummer Lucy Williamson, by Filby A. Williamson Mary Jo Barrett, by Jim & Alice Waldo George Bubar, by Connie Kollmann Robert E. Yoss, by Deborah Allan Anna Bauer, by Bonnie Comer Donna J. Buck, by Donald N. Buck Warner Zabel, by Jeremy & Kate Zabel Sharon A. Bauer, by William F. Bauer Virgil J. Buck, by Charlotte S. Buck Al Zagrodnik & Jackie Larson, by Phyllis Neff Doug Bean, by Glen Bean Buck, by Rick Friedlein Margo M. Ziegler, by Bruce D. Ziegler Douglas A. Bean, by Bruce W. Bean John Bucy, by Bev Bucy Trenton Ziemer, by Steve & Laura Ziemer Joseph C. Beaver, by Verna H. Beaver Michael Budak, by Mary Graves Jerry H. Becker Tom Bukowski Kevin Bechtold, by Roger & Linda Bechtold Charles Bullard, by Dorothy Muller Robert P. Beer, by Carol Gagnon Lillian & Lloyd Burch, by Takahashi family Gerry Belanger, by Ray Belanger Hans, Merlin, & Marion Burmeister, by Robert Belkengren, by Doug & Mary Burmeister In Memory of Margaret Belkengren Reid & Dorothy Burns, by Doug & Donald R. Bell, by Pat Jill Kurkowski Bill Aanerud & Gene Nelson, by Bill & Carol Belling, by Rita Doucet & Tom Beer Robert Butson, by R. Schuler Barb Nelson Keith Benjamin, by Karen Benjamin James Cabalka Fred E. Adams, by Jeanne Adams Ernie Benson, by Eunice Benson Jack Cahn, by Debbie Uhlemann Thomas J. Adams, by Brett A. Adams Joe Benson, by Tom Benson Charles L. Callahan, by Sandra Callahan John & Corrine Afton, by Alan & Rosemary Benson, by Dennis, Karen, & Paul Callanan Marlene Afton Isaiah Schultz Bill Callies, by Herb & Ivy Hanson Linda Ahlberg, by LaVonne Olberg John Benz Jr., by family & friends David Campbell, by Donald & Betty Campbell Howard Albertson, by Ellen Albertson Stanley E. Berge by Duane Hambleton Ray Camrud, by Wanda Jensen George C. Aldous, by family Edward J. Berger, Jr., by Barry B. Berger Don Cann, by John Cann family Alfred Sr., by Thomas Krinke Sr. Terry A. Bergerson, by Gary H. Williams Paula Cannon, by Doug Cannon Bob Allen, by Dorothy Allen Bonita Bergh LaFay Carbone, by Newman family Carl Allison, by Mark Allison Alfhild Berglund, by Neil & Donna Berglund Marion Carey, by Ron & Lynda Puckett Anakkala family, by Judith M. Johnson Greg Berry, by Dee Berry Bennie Carlson, by Ione Carlson Ashlie M. Anderson Stanley J. Bezek, by Stanley J. Bezek Jr. Jerome Carlson Ben M. Anderson, by Jim & Eileen Smeby Sharon Bilben, by Steve Bilben Richard Caron, by Bruce Bernin Betty & Floyd Anderson, by Dale & Avery Billings, by Marilyn Billings Joanne Carpenter, by Jeff & Wendy Wilkinson Joni Anderson Louise Bintz & George Bonner, by Al & Alice Carson, by Ray Carson Brenda M.P. Anderson, by Scott Anderson Christy Bintz Lee Carver Doris E. Anderson, by her family Hazel & Truman Biskey, by Yvonne Kersting Ronald Lee Casper, by Ruth Casper-Carlson Gertrude R. Anderson, by Eric & family Ray Castle, by Jean Castle Hans & Helen Anderson, by Carole & Roger Truman Biskey Ronald Chagnon, by Georgine & John A. Anderson, by Bob Anderson & LaVonne Bitu, by Jon Bitu Mark Edblom Marilyn Heiman Elnora Bixby, by Carla, John, & Greg Hagen William Chalgren, by Marcia Chalgren Katherine Anderson, by Richard Zawacki Kermit Bjorge, by Helen Bjorge Lenny & Charlie Chapin, by Charlotte Chapin Ray Anderson, by Jon & Amy Anderson Chuck Bjorklund, by Eric Bjorklund Dale L. Charbonneau, by Larry & Richard T. Anderson, by Sonja Anderson John F. Blackstone, by Linda Kjerland Kathyrn Charbonneau Rick Anderson Vincent Blau, by Don & Coreen Blau Fredrick E. Chase, by Fred K. Chase Ronald Anderson, by Debra Anderson Bob Blue, by David Blue Robert Chesness, by Gayle Chesness Vicki Jo Anderson, by JoAnn Olson Nancy Blyler, by Tom, Amy, Matt, & Harold Christenson, by Jim & Wendell Anderson Andy Thornton Sandy Christenson Butch & Joan Anding, by Jerry Bright Clarence Bock, by Roger & Claire Bock Joan Christenson, by Susan Schmidt Neil Andring, by Marcia Richards W.H. Bodensteiner Phillip A. Christenson Carol Andrus, by Steve & Marlene Andrus Elgan Boettcher, by Vern Boettcher Lyla Ione Ciaciura, by Robert L. Ciaciura Sandy Antonson Joyce Bohnen Gary Clancy, by Mike & Kelly Fulford Gerald E. Armstrong, by Kathy Maki J.A. Bonitz, by Elizabeth Bonitz Betty J. Clapp, by C.E. Clapp Wendy Woodrich Armstrong, by Suzie John P. Bonner, by Michaeleen Bonner Byron “Grump” Clark Woodrich Marlyn Boor, by Ione Boor Gus Clemenson, by G.R. Clemenson Bud Arnquist, by Tom Arnquist Alice & Albert Borgen, by Greta Hemstad Arlis Clennon, by Sean Clennon Larry Auckland, by Carol Auckland Rosie & George Borgerding Shane Clifton, by Michael Higgins Heidi Augustin, by Thorson family Terry Born, by Margaret Born H. Ray Cline, by Dave Cline Richard Harry Aune, by Mark Aune Mason & Jessie Boudrye, by Charles & Phyllis M. Clymer, Richard J. Clymer, & Aunts Millie, Doris, Marian, Barbara, & Marie Boudrye Mathew Clymer, by Russell O. Clymer Uncle Berdine, by Kathleen Weflen Royal G. Bouschor, by David S. Bouschor Philip Cochran, by Bo & Debbie Charles Austin Edward Bramsen, by Michelle Ingersoll Jerome & Mary Colbert, by Paul Colbert Ralph Axelsen, by Cheryl & Pat Jones Brandi, Amber, Asti, & Spuds, by Rick & Donald D. Coleman, by Phyllis Coleman Ralph Axelsen & Shania, by Pat Axelsen Patti Klick Alice & R.J. Collopy, by family Robert Bade, by Bruce & Denise Bade Gary M. Braun, by Robert & Donna Kasbohm Ferne Cook Marvin Bahe Robert R. Brause, by Peggy Brause Herb Cook, by Richard Cook Marvin Bahe, by Donna Bahe Grace Breitkreutz, by Richard Breitkreutz Herbert J. Cook, by Mildred Cook Wendell Baierl, by Paul Naumann Russell Breuer, by Shirley Breuer Clifford Coonrod, by Michael Coonrod Ann Bailey, by Leslie Hietalati John Brightman, by Dorothea Brightman Paul Cornett, by Roger & Jody Cornett James A. Baker, by Lisa Swelland Glenn Brink & Cyril Kester Jack & Sue Cornwell Deb Bandas, by Sarah Ruffing Britt, by Therese & Jeff Flicek Ellen Cranston, by James Cranston Thank you in memory of ~ donate at mndnr.gov/mcvmagazine or call 888-646-6367. GARY ALAN NELSON

