EIA / EMP Report

Environmental Clearance for Proposed Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. A Cement Manufacturing Unit of EIA & EMP Capacity 200 TPD at Village – Khonmoh, Tehsil & District - Srinagar, State- Jammu & Kashmir. Report

CHAPTER- 1 INTRODUCTION

1.0 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT The purpose of EIA studies is to ensure that all impacts whether directly or indirectly affect social and economical status are fully examined and addressed. Consistency with this purpose, the EIA/EMP is self contained and detailed information, which provides the basis for understanding the project is as follows:- a) Existing environmental attributes, which would affect the surroundings and the impacts that may occur and the measures to be taken to mitigate all adverse impacts. b) For the proponents, a definitive statement of measures/ actions to be taken to mitigate any adverse impacts if any. M/s Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. proposed to set up a Cement Manufacturing Unit of Capacity 200 TPD at Khasra No. - 2040, 2041, 2064, Village – Khonmoh, Tehsil & District - Srinagar, State- Jammu & Kashmir. The total plot Area for the proposed project is 25084.00 sq.m. The total project cost envisaged for the proposed Plant is Rs. 35.44 Corers. As Dachigam National Park is situated around 3.1 Km (Aerial distance) from the project site and even some part of the Dachigam National Park also falls within the 5 km radius zone of the project site the project categorized as ‘A’ of 3(b) projects of Gazette Notification dated Sep 14 th , 2006 (<1.0 million tones/annum production capacity). The Government of India has made it mandatory for all the development projects to prepare a detailed EIA study, so that the impacts of the proposed developmental activity can be predicted and a suitable environmental management plan can be prepared. The purpose of the EIA study is to critically analyze the manufacturing process of different products, proposed to be manufactured with reference to types and quantity of different raw material consumption, possible source of wastewater, air emission and hazardous waste generation, control measures to reduce the

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 1 E.C Engineers.

pollution and to delineate a comprehensive environment management plan along with recommendations and suggestions in existing environment management system.

1.2 PROJECT PROPONENT AND IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT

Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. are the leading entrepreneur in Kasmir valley specially for production of mineral water. Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. proposed to set up a Cement Manufacturing Unit of Capacity 200 TPD at Khasra no.-2040, 2041, 2064, Village – Khonmoh, Tehsil & District - Srinagar, State- Jammu & Kashmir. The total plot Area for the proposed project is 25084.00 sq.m. The total project cost envisaged for the proposed Plant is Rs. 35.44 Corers. As the Dachigam National Park is situated around 3.1 Km (Aerial distance) from the project site and even some part of the Dachigam National Park also falls within the 10 km radius zone of the project site the project categorized as ‘A’ of 3(b) projects of Gazette Notification dated Sep 14 th , 2006 (<1.0 million tones/annum production capacity).

1.3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

1.3.1 Salient Features of the Project

Salient features of the project is given in Table 1.1

Table: 1.1: Salient Features of the Project

S. No. Particulars Details A. Location details: 1. Location Village – Khonmoh, Tehsil - Srinagar A. District Srinagar B. State Jammu & Kashmir 2. Co-ordinates of the proposed project site Latitude 34 o 04’ 38.16” N Longitude 74 o 59’ 01.00” E B. Proposed Project Area: 3. Total Proposed Area 25084.00 sq.m

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 2 E.C Engineers.

S. No. Particulars Details 4. Elevation above Mean Sea 1576-4072 meter level in m 5. Government Land N.A. 6. Private Land Private Land C. Production Capacity: 200 TPD D. Environmental settings: 7. Nearest Railway Station Pampore Railway Station at a distance of approx 11.84 km in SW direction from the project site & Srinagar Railway Station at a distance of 13.90 km in SW direction from the project site. 8. Nearest Village Khonmoh 9. Nearest Town/City The nearest town is Pampore located at an aerial distance of ~ 9.72k.m in SSW direction from plant site. Nearest major city Srinagar located at a distance of ~17.20 km in W direction from plant site. 10. National Highway The nearest highway is NH-1 A, Connecting Jammu to Uri through Srinagar which is 8.70 Km away towards SW direction from project site. 11. Nearest Airport Srinagar Airport : Approx 22 km. in SW direction (By road-Appx.) from plant site. 12. Source of Water in the area Groundwater 13 Soil Type Clay loam to silty clay 14 Permeability Moderate 15 A. Temperature Max.34 ᵒC,Minimum-9ᵒC 16 B. Relative Humidity Max.-96, Min-13 17 C. Mean Annual Rainfall 680 MM 18 Capital Cost of the proposed Rs. 35.44 Corers project & Time of Completion One year after clearance from the respective authorities. Source: - Site Visit/ Survey

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 3 E.C Engineers.

1.3.2 Size of the project.

Area acquired for the proposed project is 25084.00 sq.m. The proposed capacity of the Cement Manufacturing Unit is 200 TPD. 1.3.3 Location of the Project

Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. proposed to set up a Cement Manufacturing Unit of Capacity 200 TPD at Village – Khonmoh, Tehsil & District - Srinagar, State- Jammu & Kashmir. The total plot Area for the proposed project is 25084.00 sq.m. Land documents are enclosed as Annexure -I.

Figure 1.1 Google Image of the Project Location

1.3.4 Importance of the Project to the country and region

India is fast emerging on the world map as a strong economy and a global power. The country is going through a phase of rapid development and growth. All the vital industries and other sectors of the country are registering growth thus luring investors and cement industry is one of them. Cement is very important building material. It is used in almost all the construction and is subjected to water in contact. If the concrete or cement is water absorbing

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 4 E.C Engineers.

then leakage will occur and will destroy construction. The material used for checking this absorption of water is known as water proofing compound. Water proof cement is used in water tanks, sewer pipes and many constructions like dams, bridge etc. due to applicability in numerous construction works, the demand for this product is continuously increasing, now –a-days, more over due to uneven supply of the product, there is good demand for it and a project for its manufacture on small scale can be visible. Estimates of future demand and supply at the national, regional and state level to examine the market position of the proposed plant. a) Present demand and supply As per records, there is a demand for 5500 MT per day in the valley. At present, the production is around 2700 MT per day. This leaves a gap of more than 2800 MT per day. In winter months, the demand falls so does the production as most of the plants opt for planned maintenance or shut downs during that period. This is a huge gap which begs to be filled. This is being done, partly, by the imports. But imports too have their inherent problems. For one, none is too sure about the quality of the cement in these bags. Many dubious makes are being marketed in the garb of more visible brands like Jehlum Brand, Ambuja, ACC, etc. Moreover, the imported cement is costlier than local and invites a higher transportation cost. Mostly, the imported cement is PPC or blended cement. All this is being tolerated at present as there is a wide gap in supply and demand. Once, the local manufacturers fill in, then, the imports are likely to go down in favor of local brands. In the locality, there is the case of expansion of existing projects and the ones that are in pipe line. But none has as yet embarked on any expansion project. Thus we shall still have a deficit of about 2800 MT as on date. Here we shall have to consider the increase in demand now. This has been growing in past few years. It stands at above 9 % annual on national average level. The annual growth in demand for cement in Kashmir in more than 10 % pa. Still if we consider just the national average, we have to consider a growth of 9 %. Thus the present demand

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 5 E.C Engineers.

of 5500 MT will increase to about 6000 MT per day. In next year it will go to about 6500 MT per day. This will be at about 7000 MT per day next. By the time the proposed unit comes to commercial production, the demand per day based on present requirements will be about 7000 MT per day. Thus we anticipate a deficit of more than 4300 MT per day. This is much more than the expected 100 % capacity of the proposed unit. Another point which needs to be considered here is the import of cement and clinker to the state. Since the state Govt. has put import of clinker in negative list, the import attracts a toll tax of Rs.500 PMT. This tends to make the imports un- viable. At least in the valley. On the other hand the cost of transportation is on the rise. All this goes to prove that the market has scope for more cement manufacturers in the state. A new unit with 200 TPD is more likely to do good business. The recently announced incentive to new industrial units shall make them even more attractive. In this new Industrial Policy, the new units shall have a tax holiday for 5 years as well as exemptions in Sales Tax/ Excise/ VAT/ Toll and Entry Tax. The imported brands shall not be able to compete. Hence, the need to generate local cement is becoming very viable to local manufacturers. Another aspect of this new industrial policy gives these concessions to units already in production if they increase the capacity by 25 % or more. This too is going to generate a lot of interest in the promoters and tell upon the imports. Once, the level of imports becomes un-viable, these shall stop and the field shall be open for local producers. All this projects a demand for about one million tons of cement per year in near future. The acceleration in the Railway project is one major factor which shall increase the demand beyond the nationally projected of 9 % for North. May be, the railway project does not prefer Mini Cement Plant’s production. The demand for this Railway project is anticipates at about half a million tons per year. In other words, equal to the present installed capacity. In either case, this is going to increase the demand many fold.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 6 E.C Engineers.

