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Chapter One an Introduction to Jainism and Theravada
CHAPTER ONE AN INTRODUCTION TO JAINISM AND THERAVADA BUDDfflSM CHAPTER-I An Introduction to Jainism and Theravada Buddhism 1. 0. History of Jainism "Jainism is a system of faith and worship. It is preached by the Jinas. Jina means a victorious person".' Niganthavada which is mentioned in Buddhist literature is believed to be "Jainism". In those days jinas perhaps claimed themselves that they were niganthas. Therefore Buddhist literature probably uses the term 'nigantha' for Jinas. According to the definition of "Kilesarahita mayanti evamvaditaya laddhanamavasena nigantho" here nigantha (S. nkgrantha) means those who claimed that they are free from all bonds.^ Jainism is one of the oldest religions of the world. It is an independent and most ancient religion of India. It is not correct to say that Jainism was founded by Lord Mahavlra. Even Lord Parsva cannot be regarded as the founder of this great religion. It is equally incorrect to maintain that Jainism is nothing more than a revolt against the Vedic religion. The truth is that Jainism is quite an independent religion. It has its own peculiarities. It is flourishing on this land from times immemorial. Among Brahmanic and i^ramanic trends, Jainism, like Buddhism, represents ^ramanic culture. In Buddhist literatures, we can find so many 'GJ, 1 ^ DNA-l, P. 104 informations about Jainism. The Nigantha Nataputta is none else but Lord Mahavlra.^ 1.1. Rsabhadeva According to tradition, Jainism owes its origin to Rsabha, the first among the twenty-four Tirthankaras. The rest of the Trrthahkaras are said to have revived and revealed this ancient faith from time to time. -
Future 24 Tirthankara Naam-Gotra Bandh Analysis
Future 24 Tirthankara (next chouvisi) Naam-gotra Bandh Analysis By Darshan Bavisi For further information, discussion, suggestions, corrections please contact Darshan Bavisi (Mumbai) at (E) [email protected] (M) +91-982-363-3776 Image sources (in order from left to right): http://www.jainheritagecentres.com, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara, http://108vs.org Page 1 of 9 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Understanding time calculation................................................................................................................................... 3 Innumerable lives yet to live ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Currently where? ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 How is it analyzed? ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Analysis of 24 Tirthankaras’ bandh of Tirthankara naam-gotra .................................................................................. 5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................... -
Voliirw(People and Places).Pdf
Contents of Volume II People and Places Preface to Volume II ____________________________ 2 II-1. Perception for Shared Knowledge ___________ 3 II-2. People and Places ________________________ 6 II-3. Live, Let Live, and Thrive _________________ 18 II-4. Millennium of Mahaveer and Buddha ________ 22 II-5. Socio-political Context ___________________ 34 II-6. Clash of World-Views ____________________ 41 II-7. On the Ashes of the Magadh Empire _________ 44 II-8. Tradition of Austere Monks ________________ 50 II-9. Who Was Bhadrabahu I? _________________ 59 II-10. Prakrit: The Languages of People __________ 81 II-11. Itthi: Sensory and Psychological Perception ___ 90 II-12. What Is Behind the Numbers? ____________ 101 II-13. Rational Consistency ___________________ 112 II-14. Looking through the Parts _______________ 117 II-15. Active Interaction _____________________ 120 II-16. Anugam to Agam ______________________ 124 II-17. Preservation of Legacy _________________ 128 II-18. Legacy of Dharsen ____________________ 130 II-19. The Moodbidri Pandulipis _______________ 137 II-20. Content of Moodbidri Pandulipis __________ 144 II-21. Kakka Takes the Challenge ______________ 149 II-22. About Kakka _________________________ 155 II-23. Move for Shatkhandagam _______________ 163 II-24. Basis of the Discord in the Teamwork ______ 173 II-25. Significance of the Dhavla _______________ 184 II-26. Jeev Samas Gatha _____________________ 187 II-27. Uses of the Words from the Past ___________ 194 II-28. Biographical Sketches __________________ 218 II - 1 Preface to Volume II It's a poor memory that only works backwards. - Alice in Wonderland (White Queen). Significance of the past emerges if it gives meaning and context to uncertain world. -
