A SATELLITE BASED RAPID ASSESSMENT ON FLOODS IN JAMMU & KASHMIR – SEPTEMBER, 2014

In Collaboration with

National Remote Sensing Centre Dept. of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing Indian Space Research Organization, Government of Jammu and Kashmir Hyderabad-37. Bemina, Srinagar-10

A SATELLITE BASED RAPID ASSESSMENT ON FLOODS IN JAMMU & KASHMIR – SEPTEMBER, 2014

Principal Coordinator Suresh Chugh, IFS

Principal Investigator Majid Farooq

© Copyright No part of this publication/report may be reproduced without the prior permission of the publisher, i.e.,

Dept. of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing Government of Jammu and Kashmir Bemina, Srinagar-10 & National Remote Sensing Centre Indian Space Research Organization, Hyderabad-37.

Executive Summary

Jammu & Kashmir experienced one of the worst floods in the past 60 years, during first week of September 2014, due to unprecedented and intense rains. The Jhelum River and its tributaries were in spate and caused extensive flooding in the region. The Decision Support Centre (DSC) of NRSC in collaboration with Department of Environment & Remote Sensing, J&K took necessary action on satellite data acquisition and processing and kept a close watch on the flood situation. All possible data from Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites, as well as foreign satellites, covering Kashmir valley were obtained and analyzed. Rapid flood mapping and monitoring was done on almost daily basis and the flood inundation information was prepared. In addition, cumulative flood inundation, flood progression and recession maps were also prepared. Flood inundation simulation study was done using CARTO-DEM for Jhelum River to identify the possible flood affected areas and the same was uploaded on Bhuvan portal. Hydrological Modeling Study was done for approximate quantification of flood discharges in the Jhelum River.

The flood products and flood layers were continuously published on Bhuvan and NDEM web portals. Value added satellite images showing the status of the flood situation were published on NRSC website and JKDEARS website simultaneously. Further, a study was carried out in collaboration with J&K State Remote Sensing Centre for flood damage assessment in Kashmir valley & City using the detailed database.

This report highlights the results of this study.

Foreword

Suresh Chugh, IFS

Jammu and Kashmir is facing unprecedented floods of the century. Incessant rains in the first week of September lead to massive floods in the valley as well as in Jammu region. The Department of Environment and Remote Sensing was in constant touch with the National Remote Sensing Agency of ISRO Hyderabad, right from the day one and they were asked to position satellites for providing us day to day imageries of the progressing floods. The imageries were being uploaded on the NRSC website as well as on the website of the Department jkdears.com simultaneously during the floods. The communication network of the valley had completely collapsed. Therefore, after discussions with the NRSC the Department of Environment and Remote Sensing sent its scientist to NRSC Hyderabad to work on the imageries and collect data on floods and prepare a joint report on the event and analyze it with authenticity. Mr. Majid Farooq, Scientist, of Department of Environment and Remote Sensing was stationed in Hyderabad for a week and worked on the report with the scientists of NRSC- ISRO. The report is an effort to reveal the truth about the whole event to some extent. The tragedy is immense and there is need for introspection and plug the gaps for future course of action, so that we are ready to face such challenges in future with better preparedness. The report reveals that the floods in Jammu and Kashmir are a result of High rainfall in the catchments over short period of time, which are not less than cloud bursts and is a combine effect of the extreme event due to climate change and less capacity of our drainage system that failed to hold the quantum of water and it overflowed, which ultimately lead to floods. I am grateful to the entire team of Scientists form NRSC and our own team which worked on this report despite various constraints. I am sure that this report will help in better decision making for the future.

(Suresh Chugh) IFS APCCF/ Director Department of Environment and Remote Sensing Govt. of Jammu and Kashmir. Acknowledgements

This report could not have come into being without the help and support of many people as well as institutions. However, I realized that it is impossible to name them all here. The help of those whose names are not mentioned is as greatly appreciated as the help of those whose names are.

The author wishes to record deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Suresh Chugh, IFS, (Director, Department of Environment & Remote Sensing) for giving me the opportunity, suggestions, facilities and support to take up this study. He made me determined to continue, to revise, and strive for improvement. His continual willingness to listen, discuss and render critical judgments helped me to produce this report in its present shape.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. V.K. Dadhwal, (Director), Deputy Director (RSA) at NRSC, Hyderabad, for providing with necessary facilities during the study.

Dr. V. Bahanumrthy, Dr. G. Srinivasa Rao, P. Manjushree, Chandra Mohan Bhatt, Sunil Kulkarni, SVSP Sharma, Abhinav Shukla for very helpful discussions and sharing their ideas and experiences.