There are various infrastructures projects in the pipe line and on anvil. These are basically civil engineering projects and hence demand for cement is likely to increase. The viability of the proposed unit is based on the data collected and analyzed. Some of that is presented above. Basis for our analysis is the data provided by Govt. agencies and from published statistics. By the above analysis, we anticipate a market for at least 20 to 30 years for the proposed unit, if not more. The demand is likely to remain very high for a long period as more and more infrastructure activities are initiated by the state and central governments. The recent Industrial Package too is going to increase the demand for cement. The proposed unit is, thus, a viable project and shall be able to meet its financial obligations. The consumption of cement indicates the tempo of building and Construction activities. The first cement factory in India was built at Madras in 1904. Today there are large numbers of cement factories operating in different parts of the Country as a result of the government’s participation in the field. The government has, On the one hand established cement factories in the public sector and has induced and Encouraged participation by the private sector, on the other. Cement factories depends on limestone as the main raw–material which is widely scattered in the country. The Khonmoh area in the District Srinagar in Kashmir province is abundantly rich in the requisite quality-limestone reserves. Looking at the production of the cement in 1950-51, which stood at 2.70 Million tones and at 15.50 million tones in 1972-73, and on the basis of the position, today, when the production has increased manifold, it is amply clear that the “CEMENT– INDUSTRY” has travelled a long way and has come of age now. The number of cement Factories (big and small) has kept growing with the passage of time but has not been able to keep pace with the growth in the “EFFECTIVE DEMAND” despite the fact that the network of cement factories in India has tremendously widened in recent years, there is no denying the fact that the demand for this key material has outstripped the supply and the gap is winding as the days keep elapsing.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 7 E.C Engineers.

To bridge or at least narrow down this gap between these two factors of “DEMAND AND SUPPLY ” of this key material the state public-sector and the private sector have setup/installed a number of cement plants in the state but still the Picture remains almost the same. Huge quantities of cement are being imported form out Side the state to fill in the gap between demand for and supply of cement, but even then the shortage of cement is a discernible fact. The rate of growth of the effective demand is geometric whereas that of the supply is arithmetic so to say. Cement is perhaps the only industry where the experiment in liberalization was put into concrete practice even before the principle of economic liberalization was adopted as a policy in mid 1991 from total control to partial control and subsequently to total decontrol. The cement industry has passed through all phases and today its track record both in capacity creation and utilization has been quite remarkable. The use of cement in the country increased rapidly during recent years and shot up by more than four times in quarter of century from 13.60 million tons during 1969-70 to 60.90 million tons by 1995. Inspite of disturbed conditions in the state of Jammu & Kashmir, the use of cement has picked up many fold and the statistics provided by the government are witness to the growth in demand, as the volume of cement imported from outside forms a very considerable part of the total cement consumed every year in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The information thus received reveals the import of cement from outside the state over the last three financial years has been increasing constantly. The above factual information testifies to the fact that establishment of some more cement factories is the need of the hour to augment the comparatively meager quantity of cement being manufactured locally at present. The huge quantity of cement consumed in the state is obviously far greater than the amount of cement being manufactured locally in the state, which is why the state has been importing such large quantities of cement particularly over the above mentioned financial years just preceding the present financial year. (Source-Detailed Project Report)

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 8 E.C Engineers.

1.4 SCOPE & COVERAGE OF THE REPORT As per EIA Notification dated 14 th Sep, 2006 and subsequent amendments, Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. has submitted application in Form -1, Pre-feasibility report and proposed Terms of Reference at MoEF and the MoEF considered the project and approved TOR issued vide letter No. J-11011/106/2016-IA.II (I), dated 19.5.2016 Copy enclosed as Annexure V.

1.4.1 Point-wise Compliances of the Approved TOR

Environmental Impact Assessment Studies have been carried out covering all points prescribed in the approved TOR.

1.4.2 Structure of Environmental Impact Assessment Report

The report has been divided into ten chapters and presented as follows:

Chapter-1 - Introduction

The chapter provides the purpose of the report, background information of the proposed project, and brief description of nature, size and location of project, estimated project cost, scope and organization of the study. The methodology adopted in preparation of this report has also been described in this chapter.

Chapter-2 - Project Description

The chapter deals with the need of the project, location, environmental setting of the project, details of project, other technical and design details and sources of pollution from the proposed activity and measures proposed to control pollution.

Chapter-3 –Baseline Environmental Status

The chapter presents the methodology and findings of field studies undertaken to establish the environmental baseline conditions, which is also supplemented by secondary published literature.

Chapter-4 – Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The chapter details the inferences drawn from the environmental impact assessment of the proposed project during various phases of project advancement, such as design, location of project, construction, and regular

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 9 E.C Engineers.

operations. It also describes the overall impacts of the proposed project activities and underscores the areas of concern, which need mitigation measures.

The chapter also provides recommendations/ Environment Management Plan (EMP) including mitigation measures for minimizing the negative environmental impacts of the project.

Chapter-5 – Analysis of Alternatives for Technology and Project Site

The technology and project site alternatives are discussed in the chapter.

Chapter-6 – Environmental Monitoring Program

Environmental monitoring requirements for effective implementation of mediatory measures during operational phase have been delineated in this chapter. The chapter describes the institutional arrangements for environment protection and conservation during the operational stage of the Project.

Chapter-7 – Additional Studies (Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan)

The chapter describes various risks associated during operational stage of the project such as storage of furnace oil and coal. A disaster management plan to minimize the risks or to combat the associated risks is also discussed. Public hearing details are also incorporated in this chapter.

Chapter-8 – Project Benefits

The chapter describes various benefits of the project to the community in the vicinity and as well as to the region on the whole.

Chapter -9 – Environmental Management Plan

Management of plan have been proposed to take care of the environment in respect of air, water, noise, soil & the green cover of the project site & nearby villages.

Chapter-10 –Summary and Conclusion

The list of various experts involved in preparation of the present EIA/EMP report is given along with brief introduction of the consultancy organization involved in EIA report.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 10 E.C Engineers.

Environmental Clearance for Proposed Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. A Cement Manufacturing Unit of Capacity 200 EIA & EMP TPD at Village – Khonmoh, Tehsil & District- Srinagar, State-Jammu & Kashmir. Report

CHAPTER- 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 INTRODUCTION Fast rising Government Expenditure on Infrastructure sector in India has resulted a higher demand of cement in the country. In the same direction, participation of larger companies in the sector has increased. With the view of the increasing demand and supply of the Cement in the region the promoters have proposed to set up a Cement Manufacturing Unit of Capacity 200 TPD at Village – Khonmoh, Tehsil & District - Srinagar, State-Jammu & Kashmir. The total plot Area for the proposed project is 25084.00 sq.m. The enterprise is a private limited Company formed by some law- abiding, enterprising and experienced people who have been in the related business for quite some time. M/s Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd., Srinagar is a private Limited concern with following Directors:- 1. Mr. Basharat Ganaie 2. Mr. Zahoor Ahmad Ganai 3. Mr. Ghulam Ahmad Ganai 4. Mr. Shahnawaz Ahmad Ganai The main objectives of the company inter – alia cover to produce, manufacture, trade, treat, process, refine, Import, Export, Purchase, sale. The total project cost envisaged for the proposed Plant is Rs. 35.44 Corers. It includes land, site development, building, all the plant Machinery installations and cost of Environment Protection measures. 2.1.1 Type of Project The proposed project is Cement Manufacturing Unit of Capacity 200 TPD at Village– Khonmoh, Tehsil & District - Srinagar, State-Jammu & Kashmir.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 11 E.C Engineers.

2.1.2 Need of the Project As cement is a basic commodity for the development of all industrial, domestic, public & commercial activities and its consumption marks prosperity of the region as well as the country. The demand and production has been growing at a healthy rate for the last few years and the forecast for the next decade and half is also very promising. 2.2 LOCATION OF THE PROJECT The project site falls on the India toposheet No. 43J/16 and study area covers toposheet no. 43J/16, 43N/4, and 43 K/13, 43O/1. The geographical location of the project is as under: Latitude – 34 o 04’ 38.16” N Longitude - 74 o 59’ 01.00” E

Fig. 2.1 Google Image showing location of site 2.2.1 INFRASTRUCTURE & BENEFITS OF THE SITE The unit will have benefits such as communication, electricity and drinking water supply.

The place is well connected with an all season road.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 12 E.C Engineers.

Electricity is easily available from the nearest Grid either at Jammu & Kashmir.

The nearest highway is NH-1 A, Connecting Jammu to Uri through Srinagar which is 8.70 Km away towards SW from project site.

Pampore Railway Station -Approx 11.84 km in SW direction from the plant site & Srinagar Railway Station at a distance of 13.90 km in SW direction.

The nearest town is Pampore located at an aerial distance of ~ 9.72 k.m. in SSW direction from Plant site.