Dr. & Mrs. Gerald H. Cross, by Tim & Karla Cross Joe Engelmeyer Thomas J. Glynn, by Rose Hermer Margaret Cross Glennis Englund, by Paul & Cyndi Englund Alan Goldknopf Bill & Pat Cummings, by Scott Cummings Donald Erickson, by Tom & Nancy Froehling Dale Goodlund Leo Curtis George W. Erickson, by Wendy R. Erickson Art Goodwin, by Dorace J. Goodwin William Curtis & Marcella Pearson, by Jess Erickson, by Angie Erickson Chuck Goossen & John Goossen, by Marcia Robert Pearson Clifford Ernst, by Deborah Ernst Goossen family Richard Dahlager, by Marjorie Dahlager Lou Estenson, by Kurt Estenson Joe Gould, by Mike & Patty Gould Vern Dahlberg, by Steve & Marlene Andrus Les Estes Grandpa Ed, by Isabella & Earl Foster Ruth Dahlman, by James Dahlman Scott Eucken, by Larry & Melody Goeman Bob “T.R.” & Catherine Granger, by Jim & Henry Dallman, by granddaughter Art Fahland, by Cheryl Dobosenski Carol Granger Donald W. Danielson, by Gary Danielson Marlys Fairchild Karen M. Graves Denny Dasovic, by Larry Dasovic R. John Falck, by Richard Falck Steven H. Graves Robert L. Davis, by Nora M. Davis John A. Falk, by Grace Falk Douglas Greig, by Dorothy Greig Donald & Marie Dawald & Angus Smetana, Steven Falk, by Glenda Clausen Gerald Grimm, by Phyllis Grimm by Greg & Martha Smetana Russell Fallstad Glenn O. Groehler Gordon Day, by Patricia Day Ron & Helen Fasteen, by Terry Fasteen Orlando Guerra, by Joan Guerra John F. Dean, by Jason F. Dean Joseph T. Faubert Sr. Otto Guse, by Dave & Barb Carlson Tom Dean, by Barb & Luke Stahlmann Frank & Clara Faue, by Jim Faue Allan Gustafson Ernie Deckert, by Althea Deckert Donald “Bode” Fearn, by Judy Fearn Charles “Gus” Gustavson, by Deidre Michael J. DeMars, by Larry J. DeMars Donald F. Feider, by Ann M. Feider Gustavson Julia DeMers, by Robert M. DeMers Patricia Feldhege, by David G. Feldhege Robert Alan Guthier, by Tom Dehn, by Barb Dehn Felix, by Dennis & Audry Emmen Richard Edward Guthier Ben Derauf, by Marx family Steve Ferdelman Robert & Viola Habberstad James Patrick Devich, by Christine Devich Jeanette Ferguson, by Tom & Carl A. Haglund, by Mark D. Haglund Peterson Dorothy Ferguson Kim & Adam Haines, by Paul Haines Cecil Dickey, by Mary Dickey Tufvesson Mark Fiedler, by Norb Fiedler Jon F. Hakala James & Lois Dickey, by Bruce Dickey Dale Fieldseth, by Joanne Fieldseth Bill Haldy, by Diane Olson Dr. Ray Diemer, by Sharon Diemer Earl Fingerson, by Bruce Fingerson Ev Hall, by Bobbie Hall Francis Dillenburg, by Michelle Dillenburg Curt & Teddy Fischer, by Keith & Bernie Halver, by Joyce Halver David Dinehart Nancy Fischer Wade Hambleton, by Glen Hambleton Francis Dingle, by Karen Rose Herbert Fischer, by grandchildren Greg A. Hamilton Mary Dinndorf, by Tom Dinndorf Margaret Fischer Robert Hamilton, by Janet & Jason Hamilton Alvin Doerring, by Kaj Doerring Ajerae Fitzgerald, by Kathryn Fitzgerald Milton J. Hammann, by Marie E. Hammann Dr. Gale Donaldson, by Tom Donaldson Helen Fix, by Mike Fix Donald A. Hammer, by Dennis & Jeff Donovan, by MaryAnn & Alan W. Fleming, by Susan & Mike Seidl Susan Pederson Roger Donovan Dr. Thomas D. Fleming, by Dr. Todd D. Fleming Meg Hanisch, by Jourdan Hanisch Victor Dorsch, by Steve Dombrovski Barbara A. Flom, by Dennis Flom Ann & Robert Hansen, by Robert C. Hansen Paula Dosland, by Tom Dosland Dennis Floren, by David Floren Oberon Hansen, by Rodney Hansen Denvy Doty, by Doris L. Doty Charles T. Flugum, by Merlin K. Flugum Roger C Hansen, by Neva Hansen Claire Downes, by Alan Downes Martha Flugum, by Merlin K. Flugum Thomas Hansmeyer Matt Drascovich, by Tim & Barb Biljan John & Eva Forer Bernard D. Hanson Lisa & Philip Drentlaw Carol Ann Fox, by Tim & Lynn Fox Julie A. Hanson, by Jerry L. Hanson L.E. “Drex” Drechsel, by Snookie Drechsel Robert W. Fox, by Barbara & John Fox Robert A. & Helen A. Hanson, Cynthia Driscoll, by Charles Driscoll Ron Franzen by Philip L. Hanson Edward Duerksen, by Dave, Gene, & Ray Fraser, by James Fraser Wade Harding, by Wes & Judy Harding Rich Duerksen Ruth Bjerkvig Fretheim, by Wayne Fretheim John G. Harris Archie T. DuFresne, by Tom DuFresne Kevin Fretschel, by Audrey & Sarah Dennis H. Hart, by Gary J. Hart Gene Dufeck Fretschel Robert Hartzell, by Mary Hartzell Jason D. Dunn, by Dale & Cheryl Dunn Kevin Fretschel, by Ed & JoAnn Hondlik Earl Hassett, by Lois Hassett Bill Duschek, by Dennis J. Heimerman Annette Friedley, by Evan Friedley Marion Hatten, by Russell F. Hatten Norm Dybdahl, by Jay Dybdahl Mike Friel, by Glen Haugen Harlan Haugen, by Sharyl Haugen Roy “Farmer” Eckholm, by E. Peter Eckholm Louis T. Fritz Sr., by Corinne T. Fritz Char & Keith Hauger, by Dave & Judy West Les Edhlund, by Judy & Gail Peterson Darrell Frohrib, by Roger Forman Lee Hauer, by Craig & Cindy Hauer Ed & Eileen Eggers, by Robert Eggers Donald G. Fulton, by Bill & Beth Simmer Phyllis Haugrud, by Lyle Haugrud Martin Ehrhardt, by Betty Ehrhardt Donald & Marilyn Gable, by Greg Gable Fran & Bernice Haus, by Lola Haus Scott Eichelberger, by Chuck & David Gabriel, by Colleen & Paul Beranek Robert C. Hausken Kathy Eichelberger James W. Gale, by Marlys J. Gale Marvin Hebert, by Gloria Hebert Dave Eide, by Anne Eide Denny Gamble, by Kathleen Gamble A.C. Hedine & N.T. Rykken, by Tom & Edward T. Eide, by family Robert Garbisch, by Bruce Garbisch Claire Hedine Rykken Earl & Marie Ellestad, by Elaine Degeest Hope H. Garrahan Kathy Heidel, by David Heidel Adelia & Burt Ellig Bryant Oliver Garroutte, by Bradley Heilman, by Leigh & Marilyn Thomas F. Ellingsworth, by Nancy Raymond Oliver Corbesia Heilman Ellingsworth Mary Geddes, by Rogers Geddes Raymond D. Heinzen, by Harriet Haffner Bob & Barb Ellison, by Joan Ellison Bob Gefvert, by Bruce Gefvert Herb & Norma Heist, by Dean & James Guy Ellsworth, by Kevin & Dan Geis, by Paul & Dawn Tuttle Stephanie Lindeman Patty Ellsworth Bud Geske, by Deb & Joe Kloss Clem & Ruth Heitz, by Duane Heitz Joseph Emanuel, by Donald Emanuel Kieth Geske, by Joan Geske Harry & Anne Helmstadt Harold & Marion Emerson Boyd & Lorraine Gilde Ray & Frances Henningson, by Ray & Marilyn Helen & Lynn Emerson, by Janet & Garth Gillett, by Arlene Gillett Henningson Gary DeGuise Gizmo & Molly, by Janis L. Anderson Brian Herbranson William A. Emerson, by Ruth Emerson Richard Gjerdingen Elizabeth Emery Ruben Glaesemann, by Paul Glaesemann Art & Agnes Engelbrecht, by Jerry & Walter & Marcella Gleisner, Francis & Veria Engelbrecht Frances Brandel, by Diane & Joel Brandel 65 Thank you in memory of ~ donate at mndnr.gov/mcvmagazine or call 888-646-6367.