THE AJIVIKAS a Short History of Their Religion Ami Philosophy
THE AJIVIKAS A Short History of their Religion ami Philosophy PART I HISTORICAL SUMMARY Introductio n The History of the Ajivikas can broadly he divided into three periods in conformity with the three main ntasres of development through which their doctrines had passed. The general facts about these periods are summed up below with a view to indicate the precise nature of the problems that confront us in the study of each. The periods and problems are as follows: — 1. PRE-MAKKIIAM PERIOD. Problems.- -The rise of a religious order of wander- ins? mendicants called the Ajlvika from a Vanaprastha or Vaikhanasa order of the hermits, hostile alike in attitude towards the religion of the Brahmans and the Vaikhanasas, bearing yet some indelible marks of the parent asrama ; a higher synthesis in the new Bhiksu order of the three or four ilsrama* of the Brahmans. 2. MAKKHAM PERIOD. Problems.— Elevation of Ajlvika religion into a philosophy of life at the hands of Makkhali 2 THE AJIVIKAS Gosala; his indebtedness to his predecessors, relations with the contemporary Sophists, and originality of conception. 3. POST-MAKKHALI PERIOD. Problems—The further development of Ajivika religion, the process of Aryan colonisation in India, the spread of Aryan culture, the final extinction of the sect resulting from gradual transformation or absorption of the Ajivika into the Digambara Jaina, the Shivaitc and others; other causes of the decline of the faith; the influence of Ajivika religion and philosophy on Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism; determination of the general character of a history of Indian religion. 1. PKE-MAKKHALI PERIOD. -
Lord Mahavira Publisher's Note
LORD MAHAVIRA [A study in Historical Perspective] BY BOOL CHAND, M.A. Ph.D (Lond.) P. V. Research Institute Series: 39 Editor: Dr. Sagarmal Jain With an introduction by Prof. Sagarmal Jain P.V. RESEARCH INSTITUTE Varanasi-5 Published by P.V. Research Institute I.T.I. Road Varanasi-5 Phone:66762 2nd Edition 1987 Price Rs.40-00 Printed by Vivek Printers Post Box No.4, B.H.U. Varanasi-5 PUBLISHER’S NOTE 1 Create PDF with PDF4U. If you wish to remove this line, please click here to purchase the full version The book ‘Lord Mahavira’, by Dr. Bool Chand was first published in 1948 by Jaina Cultural Research Society which has been merged into P.V. Research Institute. The book was not only an authentic piece of work done in a historical perspective but also a popular one, hence it became unavailable for sale soon. Since long it was so much in demand that we decided in favor of brining its second Edition. Except some minor changes here and there, the book remains the same. Yet a precise but valuable introduction, depicting the relevance of the teachings of Lord Mahavira in modern world has been added by Dr. Sagarmal Jain, the Director, P.V. Research Institute. As Dr. Jain has pointed out therein, the basic problems of present society i.e. mental tensions, violence and the conflicts of ideologies and faith, can be solved through three basic tenets of non-attachment, non-violence and non-absolutism propounded by Lord Mahavira and peace and harmony can certainly be established in the world. -
Jain Values, Worship and the Tirthankara Image
JAIN VALUES, WORSHIP AND THE TIRTHANKARA IMAGE B.A., University of Washington, 1974 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard / THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA May, 1980 (c)Roy L. Leavitt In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Anthropology & Sociology The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date 14 October 1980 The main purpose of the thesis is to examine Jain worship and the role of the Jains1 Tirthankara images in worship. The thesis argues that the worshipper emulates the Tirthankara image which embodies Jain values and that these values define and, in part, dictate proper behavior. In becoming like the image, the worshipper's actions ex• press the common concerns of the Jains and follow a pattern that is prized because it is believed to be especially Jain. The basic orientation or line of thought is that culture is a system of symbols. These symbols are implicit agreements among the community's members, agreements which entail values and which permit the Jains to meaningfully interpret their experiences and guide their actions. -
Sculptural Art of Jains in Odisha: a Study