Nearest major city & District Headquarter is Srinagar located at a distance of ~17.20 km towards West direction from plant site.

Pollution control equipment will be installed in the proposed unit and the proposed production line will have high efficiency bag houses, pulse, and sprinkling of water for dust suppression, proper handling of raw material and products etc. Hence, there will be insignificant impact on the surrounding environment from the unit.

The basic infrastructure and transportation routes are well developed; hence there will be insignificant impact on traffic load.

Water demand will be met through ground water.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 13 E.C Engineers.

Fig. 2.2 LOCATION MAP OF THE PLANT SITE

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 14 E.C Engineers.

Figure-2.3 Toposheet showing the Project Location

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 15 E.C Engineers.

2.2.2 Nearest Highway The nearest highway is NH-1 A, connecting Jammu to Uri through Srinagar which is 8.70 Km away towards SW from project site. 2.2.3 Nearest Railway Station Pampore Railway Station -Approx 11.84 km in SW direction from the plant site & Srinagar Railway Station at a distance of 13.90 km in SW direction. 2.2.4 Nearest Airport The nearest airport is Srinagar Airport, which is approx 22 km away towards SW direction from the site.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 16 E.C Engineers.

Fig. 2.4 SITE PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE PLANT SITE

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 17 E.C Engineers.

2.3 TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESS DESCRIPTION

The process includes basic raw material requirement, sizing of equipment, utilities and services, infrastructure facilities and sources of waste generation, their quantity, treatment and safe disposal of the waste.

Two products are envisaged:

A. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

B. Portland Pozzolanic Cement (PPC) 2.3.1 RAW MATERIAL ANALYSIS FOR 200 TPD PRODUCTION The unit will be manufacturing PPC (Portland Pozzolna Cement) as well as OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) cement to the tune of 200 TPD. The major raw materials will be used in the manufacturing of the cement are clinker, iron, petcoke, fly ash and gypsum. Limestone since Limestone has Calcium Oxide (CaO) content ranging between 48- 53 %.it will quite suitable for making of cement. These raw materials containing proportionate amount of oxides will ground to the suitable fineness and burn to incipient fusion in a cement kiln, chemical combination takes pace, in a solid state resulting in a product named as clinker. The consumption ration of raw material to clinker comes to about 1.6. In other words, we need 1.6 MT of raw material for one MT of clinker. Also, considering that the unit produces: OPC 60.00% And PPC 40.00% That shall translate into, OPC 120.00 Clinker MT PPC 80.00 Clinker MT Total 200.00 Table 2.1 Per Day Requirement Analysis. Clinker Gypsum Fly ash Total requirement OPC 95.00 % 5.00% 0.00% 100% Quantity, MT 120 .00 18.00 0.00 138 .00 PPC 65.00% 5.00% 30.00% 100.00% Quantity, MT 80.00 12.00 72.00 164 .00 TOTAL 200 30.00 72.00 302.00 Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 18 E.C Engineers.

Gypsum 5 % gypsum will be mixed to the clinker during the final grinding stage. For the above clinker quantity the ratio of various raw materials is as under: For 1 MT of clinker 1.5 to 1.6 MT of raw material is needed Table 2.1 (A) For clinker manufacture . Based on this we need raw material equal to: 320.00 MT Lime stone 70.00% 224.00 Clay 16.00% 51.20 Iron ore 2.00% 6.40 Pet coke 12.00% 38.40 Total 100.00% 320 .00

On the basis of 330 days per year: Lime stone 73920.00 MT Clay 16896.00 MT Iron ore 2112.00 MT Pet coke 38016.00 MT Fly ash 12672.00 MT Gypsum 3300 MT

2.3.2 MANUFACTURING PROCESS The proposed unit will intend to initially Manufacturer Ordinary Portland Cement of both varieties –i.e.; OPC as well as PPC to the tune of 200 TPD. 2.3.2.1 Brief Description of Manufacturing Process is as follows -: 1. Limestone Stacking and Reclaiming Limestone will transported from quarry to the storage hopper and subsequently fed to the jaw crusher. The crushed limestone will subsequently reclaim and transported to the mill hoppers through belt conveyors. Dried clay, sand stone and iron ore which will be stored separately will extract and transported through the above belt conveyor to the respective mill hoppers. It will be envisaged to use the above extraction and feeding belt conveyor to transport the raw materials for the grinding plant.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 19 E.C Engineers.

2. Raw Material Grinding (Close Circuit ball Mill) Raw materials will be extracted from their respective hoppers in a pre- determined proportion by weigh feeders and will be discharged on to a belt conveyor for onward conveying to raw mill. The raw mill shall be provided with high efficiency separators and bag house for ground raw meal collection as well as to arrest the excessive dust emission. Kiln waste gases will be utilized for the drying raw materials during grinding. A provision of a hot generator is also kept for initial start up or when the kiln is not in operation. The raw meal collected by separator and bag house shall be conveyed to blending silo C.F. by means of air slide and air lift. 3. C.F. Blending Silo Continuous flow type blending and storage silo shall be used for homogenization and storage of raw meal of capacity 1500 tonnes. 4. Kiln Feed Systems Extraction control and metering of kiln feed will be done with dozing valves and solid flow meter arrangement .The kiln feed shall be conveyed to kiln by air slides and airlift. 5. Pet coke crushing and Grinding Pet coke will fed to a dump hopper through a pay loader for crushing. Crushed Pet coke will transported to coal hopper in coal mill building through belt conveyor and bucket elevator. An air swept ball mill will proposed to be use for Pet coke grinding utilization kiln wastes for drying and collection of ground material will be done in a bag filter. Fine pet coke shall be conveyed to a bin for firing into the kiln. 6. Pre heater, kiln, Cooler and Clinker Transport & Storage. A 5- stage suspension pre heater shall be use. A pre calcinator will also be incorporated in the circuit to increase the degree of calcination at the inklet of the kiln leading to increased production .Waste gases from pre heaters will be utilized for drying of raw materials in raw mill section and cooler hot gas in coal mill section.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 20 E.C Engineers.

The clinker shall be cooled in grate type cooler with controlled air flow arrangement. Cooled clinker shall be transported to the clinker stockpile through a set up of a new Deep Bucket Conveyors (DBC). Subsequently clinker shall be stored in the covered shed through tripper belt conveyor. 7. Gypsum Crusher The new gypsum shall be installed to crush gypsum before it is fed to the cement mill. Uncrushed gypsum is fed to a dump hopper by a pay loader for crushing. Crushed Gypsum will transport to Gypsum hopper in cement mill house through a belt conveyor . 8. Cement Grinding. From the Clinker yard, clinker will reclaimed through the clinker belt conveyor and transported to mill hoppers through the belt conveyors from the top of mill hoppers, clinkers & gypsum shall be suitably diverted and conveyed to the mill through weigh feeder from their respective hoppers. Fly ash will be unloaded in the covered sheds and will be proportion with clinker. However, in future, fly ash shall be brought in closed container and shall be pumped pneumatically to the fly ash silos. It will be extracted through dosing valve, solid flow meter arrangement and shall be feed the fly ash to the mill outlet also. There shall also be a provision in the layout of a blender for mixing fly ash with OPC to produce, PPC at a later date in future. Slag can also be considered in future as a blending agent. 9. Cement Storage, Packing & Dispatch Cement shall be transported through air slide and air lift to the cement silos. Further, the bottom cone of the silo shall be suitably designed and cement shall be transported to the packing plant through air slide & air lift.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 21 E.C Engineers.

Figure 2.5 Process Flow Diagram for Manufacture of Clinker

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 22 E.C Engineers.

2.3.3 PLANT LAYOUT M/s Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. has executed lease agreement for 50 Kanals (25084.00sq.m.) area for setting up of an industrial unit; out of this 8277.72 Sq.mt. shall be used in plant area for the project. The land owner has Land Possession Certificate issued by Office of Additional Deputy Commissioner, Sri Nagar, District, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir. The land use is presently fallow land. No displacement will involve in this project 2.4 LAND REQUIREMENT M/s Zaffron Enterprises Pvt. Ltd has proposed to set up a Cement Manufacturing Unit of Capacity 200 TPD at Village – Khonmoh, Tehsil & District - Srinagar, State- Jammu & Kashmir. The total plot Area for the proposed project is 25084.00 sq.m. The land use breakup of the same is as under:- TABLE 2.2 PROPOSED LAND USE OF PROPOSED PLANT Proposed Land Use Area (Kanal) Area (Sq.m) % of total Main plant and building 4.95 2508.00 10.0 Storages 2.97 1505.04 5.6 Non plant buildings 2.47 1254.2 4.6 Area occupied by/ under auxiliaries, etc 4.95 2508.00 10.0 Roads, ramp and miscellaneous paved 7.43 376 2.6 15.3 areas Cars and trucks parking 2.97 1505.04 5.7 Green belt and landscaped areas 16.36 8277.72 33.3 Other unused and miscellaneous areas 4.46 2257.56 9.2 Logistics and truck drivers recreation and 2.97 1505.04 6.3 lodging areas Total Area 50 25084 100

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 23 E.C Engineers.