Marilyn Heren, by Tim Heren Jane Hovelson Johnson, by Jay Johnson John R. Knudson, by Bob Knudson Cliff & Katie Hertzog, by John C. Hertzog Jean T. Johnson, by Wade F. Johnson Berdine Knudsvig, by Bob & Karen Frank Robert Heutmaker Dr. Lyle T. Johnson, by Craig W. Johnson Gerald C. Knutson, by Stephen P. Wolff Mr. & Mrs. Don Hiers and Walter Quade, by Mark Johnson, by Robert Johnson Brian Koch Gary R. Buker Mary Ann Johnson, by Parker Johnson Robert P. Koenig, MD, by Bill Koenig Gerald M. Higgins Neil D. Johnson, by Marcy Johnson John Koenigs, by Bonnie Koenigs E.G. Highland, by John Bromeland Robert & Marion Johnson, by Herbert & Audrey Kohlgraf, by Dennis & Alfred Hillmann, by Alan M. Hillmann Nancy Johnson Louise Kohlgraf Dough Hirsch, by Al & Shirley Hirsch Roland A. Johnson, by Adeline Johnson Regina Kolarsky, by Don Kolarsky Ed & Kathleen Hirte, by Hirte family Ron Johnson, by Audrey Johnson John L. Kolb Roger Hjellming, by N. Jean Hjellming Russell L. Johnson, by Sheryl K. Graham Edward G. Koons, by Edward L. Koons Barbara Hobson, by Donna & Richard Maus Willard Johnson, by daughter Ann K. Kopka, by Kandi Barrett John Hoerr, by Tom Hoerr Willard Johnson, by Debbie Monchamp Rev. Mar Korman, by Bill Korman Arthur J. Hoff, by Imogene K. Hoff William Johnston Donald W. Korte, by Sherry Lamb Loren Hoff, by Glen K. Haugen William L. Johnston, by Claudia Johnston Hannah Kosloski, by Jim & Sylvia Kosloski Duane R. Hoffman, by Rose M. Hoffman William B. Jolly Lois Kossel Stan Hoffman, by Debi Stave Bernard Jones, by Dan & Nancy Rydland John Breezy Kovach, by Bernadette & George & Marge Hoffmann, by Mark Lori Jones, by Lisa Dillon Jerry Kovach Hoffman Joe Jordan, by Nancy Bambenek Doug Kramer Jean M. Hoisington, by Robert C. Hoisington Len Jordan, by Carroll Partridge Eleanora Kramer Thad A. Holen, by Denis E. Holen Mike Jordan, by Jeremy, Paula, & Gigi Jordan Ernie Kramer, by Alvena Kramer Myrna I. Holmes Floyd Jorgensen, by Dorothy Jorgensen Gene Kranz, Penny Kranz, & Applen Kranz Neil & Viola Holso, by their children Harris Jorgensen, by Katherine Jorgensen Ron Kreft, by Beverly Kreft McGeary John Hooley, by Charles LaVine Dennis Josephs, by Gerald Carlson Raeburn Kriesel, by Sharon Kriesel John & Greta Hopko, by Gary & Judi Hopko Walt Jung, by Robert F. Jung James Krikelas, by Jack Guy Roger D. Hoppe, by Dave Hoppe Jim Junker, by Mike & Laura Junker Shirley Krogstad, by Janet & Mike Erdman Lucy Hopperstad, by Ken Hopperstad Colleen A. Kahn Douglas Kronbeck, by Larry & Bev Slinden Louis J. Hornicek, by Wayne Hornicek Mervin & Freda Kaltvedt, by Rhonda Jennen Penny & Howard Krosch James A. Hovanetz Sr., by Patricia Hovanetz Howard Kanis, by family & friends George & Genevieve Kubik, by Susan & Leon Hovland, by Mary Hovland Howard L. Kanis, by Karen Kanis Larry Stoffel Raymer Hoyum, by Loren & Edith Hoyum Dee Kanten Maynard “Scotty” Kuehl, by Paul Holzemer Mary Hudlow Harlan Karlstad, by Joanne Kensinger Harvey Kuluvar, by William Bangsund Art & Marie Hudson, by Don & Anna Hudson Patrick D. Karns, by Jack Mooty Kusy & Willock families Thomas R. Hudson, by Tom Hudson Joy Kashmark, by Jerome Kashmark Ruth Kvam, by Arnold Kvam Harland & Vivian Huenecke, by Lee & Greg Kaslow, by Nic & Natasha Satre Frank Kysilko, by David Kysilko and family Brenda Huenecke Sharon Kastelic, by James & Jan Call Philip LaBrie, by Mary Bongers Richard & Marian Huettl, by Dave & Richard Kaster, by Michael Kaster Warren Trent Lackie, by Craig W. Lackie Mary Huettl George P. Katz George P. Lambert Frank & Margaret Hulbert, by Jim Hulbert Richard Katzmerik, by Curt Norenberg Tony & Jill Lammi, by Sherri Lammi John C. Hulsizer, by Jenni Hulsizer Wayne Keifer, by William Christian Jack & Shirley Lane, by Deb Boardman Joanne E. Husby, by Mike Majerle Dick Keiper, by Helen Keiper David J. Lange Elmer Huset Jr., by Richard Huset Roy K. Kelley, by Keith Kelley Brandon Lanie, by Craig Swenson Harold Ibach, by Margaret Ibach Richard J. Kelly Sr., by Patrick Kelly Robert Lanners, by Kevin Lanners John M. Idstrom, by Paul R. Idstrom Robert L. Kelly, by Kathryn Kelly, Lee R. Kelly, Tom Lanning, by Art & Ann Dehn Arley Ihrke, by Carol Wahl & John Stahl Bernice G. Larsen, by Tad & Darcee Larsen Earl R. Ireland, by Carl W. Ireland Theodore Kelzenberg, by Michaeleen Curtis L. Larson, by Mark C. Larson Lauri Isaacson, by Judy Isaacson Kelzenberg Evort G. Larson, by sons & daughters Chester Isakson, by Vivian Isakson Ralph Kent, by family Gale P. Larson, by Michael P. Larson O.L. “Bud” Jacobsen, by Lani Jacobsen Harold Keppers Goodman Larson, by Gary Larson & Kenneth C. Jacobson, by Joel D. Jacobson Jean & Skip Ketchman April Gerard William D. Jacobson, by Thomas D. Jacobson Murphy Kieffer, by Ouida Crozier Jackie Larson William J. Jaksa, by Stephen Jaksa Lorraine Killion Ray Larson, by Sherri Jobin Joseph Jamnik, by Jamnik family Georgie Kilpatrick Swede & Leona Larson, by Craig & Frank Janecky, by Jill Schisano Richard “Dick” King, by Maggie King Jody Larson Ray & Jeri Jansen, by Lois & Larry Corbett Dan Kinnear, by Ellen & Paul Hanson John & Ida Lauer, by Jon & Louise Morgan Drake, by Barb Janson Marie U. Kirsch Fritz & Lorraine Lawrence, by Murphy family David Janssen, by family & friends Quinn Kirsch, by family Kauko Ahti Latola, by Jane Hartley Kingston David “Dave” A. Janssen, by United Quinn Kirsch, by Kyle, Kelly, Jack, Connor, Bob Lazier, by Dennis Lodermeier Steelworkers Local 11-00075 & Ryan Sherwin Lebewitz, by Marles & Robert E. Jarvis, by Richard W. Jarvis Bill Kistner, by Bob & Arlouene Pickett Leland Frankman Hugo Jaumann, by Erwin Jaumann Jerome Kittok, by Daniel Kittok Marjorie & Garland Lee, by David Lee Gail P. Javorina, by Javorina family Roy Kjarum, by Jon Kjarum Shirley A. Lee, by Maureen Nelson Jean, Bud, Eddy & Jackie, by E. & M. Green Jill Ferguson Kjelbert, by family Ernie Lehman, by Harvey & Mary Lehman Ken & Jean Jefferson, by Alice Baier Donald W. Kjorness, by David Lanning Helen Leider, by Michael Leider Irvin R. Jelberg, by William Jelberg Norma Kjos & Dick Smith, by Peggy Brennan Pauline Lembeck, by Tom Lembeck family Dora Jensen, by Sheila Jensen Laurelee Klein, by Larry Klein Art & Elsie Lemke, by Arthur Lemke Jr. John H. Jensen, by Steve & Alice Running Gene Kleven, by family Laurence Lenertz, by Alita Lenertz Ed, Art, & Vic Jirousek, by Jim Jirousek Eleanor C. Kline, by Rolf & Lisa Lund Allan Letourneau, by Geraldine Letourneau John, by Curtis & Marilyn Riege Geri M. Kliner, by Nancy & Gary Wagner Bud Lewerenz, by Doug & Lori Crabtree Ansley Johnson Sr., by Ansley W. Johnson Jr. Al Klinkhammer, by Gary Klinkhammer John O. & Phyllis J. Lewin Curt & Ruth Johnson, by Kristin Palfe Derek Klous, by Mom & Dad B.J. Lillehei, by Richard Lillehei Erwin M. Johnson Charles F. Klun, by David A. Klun George Linafelter, by Kay Linafelter Gary Johnson, by Jim & Emilie Johnson Georgianna Knapp, by Georgie Saumweber John E. Lindquist, by Jahna Lindquist Gerald F. Johnson, by Cheryl A. Johnson Phillip Knowles, by Jean Knowles Matthew Jon Link, by Jane Seesz Thank you in memory of ~ donate at mndnr.gov/mcvmagazine or call 888-646-6367. GARY ALAN NELSON

David B. Linner II, by Dave & Evelyn Linner Tom Meier, by Beth Albertson Marjorie Neumann, by Gordon & Pearl Fay Richard Liska William J. Meingast, by William R. Meingast Marjorie R. Neumann, by Beverly Litchy, by Lynn Litchy Larry Melinsky, by Linda Melinsky Marsha Neumann Peterson Gunnar Ljungkull, by Jean Ljungkull Bill Melville Frank R. Newman, by David F. Newman Bud Lommen, by Mark Lommen Ken & Louise Merritt, by Patricia Baillie Robert Newstrom, by Jack Handlos Arne Long, by Katherine Eisele Burke Mersinger, by John Mersinger Arthur Nichols, by Joanne Nichols Rita Lorence, by Kathleen Stewart Charles Mettler, by Georgean Mettler Don Nichols Diane M. Lorenz, by Jack Lorenz Patricia Metz, by Joe Metz Michael Nick, by John Nick Jim & Helene Lorton, by Sharon K. Lorton Herb Meyer, by Jim & Julie Meyer Bertha Nickelson, by Jack & Mary Krasky Robert Loscheider, by Ron & Kevin Milbrandt, by Dan & Judy Somrock Curtis Nielsen, by Ann Nielsen Kathy Loscheider Don & Esther Millard, by Mary Millard Vouk Mary Nikolai, by Bob Nikolai Derek A. Love, by Fredric J. Love Adeline Miller, by Linda Connell Don Nissen, by Diane Deters Skyayla Love, by Lovina Miller Caroline T. Miller, by Peter Dickson Lynn Niznik, by Mark Niznik Bernard Loven, by all the pups Gordon S. Miller Russell B. Noble, by Robert & Juneal Reitan Adam Loxtercamp, by Rick Loxtercamp Lucille Miller, by Chuck Miller James “Marvin” Nodsle, by Steven Nodsle Jeanne & Neill Luedtke Robert E. Miller, by Chuck Miller Leslie Nordgren Homar Luick, by Howard Luick Steven Craig Miller, by Shari, Tobie & Jacob Jim & Don Norine, by Brad & Deb Norine Charles Alton Lund, by Amy Lund Swalley Wesley T. Miller, by Don Miller Joan Norman, by Phyllis Vandehaar David Lundgren & Travis Bellin, by William A. Miller Oscar W. Norman, by Robert Norman Marsha Reger Jim Milotzky, by siblings James V. Norton, by Tom Norton Hilma Lundgren, by Duane Lundgren John, R. Mistelske, by Joseph & Kelly Jon Nygaard, by Reuel & Mary Nygaard Clarence Lundquist Caroline Smith Robert & Gertrude Nyvall, by Linda Dunn Genece Lunn, by Garey Lunn Dr. & Mrs. J.N. Mistretta, by