I extend my profound gratitude to A.R. Mir, IFS, Regional Director (K), DEERS, Dr. Tasneem Keng (Jr. Scientist), G.H. Mir (Technical Officer) for taking keen interest and for valuable scientific discussions. I am very grateful to Mr. Humayun Rashid (Scientist) whose guidance, during my tenure with him, enabled me to tackle with practical problems during this project.

Thanks are also due to Mr. Sonum Lotus (Director Meteorology, IMD, Srinagar), Mr. Javid Jaffer (Chief Engineer IF&C Srinagar) for supply of rainfall and gauging data.

I would like to thank all my team members of this project, Dr. Mohammand Muslim, Gowhar Naseem, Sajad Hamid, Manzoor Rather, Nissar Kuchay, Dr. Arshad Amin, Asim Gulzar, Muzaffar Malla, Ajaz Misgar, Mudasir Ashraf, Syed Aasif, Altaf Ahmad for providing me with necessary inputs from the field during the study.

Hope this work would serve the appropriate purpose for which it is intended.

Majid Farooq

Contents

Executive Summary Foreword Acknowledgements Abbreviations 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE RIVER JEHLUM 2.1. Morphometry of the River 2.2. Catchments 3. HISTORY OF FLOODS IN J&K 4. FLOODS 2014 4.1. Rainfall over J&K 4.2. Using Remote Sensing and GIS 4.3. Flood Damage Assessment 4.4. Joint Study with J&K Remote Sensing Centre 5. METHODOLOGY 5.1. Rainfall 5.2. Flood Inundation 6. RESULTS & VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS 6.1. Rainfall 6.2. Flood Inundation 7. FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES IN JAMMU REGION 8. POSSIBLE CAUSES OF FLOOD 8.1. Impact of Climate Change 8.2. Ecological Aspects of Floods 9. SOME RECOMENDATIONS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES 10. LIMITIATIONS 11. SUMAMRY 12. REFERENCES

Abbreviations

AWIFS Advanced Wide Field Sensor

CARTO-DEM Cartosat Digital Elevation Model

DEERS Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing

DSC Decision Support Centre

ETM Enhanced Thematic Mapper

GIS Geographic Information System

INCCA Indian National Network for Climate Change Assessment

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

I&FC Irrigation and Flood Control

ISRO Indian Space Research Organization

LAWDA Lakes and Waterways Development Authority.

NRSC National Remote Sensing Centre

PRECIS Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies

SAPCC State Action Plan on Climate Change

SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar

SDA Srinagar Development Authority

SDRF State Disaster Response Force.

TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission

WUCMA Wular Conservation Management Authority Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

FLOODS IN JAMMU & KASHMIR – SEPTEMBER 2014

1.0 INTRODUCTION The valley of Kashmir has an intrinsic genetic relationship with the complex of mountain systems which splay out of the Pamir Knot in different directions of the valley clearly defining the watersheds and basins. The general aspect of the valley is that of a basin, bounded on every side by lofty mountains, and in the middle is a huge alluvial tract, intersected by the Jhelum River and its numerous tributaries which flow down from the mountains and are fed by the abundant snow and rainfall in those elevated regions. The flat alluvial basin measures 150 kms from south-east to north-west and 42 kms from south-west to north-east. In altitude the flat plain varies from 1500 to 1800 m above the sea level and the grain of the land is from south-east to north-west.

2.0 THE RIVER JEHLUM The Kashmir valley, which forms a composite Jhelum basin, has a fairly well established drainage system headed by the Jhelum, the main channel of drainage. The river is initially formed by the junction of 3 streams, the Arapal, the Bringi and the Sandran which rise at the south-east end of the valley. Water in the whole Kashmir valley is exceptionally on paradox. In fact there is no watch in whole Himalayan region, if we consider the area of water bodies, length of the water course and total sum off. The water is very plenty in low lying parts of the valley, while the adjoining Karewas (uplands) suffer from aridity imposed by its chronic deficiency. In both the cases the optimal use of the land potential available in the valley is not possible. The river has shaped up the ecology, economy and the life style of the inhabitants of the valley. The whole length of the Jhelum from its source to Baramulla is 150 miles. The fall of the river is 18 m in 113 kms. The Jhelum itself rises from the Pirpanjal range near Verinag, a spring at the bottom of high scarp of a mountain spur at the upper end of the Kashmir