Figure 2.6 SITE PLAN

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 24 E.C Engineers.

2.5 WATER REQUIREMENT

2.5.1 Water Requirement and Source

No waste water will be generated from the industrial process. For the domestic purpose 10 KLD domestic waste water will be generated .Domestic waste water will be treated in the sewage treatment plant up to tertiary level. The treated water 9.5 KLD will be reuse in plantation & landscaping within plant premises. Sewage sludge generates from STP will be reuse as manure in horticulture / plantation after proper digestion and can be used for gardening or green belt development. The source of water shall be Ground water.

Water balance for the project is given in figure 2.7.

Total Water Demand 100 KLD

Industrial Domestic Use Pollution control measure Process 15 KLD 4.5 KLD 85 KLD

Consumption Waste Water 5 KLD 10 KLD

STP Green Belt 10 KLD 5 KLD

Loss 0.5 KLD Treated Water 9.5 KLD

WATER BALANCE

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 25 E.C Engineers.

2.6 POWER REQUIREMENT

The power requirement for the proposed cement plant of 200 TPD is about 1.5 MW, which shall be ascertained by the supplier based on the drive/ consumer list as offered by them. Here at this stage the anticipated load has been envisaged at 1.5 MW. This may change during actual detailed engineering and design of the plant based on the suppliers own design.

a) Supply It is envisaged that the power requirement for the plant would be met from the 66/33 kV, nearest grid station of J&K power development department, which is about 2-3 kms (pole to pole) from the plant site. But the tapping from the line is expected to be allotted about 2-3 kms (Pole to Pole) away from the plant. The project report covers this aspect also. But the actual expenditure and the length there of shall be decided in detailed engineering after line survey along with PDD people. b) Receiving station and power distribution scheme

Receiving Station for main plant A bay of 66/33 kV outdoor receiving station shall be constructed inside the plant boundary subject to incidence /orientation of supply line, for incoming supply to be available to this bay, it has to be connected through suitable sized conductors from the tapping point allowed by PDD. For 66/33 kV outdoor receiving station to be set up for the plant, 1 no. 5MVA or of required capacity, 33/6.9 kV, ONAN step down transformer with on-load tap changer suitable for a voltage variation range of 17-34/66 KV is to be considered. c) Emergency power There will be requirement for 2 DG Sets in which one DG set is used of rating as required shall supply emergency power for emergency loads of kiln auxiliary drive, cooler drive, cooler fan & water pump and other one is for lighting and security only. The project proposes two DG sets for the plant. One of 100KVA for emergency lighting during power shut downs in the night.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 26 E.C Engineers.

The second DG set shall be used for keeping the essential plant/ production areas in operation during such power shut downs which shall be for more than two hours. This is expected only during winter season due to various electricity related problems. This DG set will be of 150 KVA capacities. The electrical system of the cement plant shall be designed to achieve overall economy on the following basic principles: Energy efficiency Technical soundness Modern concept System reliability Easy of maintenance Safety of personnel and equipment Remote operation Centralized control Variable speed convertors drive for wide ranges of Redial system of power distribution shall be followed. d) Load centers/ Indoor Sub- stations There shall be a main receiving substation inside the cement plant. The power from this substation i.e. 66/33/6.9 KV switchyard shall be received on 6.6 kV switchboard and shall be distributed to 3.3 or 6.6 kV motors & 415 V motors through distribution transformers, LT switchboard and respective MCCs. Electrical equipment for power distribution viz. 3.3 or 6.6 kV switchboards, distribution transformer, LT switch board, MCCs, capacitor banks etc. shall be housed in respective load center substations as detailed below: Main Station: 6633/6.9 kV switchyard and 3.3 or 6.6 KV switchboard. Load center1: raw material grinding, blending silo. Load center 2 (CCR, LT Board): kiln feed, preheater, kiln, cooler, clinker, transport and coal mill. Load Center 3: Cement grinding, Gypsum grinding, packing and dispatch. Load Center 4: Crushers, workshop, pumps etc.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 27 E.C Engineers.

Location of these load centers shall be taken up during detailed engineering on the electrical installation. e) Frequency and voltage Levels The frequency of the power supply for the whole plant and its infrastructure has been envisaged at 50 Hz. The different voltage levels shall be as given below: 01. Receiving voltage : 66/33 kV, 3 Ph. 50 Hz. 02. Network supply voltage : a. High voltage - 3.3 or 6.6 kV , 3 Ph. 50 Hz b. Low voltage - 415 V, 3 Ph. 50 Hz c. Voltage variation- + 15% (in summer )& (-45% in winter) d. Frequency variation- +3 % & -6% 03. Motor terminal voltage : a. A.C. Motors: Above 400 KW- 6.6 kV, 3 Ph., 50 Hz. 200 KW and below- 415 V, 3 Ph., 50 Hz. Up to 600 KW VVVF drives- 415 V or voltage as required, 3 Ph., 50 Hz.

b. DC Motors: Above 300 KW- 750 V rectified DC from 3 Ph. Full wave fully controlled thyristor convertors. 1.5 KW & above but Less than 300 KW- 440 V rectified DC from 3 ph. Full wave fully controlled thyristor converters.

Below 1.5 KW 300 V rectified DC from single phase full wave half/ full controlled thyristor convertors. c. Solenoids: 220 V AC (24 V DC should be derived from 220 V AC) d. Analog signals 4-20 mA (2- wire) DC isolated 04. Control Supply : a. AC control circuit: 220V, 1 Ph. 50 Hz., from 415/220V control transformer. b. DC control circuit: 110 V DC from battery with float-cum-boost charger.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 28 E.C Engineers.

05. Welding set and heaters : 230 V, 1 Ph, 50 Hz 06. Plant and township Lighting : 230 V, 1 Ph, 50 Hz f) 3.3 or 6.6 kV Switchboard All 3.3 or 6.6 kV switchgears shall be high speed, SF6/type circuit breaker. Each feeder shall be equipped with necessary metering and protection. Motor feeder shall include surge protection on account of operation of VCBs. One number of such 3.3 or 6.6 kV switch board with 8 nos. of panels has been considered. g) 3.3 or 6.6 kV/ 433V Distribution Transformer Unitized design step-down transformer for indoor sub-station shall be considered. This transformer shall be natural air cooled and shall have off load tap ghanger (7 steps with each step of 2.5%). The transformer capacity has been worked out on the basis of connected loads. About 20 % spare capacities have been provided in the transformer. h) 415 V Main LT distribution Boards The LT board considered shall be with fully draw out type motor operated air circuit breakers with necessary safety switches to facilitate safe operation and easy maintenance. One such board shall be considered. This shall be located at CCR cum load center-2 and shall receive 415 V power through bus duct from distribution transformer. i) Motor control Centers (MCCs) Functional MCCs i.e. MCCs controlling a group of interconnected and simultaneously operated loads shall be considered. All the MCCs to be considered shall be double front fully draw-out type. 10 nos. of such MCCs have been considered for different section. j) Drive Selection The type of motors to be considered shall be based on the following requirement: Load characteristics Starting torque requirement of driven machines. Operating characteristics i.e. high power factor and efficiency at operating point.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 29 E.C Engineers.

Accuracy and range of speed control required for variable speed control application. Minimum power loss in variable speed application with the use of efficient method of speed control. Keeping in view the above essential requirements, following types of drive motors shall be considered for the plant. AC drives shall be preferred over DC drives.

k) AC Motors Above 400 KW: 6.6 kV, class F insulated slip ring induction motor with motor operated liquid rotor starter. VVVF drives for soft starting and speed control for energy saving shall be provided for fan application. l) 400 KW and below 415 V, class F insulated squirrel cage induction motor with contractor type DOL starter shall be used. However, wherever application demands slipring induction motors, same with motor operated liquids rotor starter shall be used. Up to 600 KW: 415 V or voltage as required, class F insulated , squirrel cage induction motor with VVVF drives for soft starting and speed control of motors for energy saving. m) DC Motors Class- F insulated, force ventilated compound wound, separately excited thyristor fed. n) Power Factor Improvement In order to maintain a high overall plant power factor to reduce the demand charges, static power factor improving capacitors of suitable KVAR rating and voltage grade to be considered. In the scheme envisaged, suitable size capacitors to be considered for direct connection across stator terminals of 3.3 or 6.6kV motors. Further, for compensation of LT loads, multi-step automatic controlled capacitor banks to be considered for connection to main LT board. The capacitor banks to be sized to maintain the overall power factor to be about 0.95 lag.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 30 E.C Engineers.