William O’Brien, by Tom O’Brien Art & Ilene Lutz, by Jerry & Sandy Lutz Roberta Mistretta William T. O’Brien, by Jack O’Brien Dr. Ralph Mach, by Liam & Erin Long Joe Moaland Sr. & Jim Murphy Sr., by Kyla Brad & Clint Odell, by Clint & Carol Odell Oliver & Ing Macharcek, by Sue & Ingmar & Mildred Moe, by Al & Cathy Moe Georgiana Doris Oestreich, by Merrill & Bob Kirchberg Brad Molitor, by Denise & Lowell Luebeck Linda Oestreich Joretta Machmeier, by Roger Machmeier Molly, by Cinder Winkel Omer & Hilma Oestreich, by Duane Oestreich Maddie, by Bob & Lori Bussler Ruth & Bill Molyneux, by Peggy & Roger Ogilvie, by Patty Matson Edward & Florence Maher, by Steve Ohme Phyllis Ohlsen, by Rick Ohlsen Dr. Gerald Maher Mom and Dad, by R. Larsen Wes Ohman, by Phletus & Sally Williams John P. Mahoney LeRoy & Kay Monshaugen, by Howard Oien, by Curt & Sandy Charlie Mahovlich Sr., by Charlie Mahovlich Jr. Matt Monshaugen Donald Oja, by Gary & Kim Oja Kenneth Maine Marnie Morgan, by Sally & John Cuningham Kermit & Betty Oksendahl, by Don & R.W. Majorowicz, by Mark & Vicki Majorowicz Ilaine Moriarty, by John Moriarty Tanis Beadle George & Raymond Malkavage, by Paul & Theda Morton, by Alan T. Morton Sig & Elaine Oland, by Eivind Oland family Jo Kimbler Carol & Olive Moses, by Kelly & Lori O’Brien Thomas Olds Sr., by Tom Olds Jr. William B. Malloy, by Brian Malloy Scott Moulzolf, by Marcel & Julie Moulzolf Vernon Olesen, by Pam & Bob Niebur Ed & Margaret Malm Judith Mountain, by Gary Mountain Kathy Olsen, by Ralph Olsen Vincent & Hilda Malmquist, by Max Rudolph & Evelyn Muellner and Erwin & Donald G. Olson, by Mary Jane Olson Malmquist Rose Schliecher, by Ronald Muellner Ethel & Cy Olson, by Dale & Audrey Lommen Jack Maloney Harold V. Muller, by Luann F. Fuller Gladys & Clifford Olson, by David C. Olson John E. & Helen A. Maloney, by David & John H. Mulligan III, by Henry Benz Helen Olson, by Al Olson Kathleen Hermerding Duane Mund, by Barb Swalinkavich Helen M. Olson Robert Mannelin, by Darlene Gaul Ben Murphy, by Ed Murphy James R. Olson, by Ruthie A. Olson Lawrence Mans, by LaVerne Mans Chester Musielewicz, by Mary Musielewicz Sigurd Olson, by Barbara S. Ryan Bernard Manthei Bernhard Mutzke, by Egon & Eunice Mutzke Stanley & Antoinette Olson, by Ann & Bernard C. Manthei, by Dr. Mike Manthei Carlton J. Myers, by Corinne J. Myers Marty Olson Anthony March, by Leroy & Janet Eischens Fred Myers, by Helen Myers Ted Olson, by Paul & Jane Zuehl Sam Markell, by Mike Markell Lawrence Nagel, by Leo Nagel Clarence F. Omacht, by John Omacht Kathryn Ann Marsaa, by John Marsaa Mike Nauer, by Marcy Steinberg Eldor Omdahl, by James Omdal Bill Marquardt, by Dorothy Dolezal Dr. William M. Naylor Daryl Omlid, by Arlene Omlid Glen Marquardt, by Sharon Marquardt Lorraine Neal Mike Orgon, by Don & Marge Orgon Stu & Charles Martell, by Inez Martell Bob Neff, by Bonnie Neff Richard Orr, by Paulette Eugene & Helen Marthaler Alfred L. Nelson, by Tom & Patty McCarthy Harold Ostergaard, by Marlys & Freda Martin Barbara L. Nelson Niel Petersen LeRoy Mather, by Gary & Gwen Solseth Clifford C. Nelson, by Barbara Nelson Kroll Gary Ostrom, by Richard Heuring Bernard Mathei Ervy & Macky Nelson, by Granddaughter Gary N. Ostrom, by Dana Yurich Ervin Matthies, by Emily Larson Ev & Dorothy Nelson, by Mike & Lester & Eva Ott, by Sylvia Ann Ott Ernest E. Mattson, by Judi Mattson Barb Nelson William Ott, by Polly Ott Matthew S. McArthur Krista Nelson, by Rick & Nancy Dornfeld Marlin Otterness, by Joann Otterness John V. McCarthy, by Bill McCarthy Mark “Pete” Bedford Nelson, by Bonnie Russ Art & Bessie Otterson, Robert & Phyllis Ege, John McCleese, by Clayton & Nancy Koss Melvin & Mitzi Nelson, by Phillip & by Vern Ege & Jane Miller Dan McDonald, by Deb McDonald Carole Nelson Harlan “Butch” Otto, by J.J. Horn Terry McGaughey, by Gary & Judi Hopko Pearl Nelson, by Steve & Marilyn Nelson Harris & Bev Overland, by Larry D. Overland John “Jack” Patrick McGill, by Robert Nelson, by Craig Wurm Richard Palmquist Maggie McGill-Zimny Ron Nelson Haralambia Papadakis, by Konstantinos Lois & Robert McIntyre, by Lori J. McIntyre Don Nelton, by Nancy Nelton Papadakis John & Mary McKane, by Robert McKane Daniel R. Nemcek Lynn Parish James McLaughlin, by Diane McLaughlin Milan Nemec, by John & Nena Nemec Lynn Parish, by Katie Dorr Janet A. McMillan Truman Neseth, by Blanche Neseth Dr. Jack McNiel, by Mike McNiel Bob & Jean Nethercut, by Janet Nethercut Msgr. William Mehrkens, by Neal & Valentine Netter LaVonne Johnson Charlie Neumann, by Steve Ranallo 67 Thank you in memory of ~ donate at mndnr.gov/mcvmagazine or call 888-646-6367.

