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June 16, 1969 MILITARY COMMITMENTS to FOREIGN-COUNTRIES High School Debate Issue TABLE of CONTENTS PREFACE

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June 16, 1969 MILITARY COMMITMENTS to FOREIGN-COUNTRIES High School Debate Issue TABLE of CONTENTS PREFACE June 16, 1969 MILITARY COMMITMENTS TO FOREIGN-COUNTRIES High School Debate Issue TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE----------------------------------------------------------- v CHAPTER !--UNITED STATES FOREIGN MILITARY COMMITMENTS--------�---- 1 I. Introducticn--------------------------------------------- 1 II. Origins of the Cold War--A Failure of Cooperation-------- 1 III. Latin America-------------------------------------------- 4 IV. United States Military Policy in Europe------------------ 8 V. United States Military Policy in the Middle East--------- 12 VI. United States Military Policy in the Far East------------ 16 A. The Legacy of World War II-------------------------- 16 B. The Korean War-------------------------------------- 19 C. The War in Indo-China------------------------------- 20 D. Geneva Conference----------------------------------- 21 E. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization------------------ 22 F. The Present Dilemma--------------------------------- 22 . D•1 scuss1on Quest1on s------------------------------------ 24 CHAPTER !!--UNILATERAL INTERVENTION------------------------------- 25 I. Introduction--------------------------------------------- 25 II. Definitions---------------------------------------------- 25 A. " ...Militar y Intervention ... "----------------------- 2 11: •• 5 B. Unilateral.. "---------------------------------- 29 C. "Congress Should Prohibit ... "----------------------- 31 -i- CHAPTER II (Cont'd.) III. Is Unilateral Intervention Necessary?-------------------- 44 A. The Impact of Nationalism: An Affirmative View----- 44 B. The Impact of Nationalism: A Negative View--------- 47 C. Nationalism: Some Affirmative Rejoinders----------- 53 D. Intervention and America's Vital Interests---------- 55 E. Intervention and the Protection of American Citizens 58 F. A Summary Note-------------------------------------- 59 IV. The Possible Advantages of Eliminating Unilateral Intervention-------------------------------------------- 60 A. Saving Lives and Conserving Resources--------------- 60 B. The Danger of Escalation---------------------------- 63 c. Is Intervention Self-Defeating?--------------------- 6p D. Intervention and Detente----------�----------------- 67 E. Intervention and Regional Security Blocs------------ 68 v. The Consequences of Eliminating Unilateral Intervention-- 70 A. A Preliminary Note---------------------------------- 70 B. Non-Intervention and Future Wars of National Liberation----------------------------------------- 70 c. Credibility and Proliferation----------------------- 71 D. Non-Intervention and the Loss of Flexibility-------- 72 E. The Danger to Development Efforts------------------- 73 F. The Human Costs of Non-Intervention----------------- 74 G. Problems with Multilateral Approval----------------- 75 I VI. Intervention and Covert Operations----------------------- 76 A. Introduction---------------------------------------- 76 B. The Alleged Harms of Covert Military Intervention-- 76 C. Plan Problems--------------------------------------- 78 VII. A Review of Major Interventions-------------------------- 79 A. Guatemala----- ------------------------------------- 80 B. Lebanon--------------------------------------------- 81 C. Cuba--------·-----·---------------------------------- 82 D. The Dominican Republic--1961------------------------ 82 E. Vietnam------------------------------------�-------- 83 F. The Dominican Republic--1965------------------------ 86 VIII. A Concluding Note---------------------------------------- 88 Discussion Questions------------------------------------ 89 J - - I ii CHAPTER III--MULTILATERAL DEFENSE ORGANIZATIONS AND NATO---------- 91 I. Introduction---------------------------------�----------- 91 II. Definitions---------------------------------------------- 91 A. " ...Multi lateral Defense Organizations ... "---------- 91 B. " ...Withdraw ... "------------------------------------ 93 III. The Need For Multilateral Defense Organizations---------- 96 A. The Need to Act in a Rapid and Coordinated Manner--- 96 B. The Need for Alliance Organizations in Less Devel- oped Areas----------------------------------------- 98 c. The Need for NATO----------------------------------- 99 IV. The Advantages of Withdrawal----------------------------- 104 A. A Preliminary Note---------------------------------·- 104 B. Conserving Resources-------------------------------- 105 c. Preventing Overcommitment--or Creating Dangerous Uncertainty?--------------------------------------- 106 D. Encouraging Detente--or Encouraging Aggression?