o) Earthing 66/33/6.6/3.3 kV system shall be solidly earthed through neutrals of power transformer. LT system shall also be solidly earthed through neutrals of the respective distribution transformer. Electrical power distribution system shall be effectively earthed with the help of GI earth continuity conductor of suitable cross section. Earth pit with GI pipe electrode shall be provided around all the load centers and process building for earthing of load center equipment and various drives in the plant in order to keep earth resistance below one ohm. Separate earthing pits for distribution transformer, ESPs, lighting arrestors and other electrical equipments to be considered and all the earthing pits shall be interconnected. p) Lighting A very efficient illumination scheme for plant buildings and roads inside the plant area to be considered with the following aims in view: o To boost up productivity. o To minimize accidents. o To facilitate maintenance round the clock. o To provide daylight feeling to the operating personnel. o To minimize pilferage. q) Cables

The following type of cables shall be provided:

6.6 kV power Cables XLPE insulated armored aluminum. 415 V power Cables PVC alternatively XLPE insulated, armored aluminum. Control cables stranded copper conductor, PVC insulated armored, with Cross section of 1.5 sq. mm. Signal cables Stranded copper conductor, PVC insulated and armored, with aluminum Mylar tape screening with drain wire of 1.0 sq. mm cross -section.

r) Battery & Battery Charger

110 V, 150 AH lead acid batteries with standard accessories to be considered one for the main sub-station and one for 415 main LT Distribution Board in load-2.The battery charger shall be thruster type with automatic and manual float- cum- Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 31 E.C Engineers.

boost charging facility. The emergency lighting load of the substation building shall be connected on the batteries.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 32 E.C Engineers.

CHAPTER- 3 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 3.1 GENERAL The anthropogenic activities specifically related to industrial sector are expected to cause impacts on environmental quality in and around the project location. However, the intensity of environmental impacts from a specific project depends on several factors such as type of process Physical, chemical, fuel combustion etc. involved in the project, processing capacity (scale/size of the project), type and extent of pollution control measures, project location surrounding geomorphology etc.

To assess environmental impacts from proposed project at a specific location, it is essential to monitor the environmental quality prevailing in the surrounding area prior to implementation of the proposed project. The environmental status within the study zone is used for identification of significant environmental issues to be addressed in the impact assessment study. The impacts from an existing industrial project on its surrounding environment are mainly regulated by the nature of pollutants, their quantities discharged to the environment, existing environmental quality, assimilative capacity of the surrounding environment and topography and terrain of the project site (its location) as well as the surrounding area.

To assess the impact from the unit and its management, it is important to know the background environment of the area. The aspects considered are topography, physiographic, water environment, air environment, meteorology, biological environment, noise, soil, land use and socio-economic environment.

This section contains the description of baseline studies of the 10 km radius of the study area. The data collected has been used to define the existing environment scenario around the proposed project against which the potential impacts of the project has been assessed. 3.2 ABOUT KHONMOH VILLAGE Khonmoh is situated in Srinagar (north) tehsil and located in Srinagar district of Jammu & kashmir. It is one of 9 villages in srinagar (north) Block along with villages like Gagarzoo and Abdullah Pora .

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 33 E.C Engineers.

3.2.1 DISTRICT AT GLANCE- SRINAGAR Srinagar is the most pivotal center of economy of the Kashmir Valley and the city of Srinagar has remained a center of tourist attraction for centuries. It is situated on the bank of Jhelum River. District Baramulla forms the Northern and Western boundary whereas Badgam district forms the western and south – Western limits. In the south, Srinagar district is bounded by Pulwama district. The district lies between 34 o01’00” to 34 o29’10” North latitudes and 74 o33’30” to 75 o30’00” East longitudes. (Plate-I). Srinagar District was bifirquated in to Srinagar & Ganderbal Districts in the year 2006. As the data for these separate districts was not available with the state administration, this reports has taken into consideration older Srinagar District as a whole including newly created Srinagar & Ganderbal Districts. Table: 3.1 SRINAGAR DISTRICT AT A GLANCE 1 GENERAL INFORMATION i Geographical area (sq.km.) 2,228 (old Srinagar district ) ii Administrative Divisions No. of Tehsils 3 No. of CD Blocks 4 No. of Panchayats 70 No. of Villages 175 iii Population(as per 2001 census) 12,02,447 iv Average annual rainfall(mm) 680 2 GEOMORPHOLOGY i Major physiographical units i. High Hill ranges ii. Valleys & Terraces ii Important Lakes Dal, Anchar iii Important Hill ranges Zabarvan Mountains, Hari Parbat iv Altitude 1730 m amsl v Major Drainages • Basin Indus • Sub Basin Jhelum vi Rivers Jelum, Kankanag, Sindh 3 LAND USE (hec.) i Forest area 1,688 ii Net area sown 21,893 4 MAJOR SOIL TYPES i. Hapludalfs ii. Ochraqualfs Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 34 E.C Engineers.

5 IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES (MI census 2005-06) (hac) • Net Area Irrigated 16,652 • Gross Area Irrigated 21,520 • Canals 16,091 • Wells 112 • Other Sources 449 6 NUMBER OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS OF CGWB i No. of dug wells 3 ii No. of piezometers Nil 7 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS Quaternary Alluvium • Tertiary (Karewas) • Paleozoic Sedimentary & Volcanic rocks 8 HYDROGEOLOGY Major Water Bearing Formations i Consolidated sediments / Hard Rocks Covering major part (50%) (Fractured and jointed) Yield prospects Moderate (1 -3.0 lps) Springs/Percolation • GW structures Wells / Handpumps /Tubewells 2 Semi consolidated sediments (Karewas) Covering (25%) Yield prospects Low (5 -20 lps) Springs/ • GW structures Handpumps/Dugwells 3 Unconsolidated porous sediments Valley area (25%) (Alluvium) • Yield prospects Moderate (10 -40 lps) Tube wells/ • GW structures Handpumps/Dugwells Depth to water level (m bgl) • Pre-monsoon 2.00-3.00 • Post - monsoon 1.50-2.50 Source: Ground water brochure, Srinagar district, Srinagar-CGWA

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 35 E.C Engineers.

Source: Ground water brochure, Srinagar district, Srinagar-CGWA Fig. 3.1 Administrative Map of Srinagar District 3.3 STUDY AREA The environmental impact assessment was conducted considering likely potential impacts on physical, biological, social/economic and cultural resources within an area of 10 km radius around the proposed site. The study area of 10 km radius of plant site falls in Survey of India Toposheet No. 43 J/16 and study area covers Toposheet no. 43 J/16, 43 N/4, 43 K/13, 43 O/1 (1:25000 scale) and is spread over Khonmoh Village, Tehsil & Dist- Srinagar. An area of 10 KM radius surrounding the proposed site has been studied. In which collection of secondary data on village wise population, sex ratio, literacy, occupational structure, number of households and percentage of main workers and non-workers. Collection of primary information on social amenities and infrastructure facilities in the study area were carried out for assessment of the impact on socioeconomic environment. Major villages within the study area with their respective distances and directions from the proposed site are given in Table 3.2. Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 36 E.C Engineers.

Table 3.2 Villages in the study Area S. No. Name Distance (in km) Direction 1. Khanmoh 3.95 SW 2. Wuyan 5.88 SSW 3. Leyiar 6.5 NNE 4. Zantrang 1.04 NE 5. Bathan 3.53 ESE 6. Maij 6.83 S 7. Bathon 5.47 SE 8. Zanterag 1.04 NE 9. Androsa 7.51 S 10. Khanibal 8.72 S 11. Loli Pora 8.09 SW 12. Kranchoo 9.44 SSW 13. Khrew 6.43 SSE 14. Gundbal 9.27 S 15. Ledhu 8.82 SSE 16. Dara 9.89 NNW 17. Pampore 9.61 SSW 18. Balhama 6.07 SW 19. Dachhigan 2.95 NNW 20. Naupur 5.00 WNW 21. Naugam 7.50 WSW 22. Manganwaj 8.00 SW 23. Pohar 9.01 SSW 24. Wogur 9.05 SSW 25. Wanpur 8.50 NW 26. Laro 8.81 SSE 27. Khanagund 9.00 ESE 28. Sombar 9.00 S 29. Letapor 9.00 S 30. Tengan 6.02 SSW 31. Zawarah 6.31 SW 32. Achnambal 7.91 SW 33. Nagander 6.63 SE 34. Bagh anayat ullah 7.00 SSW 35. Drangah Bal Befnoo 7.90 SSW

3.4 BASELINE ENVIRONMENT The baseline environmental quality represents the background scenario of various environmental components in the study area.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 37 E.C Engineers.