International Journal of Humanities And Social Sciences (IJHSS) ISSN (P): 2319-393X; ISSN (E): 2319-3948 Vol. 6, Issue 4, Jun - Jul 2017; 115 - 126 © IASET SCULPTURAL ART OF JAINS IN ODISHA: A STUDY AKHAYA KUMAR MISHRA Lecturer in History, Balugaon College, Balugaon, Khordha, Odisha, India ABSTRACT In ancient times, Odisha was known as Utkal, which means utkarsh in kala i.e., excellent in the arts. Its rich artistic legacy permeates through time, into modern decor, never deviating from the basics. Each motif or intricate pattern, draws its inspiration from a myth or folklore, or from the general ethos itself. Covered by the dense forests, soaring mountains, sparkling waterfalls, murmuring springs, gurgling rivers, secluded dales, deep valleys, captivating beaches and sprawling lake, Odisha is a kaleidoscope of past splendor and present glory. Being the meeting place of Aryan and Dravidian cultures, with is delightful assimilations, from the fascinating lifestyle of the tribes, Odisha retains in its distinct identity, in the form of sculptural art, folk art and performing art. The architectural wonders of Odisha must be seen in the Jain caves, which speak about the fine artistry of Odisha’s craftsmen, in the bygone era. The Odias displayed their remarkable creative power, in the Jain sculptural art. While they built their caves like giants, they sculptured the caves like master artists. The theme of these sculptures was so varied, for the artist and his imagination so deep that, as if, he was writing an epic on the surface of the stone. KEYWORDS: Art, Architecture, Sculpture, Prolific INTRODUCTION Odisha has a rich and unique heritage of art traditions, beginning from the sophisticated ornate temple architecture, and sculpture to folk arts, in different forms. -
VII STD Social Science Term 3 History Chapter 1 New Religious Ideas and Movements
NEW BHARATH MATRICULATION HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,TVR VII STD Social Science Term 3 History Chapter 1 New Religious Ideas and Movements I. Choose the correct answer: Question 1. Who of the following composed songs on Krishna putting himself in the place of mother Yashoda? (a) Poigaiazhwar (b) Periyazhwar (c) Nammazhwar (d) Andal Answer: (b) Periyazhwar Question 2. Who preached the Advaita philosophy? (a) Ramanujar (b) Ramananda (c) Nammazhwar (d) Adi Shankara Answer: (d) Adi Shankara Question 3. Who spread the Bhakthi ideology in northern India and made it a mass movement? (a) Vallabhacharya (b) Ramanujar (c) Ramananda (d) Surdas Answer: (c) Ramananda Question 4. Who made Chishti order popular in India? (a) Moinuddin Chishti (b) Suhrawardi (c) Amir Khusru (d) Nizamuddin Auliya Answer: (a) Moinuddin Chishti Question 5. Who is considered their first guru by the Sikhs? (a) Lehna (b) Guru Amir Singh (c) GuruNanak (d) Guru Gobind Singh Answer: (c) GuruNanak II. Fill in the Blanks. 1. Periyazhwar was earlier known as ______ 2. ______ is the holy book of the Sikhs. 3. Meerabai was the disciple of ______ 4. philosophy is known as Vishistadvaita ______ 5. Gurudwara Darbar Sahib is situated at ______ in Pakistan. Answer: 1. Vishnu Chittar 2. Guru Granth Sahib 3. Ravi das 4. Ramanuja’s 5. Karatarpur III. Match the following. Pahul – Kabir Ramcharitmanas – Sikhs Srivaishnavism – Abdul-Wahid Abu Najib Granthavali – Guru Gobind Singh Suhrawardi – Tulsidas Answer: Pahul – Sikhs Ramcharitmanas – Tulsidas Srivaishnavism – Ramanuja Granthavali – Kabir Suhrawardi – Abdul-Wahid Abu Najib IV. Find out the right pair/pairs: (1) Andal – Srivilliputhur (2) Tukaram – Bengal (3) Chaitanyadeva – Maharashtra (4) Brahma-sutra – Vallabacharya (5) Gurudwaras – Sikhs Answer: (1) Andal – Srivilliputhur (5) Gurudwaras – Sikhs Question 2. -
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Vol. No. 99 September, 2008 Print "Ahimsa Times "
AHIMSA TIMES - SEPTEMBER 2008 ISSUE - www.jainsamaj.org Page 1 of 22 Vol. No. 99 Print "Ahimsa Times " September, 2008 www.jainsamaj.org Board of Trustees Circulation + 80000 Copies( Jains Only ) Email: Ahimsa Foundation [email protected] New Matrimonial New Members Business Directory PARYUSHAN PARVA Paryushan Parva is an annual religious festival of the Jains. Considered auspicious and sacred, it is observed to deepen the awareness as a physical being in conjunction with spiritual observations Generally, Paryushan Parva falls in the month of September. In Jainisim, fasting is considered as a spiritual activity, that purify our souls, improve morality, spiritual power, increase