Bud & Julie Parker, by Lee & Kris Parker Terry Redlin, by Ed Schweigart Chester Schmidt, by Gordy Morrill Megan Parker, by David Parker Don Reeve Jacqueline Schmitz Shirley & Craig Parker, by Sharon Parker Glenn Reichel Reinhard Schmitz, by Anthony Tom Parker by Marcie Parker Philip & Gladyce Reimer Gilsdorf family Forrest H. Passer, by Darin L. Passer James & Virginia Reinardy, by Geri Reinardy Leo Kehrer Schneider by Jack & Shirley Paulsen, by Amy Yeske & Reed Wolf Doris Anderson Bev Paulson Bruce Reinke, by James & Marcella Reinke Jim Schnell Robert & Loren Paulson, by Ruth Paulson John & Mary Reiter, by Gary & Jim & Ingrid Schober, by Monica Schober Dennis Payne, by Sherrie Payne Mary Jo Hyland Jacob Scholer, by Carl & Paula Erdmann Glenda Lee Pederson, by Sverre C. Pederson Mark Reiter, by William & Jeanne Reiter Lucile Scholer, by Elizabeth Anderson Kermit & Alice Pederson, by Dennis & William G. Ress, by Sheryl Gilbertson Donald Schow, by Mark & Kris Hagemeyer Susan Pederson Mary L. Retsinas, by Rockney & Nitza Atz Beverly Schramm, by Mark K. Olson Michael Pederson Scott Rice Carol Schreier, by Rose Schreier Welton Ken Pelto III, by Mary Beth Young Stanley G. Rickie, by Kathy Christianson John Schroedl, by Russell Schroedl Robert L. Pence, by Thomas & Robert Riebel, by Dorothy Riebel Fred & Bea Schultz Margaret Bellinger James T. Riley Jr., by Kathi Riley McMahon Walter A. Schultz, by Douglas L. Schultz Scott Pengelly, by DNR friends & colleagues Lester & Dorothy Risberg, by Kathleen Todd Melvin Schulzetenberge, by Gerry Leukam Dorothy Peno, by Robert A. Peno A.F. Ristinen Henry Schumacher Carol Percy, by Matt & Jennifer Percy Thomas Ritter, by Mary Jo Roth Ralph Schuster Eric Peters, by Bruce Peters Geraldine Ritzenthaler, by Pegi & Tony Cull Fred Schwartz, by Barb Larka Kenneth & Margaret Petersen, by Chris & Nova Roberts, by Ray & Linda Kaluza Orville Schwarz, by Lola Schwarz Amy Petersen Doris A. Robinson, by Richard F. Robinson Anne G. Scott, by Jane Kalin Steve Petersen, by Cindy Petersen Edgar Robinson, by Elaine Robinson Rodney N. Searle, by Ruth Searle Char Peterson, by Jill Johnson Pat Roche, by Andy Stamson Vernon Seitz Charles Peterson, by Chuck Peterson Frank Roden, by Carol Parker Tyler Selleck, by Mom & Dad Clemmet A. Peterson, by Karen & Nancy Rodewald, by Bruce & Rugen Sellman, by Robert Sellman Howard Wilson Emmy Humrickhouse Bill Sellon, by Patti Sellon Donald V. Peterson Grace Beatrice Rodgers, by Ryan & Michael & Ann Semotuk, by Kathy Wagner James D. Peterson, by James L. Peterson Lily Rodgers Leo Semrau, by Bill Semrau Kenton Peterson, by Elizabeth Peterson Jasper H. Roesler, by Richard J. Roesler Sally & Jerry Sevada, by Judy Sevada Lawrence Peterson, by Peterson family Earl Roger & Ruby Fairbanks, by Sheryl Nobel Shadduck, by Robert Shadduck Robert D. Peterson, by Rick & Joan Ahmann Fairbanks & Warren Wolfe Robert Sheffel, by Kathy Sheffel Huschle Roy Peterson, by Gary Peterson Ivan & Betty Rogers, by Philip Rogers Lloyd & Jay Sheldon, by Judy Sheldon Dr. William T. Peyton, by Patricia Koenig Junior & Jean Rohman, by Rohman family George L. Shepard Glenice L. Phelps, by family & friends Hunter Rohwer Lincoln Sherman & Merlene Sherman, by Ralph Philpot Joseph Rootes, by Sandra Rootes Jim Sherman Robert L. Phuse, by Donna M. Kraft Guido Rosati, by David Rosati Ann Appert Shiely, by Abe Appert Elaine & Earl Piepho John Roscoe, by Sandy Roscoe Jenny & Kay, by Vic Shoaff Anna Pierce, by Holly Vestal Elizabeth Rosdahl, by G. Rosdahl Orris & Leona Shulstad, by Arne Shulstad Bob & Mariann Pierson Mona Rosenburg, by McFieldberg, Inc. Paul Sifford, by Joan Sifford Kyle E. Pierson, by Buzz Danzl Howard Rosenwinkel, by Kim Rosenwinkel Davidson Silliman, by Tim & Maryann Kudalis Lakota Pierson Patty Ross, by Mike Williams Sylvia Silliman, by Scott & Julie Polzin, Jim Jane Besler Piper, by Caree David Rossman, by Kristine Rossman & Sue Reibel, Shirley Wood, Manley & Ann Crosby-Kovacevich Al Roth Olson, Scott & Jane Deming, Tom Endres, Vernon Plankers, by Tom & Jean Kimlinger Leila & John W. Ruegg, by Judy & John Ruegg Ed & Tina Zoerb, Al Corcoran, Gary & Pam Joe Plant, by Frank Plant Derek Rusch, by Fred Rusch Fredrickson, and many family & friends Stanley Pleshe, by Denise Stacklie Leonard Rusch, by Grant Mehring Sylvia Marie Silliman, by Pam & George August Pluym, by family Art Russek, by Ruth Russek Gary Fredrickson Robert Pool, by Dorothy Pool Orwin Rustad, by Pauline Schreiber John Simenson, by Steve & Forrest Simenson Robert Poorker Thomas G. Ryan Jack Simonitsch, by daughter Thomas Prescott, by Steven Prescott Don Sage, by Steve Weekes Russell & Dorothea Simons, by Curtis Preuss Joan Salo, by John & Nancy Brown Dorene Simons Raymond Priest, by Margaret Kramer Evelyn R. Sanford, by Sharon Dahlin Floyd Sjolander, by Donn Sjolander Jerry Prokop, by Jean Prokop Leo St. Martin, by Penny Witt Hans Skau, by Barbara Kearn Waymen Prosser, by Dean Johanneck Clayton Sandeen, by Kathy Theis Leon Skelton, by Scott Skelton John N. Puffer Mac Sarff, by Glenn & Carole Hansen Alf & Darrell Skog, by Pat Skog family Genevieve Puhl, by Marc Puhl Rodney J. Sartell, by Candyce Sartell Edna Pauline Skuza, by Bruce Livingood David Putnam, by Patricia Putnam Paul Sathre, by Dan Knutson Mae Slick, by Brenda Sproat Clayton Pyche, by Myrtle Pyche Wayne Sauey Curt Sloan, by Helen Duritsa Jerry Pyrseth, by Milton Haugen Donna Saulsbury, by Lonny Saulsbury Dr. Channing “Chan” Smith, by Tim Sweeney Carl R. Quimby, by Ethel Quimby Vernon Saxhaug, by children David Smith, by family & friends Elmer Quiram, by Jim Quiram Donald H. Schanno J. Mort Smith, by Gary & Jody Vanderwerf James Rachel, by Al & Carol Hoekstra JoAnn B. Schellinger, by family Charles Smithson, by Mark Smithson Richard Rackliffe, by Ed & Rosy Zuraw Schelz, by Paul & Susan Rassier Jerry Snobeck, by Carolyn Snobeck CW02 Anthony Rakowski, by John & Roy Scherbarth Paul & Florence Sodman Lucille Rakowski Norbert & Mildred Scherer, by Gerard A. Solmonson & Brett Solmonson, by Tom Ralph, by Mary & Gary Gabe Thomas Scherer Kim Solmonson Trudeau Rasmussen, by Nanette & Eric Ron Schermann Ken Sorenson Suzanne Rasset, by Jim Rasset Craig Schermerhorn, by Larry Walter Sostarich, by Sheryl Sostarich Randy Read Schermerhorn Gary Sotak, by Aaron Sotak Fred, Chester, & Ken Reber, by Dennis & Wes Schiffler, by Dean Schiffler John Spalj, by Natalie Spalj Kay Reber Dr. A.J. Schladweiler, by Anne & Art Przybilla Mike & Ruth Spannaus Kenny Reber, by Jim & Carol Merton Schlick, by Sandra Schlick Manion James E. Spangler, by Jim Spangler Edward & Christine Redalen, by Ed Redalen Wendell E. Schmid, by David Schmid Cyril Spaude, by Jeff & Sue Schone Thank you in memory of ~ donate at mndnr.gov/mcvmagazine or call 888-646-6367. GARY ALAN NELSON