The main objective of this section is to provide a baseline status of the study area covering 10-km radius around the proposed plant site so that temporal changes due to the industrial activities on the surroundings can be assessed in future. As a part of Environmental Impact Assessment study, baseline environmental monitoring was carried out during April, May and June of 2016. This section deals with the description of existing environmental settings in study area. The baseline data collection was carried out to cover the following aspects: • Land Environment • Soil quality • Ambient Air quality • Water quality • Ambient Noise quality • Biological Environment • Socio economic status To achieve these objectives, our team monitored the environmental parameters within the core zone and buffer zone (10 km. radial distance) from the plant site in accordance with the Guidelines for EIA issued by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India. Base map showing monitoring locations is enclosed as Annexure II. Analysis report from the NABL approved lab M/s. Environment Testing Lab is enclosed as Annexure III.

3.5 GEOGRAPHY OF THE PROJECT The study area of 10 km radius of plant site falls in Survey of India Toposheet No. 43 J/16 and study area covers Toposheet no. 43 J/16, 43 N/4, 43 K/13, 43 O/1

(1:25000 scale) and is spread over Khonmoh Village, Tehsil & Dist Srinagar. 3.6 LAND ENVIRONMENT Studies on land use aspects of eco-system play an imperative role in identifying susceptible issues and to take appropriate action to uphold Ecological equilibrium in the region.

3.6.1 Study of Land Use / Land Cover around the proposed project Site Activity Using Satellite Remote Sensing Data:

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 38 E.C Engineers.

The study area (10 kms radius coverage from the site) falls in States J&K. The land use pattern of the study area is mainly Human settlements, agriculture and open & degraded vegetation. The present Land use / Land cover map of study area is prepared by current vintage of satellite image and by conducting field visit. That has enabled assessment of the impact on land use pattern .

3.6.2 METHODOLOGY Land use / Land cover map preparation, Base map creation; and Geometric correction of satellite image has been processed using ERDAS Imagine 9.2 Software.

Figure 3.2 Contour Map of the study area

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 39 E.C Engineers.

Geo-referencing of Satellite Image Survey of India Toposheet has registered in Geographic lat/long. Satellite image has been geo-referenced by using registered SOI toposheet as a reference map taking suitable Ground Control Points (GCP) points like intersection point of railway, Road network, landmarks and permanent feature. Finally Images have re- projected in UTM projection and their respective zone.

Base Map Layer Creation Base map has been prepared using Survey of India Toposheet as a reference map on 1:50,000 scale. In base layer linear and point feature like road, rail, canal, village location and plant site have been created in vector data format. Base map layer information has been used for analysis of surrounding feature like road, rail, and village location near Plant site activity through superimposed on thematic map for data integration.

Interpretation of Satellite Image Hybrid technique has been used i.e. visual interpretation and digital image processing for identification of different land use and vegetation cover classes based on spectral signature of geographic feature. Spectral signature represents various land use class. Image interpretation keys are developed based on image characteristics like color, tone, size, shape, texture, pattern, shadow, association etc, which enables interpretation of satellite images for ground feature.

3.6.3 CONCLUSION All vector layer superimposed on land use land cover map for final map composition. Statistical data observations and results obtained from satellite image are given below:-

3.7 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS The district in general shows the conspicuous physiographic variations comprising moderately high hills, mountain ranges and alluvial tract. Nearly 50% of the area is covered by high hills characterized by hilly rugged and undulating topography. The district forms a part of hilly terrain of the Great-Himalayas and consists of parallel hill ranges. Flat alluvial terrain/Karewa table lands of late Pliocene to Pleistocene - Recent sediments occur in the flood plains of rivers and major nalas

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 40 E.C Engineers.

of the district. The alluvial tract occupies the lower elevations and is located at a height of about 1600 meters above mean sea level. (Plate-II) The general topographic slope in the northern part is towards the south, in the southern part is towards north while in the central part the master slope is towards west. The district is bounded by the Great Himalayas on the South Eastern, Northern, & North Western side, Jhelum River in the South & it extends and form the contiguous portion of the Kashmir Valley in the West. The highest peak is 5148 m above mean sea level. There are many hill tops in the eastern part of the district with an average height of 3,000 to 4,500 m amsl. Alluvial fans are predominant feature occurring at foothills. In the Valley portion typical Karewa table lands are noticed. These table lands are flat at the top with a very gentle slope towards the valley in the periphery portion the Karewas about against the mountains. a) SOILS

The soils of the Kashmir Valley are broadly divided into two types viz, Hapludalfs & Ochraqualfs and the same is true for the Srinagar district also. These soils are described below:-

i) Hapludalfs

These soils are found on Karewa tops & uplands with a slope variation of 1-3%, these are very deep soils, well drained with moderate permeability. These soils are severely eroded resulted in the formation of gullies and ravines. These are medium to fine textural soils and the surface texture varies from clay loam to silty clay loam. The colour of the soils varies from Yellowish Brown to dark Brown. These soils are mostly used for cultivation of Wheat, Maize & pulses. ii) Ochraqualfs

These soils are found in plain to mid upland topography. These soils are moderately fine textured with clay loam as the predominant surface texture. The extent of erosion on such soils is much less. These are dark brown to dark yellowish Brown in colour. These soils are mostly used because of their low permeability for the cultivation of Paddy, Mustard & at places Wheat.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 41 E.C Engineers.

b) GEOLOGY

The main geological formations in the district are Karewas & Paleozoic Sedimentaries and Volcanics. These formations are overlain by a thin mantle of recent alluvium. The Karewas are overlying the folded Zeewan formation & Panjal volcanics. In the northern extremity of the valley portion Karewa formations rests over the Cambrio-Silurians. The general geological successions of the area is given in Table 3.4

Table 3.4 Geology of study area Group/Formation Lithology Age Seree Material/Alluvium Heterogenous Clastic Sub Recent to Recent sediments comprising of sand, Silt,Clay Upper Karewas Loams, Silts& Silty brown- Naugam Formation grey Clayas unstraified, laminated to marls,sand,silts Lower to middle and plastic clays.Glacier Pleistocene to lower Boulder bed II, Glacier stage. Pliocene Lower Karewas, Hirpur Plastic Bluish grey clays, Formation sandy clays and sand with lignite at places.Glacier boulder bed I,Glacial Stage. UNCONFORMITY(Not Exposed) Limestone Triassic Limestone Zeewan Beds Lime stone & shale Middle to late Permian Panjal Traps Andesitic flows Permian Agglomreatic Slate Series Slates,quartztite Late Carboniferous to early permian Muth Quartztite Slates, Quartzite, Siltsstones, Late Selurian to early Dolomitic Limestone devonian Shale,Siltstone,Quartz,Arenit Cambrio-Silurian e To Study the impact of the proposed project on the soil of the area it is important to know the existing condition of the study area. The present study on the soil quality establishes the baseline characteristics and identifies the incremental concentrations if any, due to the proposed project.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 42 E.C Engineers.

The objective of the sampling is: • To determine the baseline soil characteristics of the study area; • To determine the impact of proposed activity on soil characteristics. The samples drawn from three different depths was homogenized, packed in a polythene plastic bag and then was analyzed. 3.7.1 Topography The general topography of the area is undulated. Slope of the land surface is towards north and elevation varies from 1576-4072 meter above msl as shown in terrain map in figure 3.5. The area is characterized by isolated hillocks in the northern part, vast plain occupied by alluvium and windblown sand in central part and low lying flat topped hills in southern part of the area the main physiographic units. 3.7.2 Baseline Soil Status The details of the monitoring locations are given in Table -3.5 & Figure - 3.6. The soil analysis results are presented in Table-3.6 Table 3.5 Soil Monitoring Locations Direction from Distance from the Station Sampling Location Project site Project Site (Km) S1 Pr oject Site -- -- S2 Village - Khonmoh WSW 3.62 Km S3 Village- Sangri NW 9.50 Km

Table 3.6 Soil Sample Analysis Report S. No. Parameters Proposed site Village Sangri Village Khanmoh 1. Texture Sandy Clay Loam Sandy clay Sandy clay 2. pH 7.43 7.51 7.46 3. Elect. Conductivity 279.4 228.3 546.6 4. Potassium 24.10 30.12 37.96 5. Sodium 15.44 17.06 19.88 6. Calcium (as Ca) 212.68 213.42 296.30 7. Magnesium (as Mg) 42.29 45.20 68.16 (mg/g) 8. Organic carbon 0.79 0.98 1.6 9. Water Holding 30.4 36.0 32.2 Capacity 10. Chloride 11.76 21.74 18.15 11. Available Phosphorus 19.11 15.5 21.68

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 43 E.C Engineers.