knowledge and strengthen relationships. The purpose is to purify our souls by staying closer to our own souls, looking at our faults and asking for forgiveness for the mistakes and taking vows to minimize our faults. Also a time when Jains will review their action towards their animals, environment and every kind of soul. Paryashan Parva is an annual, sacred religious festivals of the Jains. It is celebrated with fasting reading of scriptures, observing silence etc preferably under the guidance of monks in temples Strict fasting where one has to completely abstain from food and even water is observed for a week or more. Depending upon one's capability, complete fasting spans between 8-31 days. Religious and spiritual discourses are held where tales of Lord Mahavira are narrated. The Namokar Mantra is chanted everyday. Forgiveness in as important aspect of the celebration. At the end of Fasting, al will ask for forgiveness for any violence or wrong- doings they may have imposed previous year. -
The Heart of Jainism
;c\j -co THE RELIGIOUS QUEST OF INDIA EDITED BY J. N. FARQUHAR, MA. LITERARY SECRETARY, NATIONAL COUNCIL OF YOUNG MEN S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS, INDIA AND CEYLON AND H. D. GRISWOLD, MA., PH.D. SECRETARY OF THE COUNCIL OF THE AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN MISSIONS IN INDIA si 7 UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME ALREADY PUBLISHED INDIAN THEISM, FROM By NICOL MACNICOL, M.A., THE VEDIC TO THE D.Litt. Pp.xvi + 292. Price MUHAMMADAN 6s. net. PERIOD. IN PREPARATION THE RELIGIOUS LITERA By J. N. FARQUHAR, M.A. TURE OF INDIA. THE RELIGION OF THE By H. D. GRISWOLD, M.A., RIGVEDA. PH.D. THE VEDANTA By A. G. HOGG, M.A., Chris tian College, Madras. HINDU ETHICS By JOHN MCKENZIE, M.A., Wilson College, Bombay. BUDDHISM By K. J. SAUNDERS, M.A., Literary Secretary, National Council of Y.M.C.A., India and Ceylon. ISLAM IN INDIA By H. A. WALTER, M.A., Literary Secretary, National Council of Y.M.C.A., India and Ceylon. JAN 9 1986 EDITORIAL PREFACE THE writers of this series of volumes on the variant forms of religious life in India are governed in their work by two impelling motives. I. They endeavour to work in the sincere and sympathetic spirit of science. They desire to understand the perplexingly involved developments of thought and life in India and dis passionately to estimate their value. They recognize the futility of any such attempt to understand and evaluate, unless it is grounded in a thorough historical study of the phenomena investigated. In recognizing this fact they do no more than share what is common ground among all modern students of religion of any repute. -
Socio-Economic Conditions of Jains in Karnataka: a Study of Divergence Between Digambar and Svethambar Jains
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF JAINS IN KARNATAKA: A STUDY OF DIVERGENCE BETWEEN DIGAMBAR AND SVETHAMBAR JAINS Dr R G Desai* Edited by Dr Abdul Aziz Chair Professor Chair on Religious Minorities Centre for Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy National Law School of India University (NLSIU) Bengaluru 1 Introduction: Jainism is an original and ancient Indian religion which goes back to the pre-Aryan period of primitive currents of religious and metaphysical speculation. The images, seals and other finds amongst the discoveries at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro disclose splendid representative specimen like the images of Risabha, the bull, the first Tirthankara with his emblem, the swastika which is the emblem of Suparsva, the 7th Tirthankara and a seal containing a script deciphered as Jinesvara. Jainism does not recognize the authority of the Vedas, and its fundamental principles are different by nature from those in each of the systems of the Vedic school. The Rigveda and Yajurveda refer to Risabha, Suparsva and Neminatha, the first, the seventh and twenty-second Tirthankaras respectively. It is a Pre-Vedic religion which flourished in India even before the advent of Aryans to India. Inscriptions: It is an established fact of history that many rulers in ancient Bihar and the territories around were either patrons or followers of Jainism. Chetaka, the ruler of Lichhavi, was a Jain and he gave his sister to Siddhartha. Mahavira was born of this wedlock. Some of the members of the Nanda dynasty were Jains. So was Chandragupta Maurya who later followed Acharya Bhadrabahu to the south. The Kalinga territory was occupied by Jains since the time of Parsva.