----- 108 E. Improving Relations With Our European Allies------- 113 V. The Alleged Disadvantages of Withdrawal from NATO-------- 116 A. The Damage to Nuclear Credibility------------------- 116 B. The Danger of Ending America's Symbolic Role-------- 117 C. The Threat of Nuclear Proliferation----------------- 117 D. The Problem of a Resurgent and Independent Germany-- 118 E. The Possibility of Economic Retaliation------------- 119 VI. The Alleged D1sadvantages of Withdrawal from Multilateral Organizations------------------------------------------- 120 A. The Special Problem of the United Nations----------- 120 B. Withdrawing from SEATO------------------------------ 122 C. Withdrawing from ANZUS------------------------------ 124 D. Withdrawing from the OAS---------------------------- 125 VII. Conclusion--------------------------------- ------------- 126 Discussion Questions------------------------------------ 128 Bibliography-------------------------------------------- 131 -iii- PREFACE TI1is Special Analysis is concerned with the issues presented by the 1969-70 high school debate problem area: What Should be the United States Military Commitment to Foreign Countries? It is being published by the American Enterprise Institute in response to many re­ quests from high school debaters and coaches for background materials and references on the subject of the debate propositions. This analysis was prepared by Professor John A. Lynch, Director of Debate, St. Anselm's College, Manchester, New Hampshire, and Professor Robert M. Shrum, Direc­ tor of Debate, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. Both authors come to this project with extensive backgrounds as debaters and debate coaches. This analysis should not be construed as reflecting any policy position on the part of the Arneri�an Enterprise Institute. The authors wish to stress at the outset that they are not experts in the subject matter of the resolution. They have, however, tried to assemble, organize, and present authoritative material in such a way as to assist debaters to delineate and explore the central issues raised by the national debate propositions. This analysis is not in­ tended to end the debater's research but is designed rather to serve as a guide to the start or research and a stimulus to its continuation. To this end, a bibliography has been included, listing many more references than those which have been directly quoted or cited in the footnotes. The American Enterprise Institute and the authors wish to ex­ press a special note of appreciation to Mr. David White, Assistant Direc­ tor of Debate, Georgetown University, who assisted in the preparation of this manuscript and to the following persons who have read the manuscript and offered valuable suggestions in its final preparation: Mi. Paul A. Dowd, Director of Public Relations, St. Anselm's College; Professor Char­ ley A. Leistner, Department of Speech, University of Oregon; Professor William M. Reynolds, Department of Speech, The George Washington Univer­ sity; and Professor James J. Unger, Director of Debate, Georgetown Uni­ versity. .. -v- --- CIIJ\PTER I UNITED STATES FOREIGN MILITARY COMMITMENTS I. Introduction This chapter will trace the history of United States military commitments to foreign countries. Generally, there are two types of mil­ itary commitments: bilateral, such as United States commitments to some other foreign country, like Japan, and multilateral pacts involving the United States and more than one other nation--pacts like the North Atlan­ tic Treaty. Because two of the debate propositions suggest that the United States withdraw from multi.lateral defense organizations, this chap­ ter will direct most of its attention to a chronology of these arrange­ ments. Since most of our current military commitments are a response to the cold war, our analysis begins with the end of World War II. II. Origins of the Cold War--A Failure of Cooperation In the closing days of World War II, the representatives of fifty nations signed the United Nations Charter in San Francis cc. The date was June 26, 1945. The charter was predicated on the belief that the Grand Alliance of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, which had cooperated in the defeat of the Axis powers, would now cooperate to keep the peace. The fundamental purpose of the United Nations was the prevention of acts of aggression, whether these acts were accomplished by force or threats of force. Its chief function was to act as a polici�g agency. For this purpose, a Security Council was created, and empowered, if efforts at peaceful settlement of a controversy failed, to call upon members of the United Nations to sever diplomatic relations and apply economic sanctions against an aggressor. If such measures proved inade­ quate, the Security Council was to have at its disposal armed contingents made available to it in advance by the members. The Security Council ; 1 might use these as it saw fit against the offender. Immediate direction i
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