12. Available Nitrogen 73.81 87.2 98.64 13. Zinc 19.42 319.74 27.18 14. Chromium Not detectable Not detectable Not detectable 15. Manganese Not detectable Not detectable Not detectable 16. Lead Not detectable Not detectable Not detectable 17. Cadmium Not detectable Not detectable Not detectable 18. Copper Not detectable Not detectable Not detectable 19. Bulk density 1.28 1.26 1.26 TABLE No. : 3.7 STANDARD SOIL CLASSIFICATION S. No. Parameters Classification 1. pH <4.5 extremely acidic 4.51 – 5.0 very strong acidic 5.01 – 5.5 strongly acidic 5.51-6.0 moderately acidic 6.1 – 6.5 slightly acidic 6.51-7.3 Neutral 7.31-7.8 slightly alkaline 7.81-8.5 moderately alkaline 8.51 – 9.0 strongly alkaline >9.0 Very strongly alkaline 2. Salinity Electrical Conductivity Up to 1.0 average (mho/cm) 1-2 harmful to germination 1 mho/cm = 640 ppm 2-3 harmful to crops 3. Nitrogen (kg/ha) Up to 50 very less 51-100 less 110-150 good 151-300 better >300 sufficient 4. Phosphorus (kg/ha) Up to 15 very less 15 – 30 less 31-50 medium 51-65 on average sufficient 66-80 sufficient >80 more than sufficient 5. Potassium (kg/ha) 0-120 very less 120-180 less

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 44 E.C Engineers.

180-240 medium 241-300 average 301-360 better >360 more than sufficient Source: Soil Analysis

3.7.3 RESULT INTERPRETATION Various statistical parameters pH, EC, Moisture, Zinc, Iron, Copper, Lead, Nitrogen, Phosphate, Potassium, Chromium, Sodium and Oil & Grease have been computed from the observed raw data for all the Soil monitoring stations.

The analysis results for soil shows that soil is slightly basic in nature as pH value ranges from 7.43 to 7.51 & is Sandy Clay. The concentration of Nitrogen available is varies from 73.81 (%w/w) to 98.64 (%w/w). Phosphate varies from 15.5 to 21.68 (%w/w) & Potassium 24.10 (%w/w) to 37.96 (%w/w) in the soil samples.

3.8 AIR ENVIRONMENT 3.8.1 Meteorology The purpose of EIA is to determine whether average concentrations are likely to encounter at fixed locations (Know as the receptor), due to the given sources (locations and rates of emission known), under idealized atmospheric conditions. It is imperative that one should work with idealized condition and all analysis pertaining to air turbulence and ambient air or noise pollution should be done with meteorological conditions, which can at best be expected to occur. Meteorological data has been collected from the IMD Srinagar. 3.8.2 Methodology The methodology adopted for monitoring surface observations is as per the standard norms laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards (IS: 8829) and India Meteorological Department (IMD). 3.8.3 Meteorological data Percentage frequencies of wind in 16 directions have been computed from the recorded data during the study period April, May & June 2016 (Pre Monsoon). The pictorial represents the summary of the wind pattern is given below in figure 3.7.

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 45 E.C Engineers.

Table 3.8 Showing the Micrometeorological data Month Temp Humidity Rainfall Prominent Average (°C) (%) (in mm) wind wind speed Max. Min. Max. Min Direction April’ 201 6 25 11 94 14 26.00 SW 2 Km/hr May’ 201 6 31 9 95 11 10.00 SW 2 Km/hr June 201 6 34 12 90 16 16.00 SW 2 Km/hr 3.8.4 Wind Rose A wind rose is a graphic tool used by meteorologist to give a succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Wind velocity is a measure of wind speed and direction. It is one the most important meteorological parameters and governs dispersion, diffusion and transportation of pollutants to the atmosphere. Wind rose is the diagrammatic representation of wind speed in a specified direction with its arms representing sixteen direction, each arms give a clear frequency distribution of wind speed in a particular direction for a given period of time as shown in figure 3.7

FIGURE NO 3.3: WINDROSE DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT SITE

Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 46 E.C Engineers.

Interpretation The overall predominant wind direction on 24 hourly bases was observed to be blowing from SW to NE, and N to S. 3.8.5 Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) Prevailing air environment i.e. base line conditions in an area is primarily governed by the different activities going on in that area including industrial, agricultural, domestic and commercial activities. The pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere is also governed by the meteorology, topography, natural settings in terms of plantation, forest cover, vegetation etc. as these factors in combination with each other are responsible for dispersion, diffusion, transportation and assimilation of pollutants in the local air shed. The pollutants selected for ambient

air quality status are PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2, NO x, and CO. Reconnaissance survey The prime objective of the AAQ survey within the study area around the proposed cement plant was to establish the existing background levels for various air

pollutants e.g. PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2, NO x, and CO. In order to establish existing status of atmospheric conditions of study area in

terms of relevant pollutants namely particulate matter (PM 10 , PM 2.5 ), sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides. AAQ monitoring was carried out for April, May and June of 2016. A network of five numbers of AAQ stations were set up to establish the base line conditions of air environment in the study area. The AAQ stations locations were selected keeping in mind the findings of the reconnaissance survey, major

settlements, micrometeorology and topography of the study area. The PM 10 ,

PM 2.5 , machine along with gaseous sampler methods prescribed by CPCB/SPCB were used for carrying out air quality monitoring. The data on pollutants concentrations were processed for different statistical parameters like arithmetic mean, minimum and maximum concentration and various percentile values.

The existing baseline levels with respect to (PM 10 , PM 2.5 ); SO 2 and nitrogen oxides are given in Table 3.9.

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3.8.6 Methodology adopted for air quality monitoring Selection of sampling locations The baseline status of the air quality in the study area was assessed though a scientifically designed ambient air quality monitoring network. The selection of monitoring network was based on the following aspects: Topography / terrain of the study area Populated area within the study area Residential and sensitive areas within the study area. Magnitude of the surrounding industries. Representation of regional background levels. Representation of cross sectional distribution in downward direction. Based on the above factors, a network of 5 AAQ monitoring stations has been identified in the study region during the study period of April, May and June of 2016 as given in Table – 3.9. TABLE No. : 3.9

LOCATIONS OF AAQ MONITORING STATIONS Direction from Distance from the Station Sampling Location Project site Project Site (Km) S1 PROJECT SITE -- -- S2 Village- Athwajan Near NH-1A West 10.63 km S3 Village- Sangri NW 9.50 km S4 Village- Wuyan SW 5.71 km S5 Village- Khanmoh WSW 3.62 Km

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FIGURE NO 3.4: SHOWING THE SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Table 3.10

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS Pollutant Time Concentration Method of measurement Weighted in Ambient Air Average Industrial, Ecologically Residential Sensitive Rural & Other Area Areas Sulphur Dioxide Annual* 50 20 -Improved West and Gaeke 3 (SO 2), µg/m 24 hours ** 80 80 method. -Ultraviolet fluorescence Oxides of Nitrogen Annual* 40 30 -Jacob & Hochheiser (Na - 3 as NO 2, µg/m 24 hours ** 80 80 Arsenite) -Chemiluminescence Particulate Matter Annual* 60 60 -Gravimetric (Size less than 10 24 hours ** 100 100 -TOEM 3 µm)or PM 10 µg/m -Beta attenuation Particulate Matter Annual* 40 40 -Gravimetric (Size less than 2.5 24 hours ** 60 60 -TOEM 3 µm)or PM 2.5 µg/m -Beta attenuation

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3 Ozone (O 3), µg/m 8 hours** 100 100 -UV photometric 1 hour** 180 180 - Chemiluminescence -Chemical Method Lead (Pb), µg/m 3 Annual* 0.50 0.50 -AAS/ICP Method after 24 hours ** 1.0 1.0 sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper. -ED-XRF using Teflon filter Carbon Monoxide 8 Hours** 02 02 -Non Depressive Infrared (CO), mg/m 3 1 Hours 04 04 Spectroscopy (NDIR)

Ammonia (NH 3), Annual* 100 100 - Chemiluminescence µg/m 3 24 hours ** 400 400 - Indophenol blue method

Benzene (C 6H6), Annual* 05 05 -Gas Chromatography based µg/m 3 continuous analyser -Adsorption and Desorption followed by GC analysis Benzo(a)Pyrene Annual* 01 01 -Solvent extraction followed (BaP)-particulate by HPLC/GC analysis phase only, ng/m 3 Arsenic (As), ng/m 3 Annual* 06 06 -AAS/ ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper Nickel (Ni), ng/m 3 Annual* 20 20 -AAS/ ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper Source: NAAQS

* Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform intervals. ** 24 hourly or 8 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, should be complied with 98% of the time in a year. However 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days of monitoring. Presentation of Results Various statistical parameters like average, maximum and minimum values have been computed from the observed raw data for all the AAQ monitoring stations. The summary of these results for all the locations is presented in Table 3.11. These are compared with the standards prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for rural and residential zone.