Craig Spencer, by Dean Spencer John G. Thorpe Jr., by Victoria Thorpe Miller “Pete” Wengler, by Gloria Wengler LeRoy Stamer, by Floyd & Una Walter Kari Thorsen, by Chris & Nancy Thorsen Bonnie & Clyde Werner, by Paul J. Werner Jack Stanley, by John & Bernadette Stanley Robert Thuesen, by Thomas J. Hooley Patricia Louise Peterson Werre, by Carol Stanton, by Timothy Stanton Barb Tieben & Gin Knight, by Melissa & Bruce Werre Dottie Stanton, by Bob Stanton Andy Ebli Kathleen Whetstone, by Robert Helen & John Stark, by Mary Lou Marchand Peggy & Ben Tilsen, by Meg Ojala Whetstone Donna Stassen-Olson, by R.H. Olson Eugene G. Timgren, by Diane Timgren Arnold & Jean White Benjamin Stavseth, by Cheryl & Scott Weappa Don Tinsley, by Doug Lodermeier Sr. Lloyd Wicklund, by Keith & Estelle Stawarz, by Ray Stawarz Eino S. Toivonen, by Nancy Hill LuAnn Wicklunk Emil & Viola Steffen, by James & Judy Steffen Philip & Beryl Toms C.R. Widder, by Michele Engberg Eugene J. Steidl, by Ruth Steidl Roland E. Towne, by Cynthia Towne Robert Widman, by Jim & Joanne Widman Edwin Steinwall & Joseph Stoltz, by Evan, Leslie Tozier Edward Wiik, by John & Susan Wiik Marybeth, & Gunnar Stoltz Kay Trapp Christian Wilcox, by Ron & Kate Stenso-Miller, by Dianne Stenso Marvin & Margaret Trautwein Darlene Olson family Hank & Bertha Stettner, by Coreen & Jeanne Traxler, by Dorla Wachter Jenny Wilder, by Pickard family Don Blau Lee Trebatowski, by C. Mullins Milton Wilking John Stiglich, by Jolene Stiglich Charles Triebold, by Jane Benson Donald B. Will, by Roger & Ann Will Dennis Stimart, by Jane Barnett Thomas J. Tschida, by Alan T. Tschida Ernie Williams, by Robert E. Williams Joe Stimart, by Greg & Marna Stimart Parley Tuttle, by Jim Guldan Gerald Williams, by Kim Williams James Stirratt, by Arlene Stirratt Marilyn Ullevig, by Constance Ullevig Mary Jane Williams, by Bert Williams Joe Stoltman, by Stoltman family Gene Ullstrom Kimi Wilson, by Sherrie Gayken Bobbie Jean Storms, by Mike Tervo Gene Ulstrom, by Bill & Barb Ulvin Stanley & Dorothy Wilson, by Vernon G. Stowe, by Allan Stowe Gene Ullstrom, by Jim & Del Mae Moriarty David E. Wilson Tom Stradtmann, by Ron Stradtmann Robert J. Urness, by Shirlee J. Urness John Windis Sr. Ray Strandemo, by Sid Strandemo John & Elaine Utley, by Jon Utley Gary Winkler, by Judy Winkler Raymond Strandemo, by Gary Strandemo Ed Van Bergen John Bennett Winslow, by Louis & Daniel Stueve, by Elizabeth Stueve Thomas C. Van Brunt, by friends & family Carole Winslow Clinton Lee Sumerfelt, by Dennis & Richard Van Derbeck, by Sharon King LeRoy Winter, by Pat Winter Lois Sumerfelt C. Vanderwiel Jr. Verner Wise, by Brian McDonald Diane Sumner, by Scott Sumner Phyllis Van Hoever, by Ray Van Hoever Chester Wisen, by Robert C. Wisen Kenneth J. Sunderman Fonnie Van Klei & Arnold Veldkamp, by Paul Wittkopf, by children George Sundstrom, by Phil & Ann Clark Lonnie & Deb Van Klei Tony Wojtysiak, by James Wojtysiak Joseph Surla, by Patricia Surla Peter H. Van Sloun, by Eileen E. Van Sloun Raymond Wollenburg, by Doug Sutherland Esther & Evan Vasey Robert Wollenburg Gary & Charlotte Sutter, by Kevin & Jim Veden, by Marylen Veden Wilfred “Bud” Wolszon, by Tom & Julie Sutter Henry Veldhuis, by Jeff & Angela DeVries Sue “Wolszon” Dacko James D. Swan Congressman Bruce Vento, by Daniel Vento Cyril A. Wolter, by Diane M. Harrison Charles Swanson, by Joy Zimitsch Lenore A. Vento, by Daniel Vento Marguerite Belz Wolter, by Dianne & Michael Swanson, by Tim & William J. Vicich, by Ted & Becky Sullivan David Wood Danielle Wunderlich Carl Vick, by Anthony & Kailyn Hauch Ben & Marian Woodcock, by Nancy Votava Nevan Swant Walter Vogelsang, by Donald Vogelsang Waldemar Wormer Barb Swapinski Harold E. Vollen, by Talleiv & Jen Wright, by Katie & Tim Dawson Arvid Sylvester Karen Vollen Larry Wychor, by Jim Wychor Robert “RO” Sweeney, by Tim Sweeney Steven Vongroven Tom Wyckoff, by J.T. Wyckoff Bradley C. Sweet, by Nancy L. Sweet John D. Wabbe, by Jeanne Cur Phyllis Yenish Roy Swenson Shirley Wadsworth James Walter Young, by Mary Beth Young Arvid Sylvester Nick J. Wagner, by Gary & Nancy Wagner Morris Ysen, by Joyce McCracken George Sypal, by Mary Williams Vern Wahl, by Thomas Sherratt Mr. & Mrs. C.F. Zaske, by R.C. & M.F. Zaske John & Lillie Syverson, by Mary K. Syverson Craig T. Wahlund, by Becky Wahlund Anne Zellner Frank Talarico, by Talarico family Allen Waite, by Sandra Waite George R. Zender, by Mark & Betty Tate, by George & Kay Tate Orville C. Walker, Jr., by Lois & Catherine Z. Welle Ron Tauer Mike Flannery Wesley Zierke, by Pat Eveslage Robert L. Tavernier Gladys Wallace Tony Zigneigo, by Vernie Zigneigo Robert L. Tavernier, by William Tavernier Richard J. Wallace, by Lori J. Wallace Duane Zimmerman, by Bonnie Zimmerman Lois H. Tepley Roger Wallace, by Pat Weckwerth Gary Zimmerman, by Roberta Zimmerman Jim Terhark, by Nancy Terhark Aren Wallentine Mike, Irene, & Mark Zinda, by Dennis & HMS Pop Terry, by John Terry Paul & Cecile Walters, by Steve Walters Jane Zinda John E. Tersteeg, by D. J. Tersteeg Reuben Walvatne, by Paul Walvatne Ed & Kathy Zugschwert, by Sam, Max, & SP4 Michael Terzich, by Mom & Dad Lynda Wander, by Nick Wander Olivia Laughlin Eleanor Sudeith Thell, by Rudy G. Thell, Sr. Ray Warne Norman Zwirn, by Elaine & Marv Tenhoff Romuald & Rachael Thibault, by Jack & Anne Warnke Richard Zwirn, by Anna Zwirn Rachel Thibault Darlene Warnke Richard Zwirn, by Chris & Diane Blake James P. Thiesen, by Craig Thiesen Fred Washenberger, by family Ed Thode, by Barbara Thode Virgil A. Watson, by Kathy & Jon Ben J. Tholkes, by Ben F. Tholkes John M. Waugh, by John L. Waugh If we have made an error, please call Ben Thoma George Weatherston, by David Lent at 651-259-5347. Ben Thoma, by David Thoma Barbara Weatherston Hartley Thomas, by Thora Thomas LeRoy Weber, by Janet Weber To view or download the MCV annual report, Robert J. Thomas, by David & Alvin Weckwerth, by Melissa Weckwerth go to files.dnr.state.mn.us/publications/ Kathryn Fischer Susan Weinmann, by Linda Weinmann volunteer/annual_report.pdf. Abe Thompson, by Elaine Thorstenson David Weinner, by Jim & Carol Stoffel Allen Thompson, by Cheryl Dunlap Arthur B. Wells, by Larry J. Wells Randall Thompson, by Mary Kay Thompson Victor & Connor Wencel Duane Thon, by Susan O’Donnell Gretchen Wendel 69 Field notes DNR PHOTOS The Brule River splits in two at Devil’s Kettle Falls in Judge C.R. Magney State Park. Water cascading into the cavernous kettle (at left) seems to disappear. Scientists Solve Geological Puzzle High above Lake Superior and more than Magney State Park near Grand Marais, it has a mile inland, the Devil’s Kettle waterfall on also been the most puzzling. Above the falls, the Brule River has enchanted onlookers and the river splits in two at an outcropping of stoked the curiosity of scientists for decades. rhyolite—volcanic rock as hard as granite. The The most visited attraction at Judge C.R. east side of the river plummets 50 feet into a

70 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer To determine if water flowing into Devil’s Kettle re-enters the river, DNR hydrologists measured the amount of water upstream of the falls and the amount of water at this location downstream of the falls.