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TABLE No. : 3.11 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING Station Monitoring PM PM NO SO CO 10 2.5 2 2 Code Location Max. Min. Max. Min Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. S1 Project Site 42.8 35.3 25.6 15.6 19.9 12.4 10.9 6.1 0.98 0.62 S2 Village- Athwajan 44.9 31.2 22.7 15.5 21.5 12.5 12.5 6.5 1.59 0.62 Near NH -1A S3 Village- Sangri 44.8 33.1 25.9 16.4 19.6 12.5 10.9 6.2 0.97 0.42 S4 Village- Wuyan 44.9 34.5 25.1 15.6 20.8 11.9 10.9 5.5 0.98 0.62 S5 Village- Khonmoh 56.2 35.3 25.6 17.5 19.9 11.5 10.7 6.2 0.97 0.56 Source: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Analysis Results

GRAPHS SHOWING THE RESULTS OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

3.5 A)Graph Showing the Results of Ambient Air Quality in Summer Season – PM 10

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3.5 (B)Graph Showing the Results of Ambient Air Quality in Summer Season – PM 2.5

3.5 (C)Graph Showing the Results of Ambient Air Quality in Summer Season – SO 2

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3.5( D)Graph Showing the Results of Ambient Air Quality in Summer Season – NO 2

3.8.6.1 Result and Discussion

The concentration of PM 2.5 and PM 10 for all the AAQM stations ranges between 3 3 15.5 – 25.9 µg/m and 31.20 – 56.20 µg/m , respectively. Concentration of SO 2 varies 3 3 from 5.5 –12.5 µg/m and the concentration of NO 2 varies from 11.5 – 21.5 µg/m during summer season. Thus all the parameters for Ambient Air Quality are within the prescribed limits.

3.9 WATER ENVIRONMENT 3.9.1 Hydrogeology aspects

The hydro geological conditions of the district are dependent on the lithology, structure and geomorphic set up. Groundwater in the area occurs both under water table and confined conditions in Soft Rock Aquifers, Groundwater in the alluvial sediments cons isting of valley fills & Karewas occurs in the pore spaces of the individual grains under water table and confine conditions and a form a prolific aquifer in the district where are hard rock’s lack primary porosity & ground water is confined mainly to the fractured & jointed formations. From the ground

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water point of view, these rocks are grouped into Panjal Traps & Triassic limestone. The overburden generally consisting of boulders of hard rock’s & clay at places also form good aquifers with moderate yields ranging upto 5.0 lps. Panjal traps located along the Jhelum rivers are highly jointed & fractured with a good/potentials aquifer. Two exploratory wells drilled by CGWB, for the first time with DTH rigs in the Valley, has yielded 12.0 (Upper Athwajan) & 33.0 lps (Sofi Mohalla) of water.

3.9.2 Depth to Water Level

Based on the data of water levels of permanent hydrograph network stations, it is observed that the depth to water table varies widely in different hydro geomorphic depending upon rainfall, the draft and the topography of the area. There were five National Hydrograph Network Stations monitored up to the year 1989 by the Central Ground Water Board in the district and the same are shown in Plate-III. All the five hydrograph stations falls in Valley fills/ Karewas. At present only three National Hydrograph Network Stations are being monitored from the year 2007 As there is no monsoon rainfall in the valley and precipitation is received in the form of snow in the winter (December-March) & rain fall in the early summer(April-May) is only due to western disturbances, the terms Pre-monsoon & Post-monsoon as used in the other parts of the country are not relevant in the Kashmir Valley & Summer and Winter water levels are used in lieu of these terms respectively. The depth to Summer water levels in the ranges from 1.5 to 4.00 m bgl (Plate-IV) while Winter water levels varies from 1.75 to 6.00 m bgl. It is important to mention here that water level behavior in the Kashmir Valley is entirely different from the other parts of the country. This is mainly because of the fact that about 60 to 70% of the precipitation is received in the form of snow during December to February while March and April is the months of heavy rainfall. May to September is relatively dry months. Hence recharge to the ground water takes place in the valley in the months of April to June with the melting of snow and with the onset of rainfall. Therefore water level shows trends of rising from April onwards and falling from August onwards. Environmental (EIA) Consultant: Mr. Shahid Bashir Baba 54 E.C Engineers.

Ground Water Resources The dynamic ground water resources of Srinagar district have been estimated for valley areas only. Total area has been taken as unit for final computation Ground water resources have been computed as per GEC 1997 methodology & are summarized in table 3.12 Table 3.12 1. Area considered for GW Assessment (valley area) 500 sq km 2. Annual Replenishable GW Resource during monsoon & non- 10,201 ham monsoon period 3. Net Annual Ground Water Availability 9,181 ham 4. Annual Ground Water Draft 4198 ham 5. Ground Water Availability for Future Irrigation 2192 ham 6. Stage of Ground Water Development 46 %

Fig. 3.6 Average Depth of Water level

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3.9.3 Water Quality Methodology Ground water sources covering 10-km radial distance were examined for physico chemical parameters in order to assess the effect of industrial and other activities on the hydrosphere resources. The samples were collected and analyzed as per the procedures specified in ‘Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and wastewater. Sampling Locations Four groundwater samples were collected as grab samples and were analyzed for various parameters. The analyzed results were compared with the standards for drinking water as per IS: 10500. Monitoring locations were finalized on the basis of the following aspects:- • Drainage pattern • Tube wells (utilized for drinking water purposes) • Surface water (if any) in study area; and The assessment of water quality in the study area was examined for Physico- chemical parameters. The samples were collected and analyzed as per the procedures specified in CPCB / BIS guidelines.

TABLE No. : 3.13 LOCATIONS OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS Direction from Project Distance from the Station Sampling Location site Project Site (Km)

S1 On Project Site -- -- S2 Village Sangri NW 9.5 km S3 Village Wuyan SW 5.71 km S4 Village Khanmoh WSW 3.62 km

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TABLE No. : 3.14 WATER ANALYSIS RESULTS Values Found Requirement as per IS : 10500 Sl. Permissible Limits in the Parameters On Project Village Village Village No. Desirable Limits absence of alternate Site Sangri Wuyan Khanmoh source 1. Colour <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 5 15 2. Odour Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 3. Taste Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 4. Turbidity <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1 5 5. pH 7.27 7.11 6.98 7.18 6.5 8.5

6. Total Hardness (as CaCO 3) 182 148.0 128.0 168 200 600 7. Iron (as Fe) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.3 No Relaxation 8. Chloride (as Cl) 41.74 58.08 50.82 50.82 250 1000 9. Fluoride (as F) 0.27 0.19 0.17 0.21 1 1.5 10. TDS 310.0 259.0 243.0 282.0 500 2000 11. Calcium (as Ca) 51.20 44.8 41.6 48.0 75 200 12. Magnesium (as Mg) 13.12 8.75 5.83 11.66 30 100 13. Copper (as Cu) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 1.5 14. Manganese (as Mn) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.1 0.3

15. Sulphate (as SO 4) 15.5 12.95 6.4 10.07 200 400

16. Nitrate (as NO 3) 1.93 1.61 0.83 1.5 45 No Relaxation 17. Phenolic Compound <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.002 18. Mercury (as Hg) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 No Relaxation

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19. Cadmium (as Cd) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 No Relaxation 20. Selenium (as Se) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 No Relaxation 21. Arsenic (as As) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.05 22. Cyanide (as Cn) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 No Relaxation 23. Lead (as Pb) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 No Relaxation 24. Zinc (as Zn) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 5 15 25. Anionic Detergent <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.2 1 26. Chromium (as Cr +6 ) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 No Relaxation

27. Alkalinity (as CaCO 3) 32.0 24.0 48.0 24.0 200 600 28. Aluminum (as Al) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.03 0.2 29. Residual Chlorine <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.2 No Relaxation Microbiological Parameters 1 Total Coliform Not detected Not Not Not Shall not be detectable detected detected detected 2 E.Coli Absent Absent Absent Absent Shall not be detectable

Source: Water Analysis Report

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3.9.4 Results and Discussion

As shown above in Table No.-3.14 the ground water quality in the area in pre-monsoon season has been analyzed for the certain parameters. The interpretation of the analysis results are as under:

The analysis shows that pH varies from 6.98 to 7.27. Total hardness varies from 128 mg/l to 182 mg/l. Total dissolved solids are in the range of 243.0mg/l to 310 mg/l in water samples.

3.9.5 Surface Water Analysis Results

S. No. Parameters Values found Dal Lake Jhelam River 1. pH 7.25 7.39 2. Temperature 27 29 3. Dissolved Oxygen 6.7 6.8 4. turbidity 2.1 1.6 5. Biological Oxygen Demand (3 <5.0 <5.0 days at 27 0 C) 6. Total Suspended Solid 12.0 8.0 7. Chemical Oxygen Demand 12.8 9.6 8. Conductivity 504.7 346.8 MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETER 1. Faecal Coliform Absent Absent

3.10 NOISE ENVIRONMENT The physical description of sound concerns its loudness as a function of frequency. Noise in general is sound, which is composed of many frequency components of various types of loudness distributed over the audible frequency

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