pool, in typical waterfall fashion. But on the water somewhere between the locations. west side, the water plunges into a cavernous In late fall 2016, hydrologists Heather hole in the rock and vanishes, leaving observ- Emerson and Jon Libbey measured water ers wondering: Where does all that water go? flow above Devil’s Kettle at 123 cubic feet per Over the years, curious onlookers would second. Several hundred feet below the water- sometimes toss a stick or another buoyant fall, the water was flowing at 121 cubic feet per item into the swirling waters of the pothole second. “In the world of stream gauging, those to see if it would resurface downstream. two numbers are essentially the same and Nothing ever did. are within the tolerances of the equipment,” Without seeing an obvious resurgence of Green explains. “The readings show no loss of water, many people have speculated that the water below the kettle, so it confirms the water water followed an alternate underground path is resurging in the stream below it.” to Lake Superior. Geologists said that wasn’t Green and Calvin Alexander, a colleague at likely. Underground waterways form in softer the University of Minnesota, plan to conduct rock such as limestone, but the geology of the a dye trace to show where the water resur- North Shore is anything but soft. Tunnels, or faces. In the fall of 2017, during low-water lava tubes, do not form in rhyolite or in the flow, they will pour a vegetable-based dye volcanic basalt far beneath the riverbed. into the pothole. This fluorescent, biodegrad- DNR springshed mapping hydrologist Jeff able dye is visible at 10 parts per billion, so the Green and other scientists have long thought hydrologists will use only a few quarts. that the water that enters Devil’s Kettle didn’t As far as the mysteriously disappearing divert through a hidden channel to the lake, items, water force and fluid dynamics offer but rather resurfaced in the river downstream. an explanation. Alexander explains, “The To test this theory, Green asked the DNR’s plunge pool below the kettle is an unbe- water monitoring and surveys unit to measure lievably powerful system of recirculating the volume of water flowing above and below currents, capable of disintegrating material Devil’s Kettle using stream gauging equip- and holding it under water until it resur- ment. By comparing the amount of water faces at some point downstream.” Unlike flowing above the waterfall with the amount larger objects, the dye molecules won’t be of water flowing below the falls, hydrolo- held in Devil’s Kettle. gists could determine if there was a loss of Cheri Zeppelin, DNR information officer

March–April 2017 71 Minnesota profile

Least Bittern (Ixobrychus exilis)

Appearance. The least bittern is the smaller Behavior. This very slender bird can straddle of Minnesota’s two bittern species. This slender plant stalks and move with ease through thick member of the heron family is about 12 inches marsh vegetation. It can be relatively secre- long with a wingspan of about 17 inches. Its tive and therefore overlooked. Most often seen dark, nearly black cap and back contrast with when flushed, it flies weakly just above the bright yellowish-brown plumage on the face, cattails before dropping out of sight. It can sides of neck, and wings. Its whitish throat and sometimes be spotted foraging at the edge of underparts have long, broad, brown streaks. open water. When alarmed, it holds its beak The bill and legs are yellowish-green. The erect, mimicking marsh vegetation. The least American bittern is much larger and heavily bittern may build a small platform of vegetation streaked. The green heron, sometimes mistak- from which it forages for aquatic insects and en for a least bittern, has a greenish back and small fish. It constructs a covered nest of marsh purplish-brown neck. plants elevated above water.

Habitat. In Minnesota this species is found Song. The call of the least bittern is the best almost exclusively in marshes, primarily those indication of its presence in dense, marshy dominated by cattails. Least bitterns prefer a vegetation. Most commonly heard is a distinc- good interspersion of cattails and open water, tive series of coo-coo-coo notes, all on one where they forage at the water’s edge. Least pitch. The black-billed cuckoo makes somewhat bitterns are less likely to occur in narrow cattail similar calls but without the unique hollow- borders around lakes or in very dense cattails sounding quality of the least bittern’s notes. without any open water nearby. Status. North American Breeding Bird Surveys Range. Uncommon breeding residents in have shown an annual decline of around 4 marshes scattered throughout much of Minne- percent for least bitterns in Minnesota. The sota, they are rare in northeastern Minne- State Wildlife Action Plan identifies the bird as a sota and elsewhere in the state where their species of greatest conservation need due to its preferred habitat is lacking. Least bitterns population decline and restricted wetland habi- spend winter in the southern United States tat. Any further destruction of wetlands would and Central America. Least bitterns can be negatively affect this species. In some wetlands, found in suitable habitat throughout the east- invasive aquatic plants such as hybrid cattail ern United States and southeastern Canada, and purple loosestrife are making vegetation patchily in western states, and southward too dense for least bitterns.

through much of Central and South America. Steve Stucker, DNR Ecological and Water Resources WILLIAMS. JAMES BOTTOM: ROGERS. JACK TOP:

72 Minnesota Conservation Volunteer A least bittern (above) hunts in a Florida wetland. Least bitterns winter in the southern United States and Central America. A bittern straddles plant stalks (below), moving with ease through a Minnesota marsh. Moving? Start subscribing? DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES MARCH–APRIL 2017 Give today? Go to mndnr.gov/ mcvmagazine or call 888-646-6367.

Human Legacies. The Boundary Waters now. See page 22. Photograph by Evan Larson. Canoe Area Wilderness is one of the most pris- Front cover: Trumpeter swans were nearly wiped tine natural areas in the state, but researchers out by market hunters by the late 1800s. One studying tree rings are uncovering the ways that man’s vision and persistence, aided by coopera- people altered that wild landscape in the distant tion, ingenuity, and a little luck, helped restore past. Their research raises questions about how this majestic bird to Minnesota. See page 8. Cover our cherished wilderness might be best managed photograph by Richard Hamilton Smith.