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valley. Below Srinagar it receives the Sindh and beyond, the Wular Lake, which is in fact a delta of the river, the Pohru stream joins it from the Lolab valley. Below Baramulla the Jhelum leaves the fertile banks of the valley and rushes head long a deep gorge between lofty mountains. At Muzaffarabad, the Kishanganga joins the Jhelum from its heights. Lower down, the river skirts the outlying spurs of the salt range and finally debouches upon the plains near the city of Jhelum in the West Pakistan about 402 kms from its source. About 322 kms lower, it joins the Chenab at Trimmu. From its source, the Jhelum flows in a north westerly direction, but at its exit from the Wular lake the river takes the south westerly direction. All along its course, the river is characterized by two main features (a) the sluggish flow (b) the highly torturous course. The later one is the outcome of both topographic and hydraulic factors. The river is navigable without a single lock from Khanabal to Baramulla. Upto the present by a good amount of transport activity is carried along it in the flat bottomed boats. The river Jhelum during the floods carry heavy loads of silt and a great volume of water and its channels get choked by the siltation, which in turn makes floods a recurrent phenomenon affecting agriculture and other land use/cover.

2.1 MORPHOMETRY OF THE RIVER Jhelum drains the whole valley of Kashmir and from north-west of Anantnag where its head waters the Arapal from the north-east unit. Two to three miles north of Anantnag the Jhelum receives the Lidder which rises in the snow fields from north of the Sheshnag and do contribute a volume of water scarcely inferior to that of the Jhelum. A few miles north of Bijbehara it receives the united waters of the Vaishav and Rambiara rivers, both of which flow down from the Pir Panjal Mountains. The former stream rising in the holly fount of Kounsar Nag and later in the Nandan

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SAR and Bhag Sar lakes. At Srinagar, it receives the Dodhganga stream which also rises in Pir Panjal range. Besides these, it is fed by numerous smaller streams and mountain torrents and its water communicate with those of the Dal, Anchar and Manasbal lakes. The river makes source of the finest meanders over this stretch and lays down a good deal of its suspended load along its bank.

2.2 CATCHMENTS The Jhelum basin has 24 tributaries and some of them drain from the slope of the Pir Panjal range and join the river on the left bank and some others flowing from Himalayan range and join the river on the right bank. In all, the Jhelum basin has 24 catchments (Fig. 1) and these have been sub-divided into 60 sub-catchments, further divided into watershed and micro-watersheds. The brief description of all the 24 catchments is given in the following paragraphs.

Fig-1: Jehlum basin with its catchments

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The Viji-Dakil: Viji Nala is a tiny stream which drains the Tangmulla forest in the Pir Panjal slopes. It flows due east for a course of about 29 km to join the Jhelum at the village of Dobgah, close to the confluence of the Pohru. The catchment has about an area of 195.74 km2. This catchment is divided into 2 sub-catchment, 4 watersheds and 22 micro watersheds (Table 3.2). The dominant drainage pattern of this catchment is dendritic.

The Pohru: The Pohru is the collection of a host of streams which drain the northwestern part of the Kashmir valley. The Pohru drainage basin has a catchment area of about 1981 km2. Initially the river is formed by the junction of the Kahmil river with the Lolab Kol near Moghalpur below Kupwara. From here the river flows in a southerly direction for about 50 km to merge with the Jhelum above the village of Dubgah. The Lolab Kol has its source in the Nandmarg, the Kimsar and the Bagalsar heights, north of the Walur. The main stream of the Lolab has a length of about 30 km and flows in a westerly direction. One of its lateral tributaries is the Kalaruch Nala which originates below the peak of Nalgat (3645 m) and joins the Lolab below Khumarial. A little before its junction with the Kahmil, the Lolab Kol receives the Hachom Kol which flows from north. The Kahmil drains a fairly wide plain and has a longer course with a general southwest to northeast direction. The headstreams of the Kahmil draw their waters from a series of ridges between the Shamsh Abri in the west and the Nowan Gali (3908 m) in the north. A little above Handwara, the Pohru receives the waters of its winding tributary- the Talar Nala which originates in the northeast of Bangas. It drains the Wadarbal and the Rainawari forests. It joins the Pohru on the right bank. Further down, the Pohru receives some more lateral tributaries on the right bank, among which the Mawar River is the most significant. Mawar joins the Pohru at village Ujar. It has a long course and drains the eastern slopes of the Kazinag ridge.The Pohru is a highly tortuous stream all through, though meandering is more conspiquous between the confluence of the Talar and the Mawar. This is largely due to the level nature of the plain with a

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gentle slope. The Pohru, with its network of confluent streams exhibits an ideal dendritic pattern of drainage. The catchment comprises of 8 sub- catchments, 26 watersheds and 88 micro-watersheds.

The Madhumati: The Madhumati or Bota Kol is a sizable river. It’s feeder streams spread over a vast area over the slopes of the north Kashmir range, comprising a catchment area of about 508 km2. It originates from Madhumati sar- a small lake near Sukhnai Gali pass (4008 m). It flows in west, southwest direction. Near Sunarwani it receives a lateral tributary which originates near Bagalsar in the northwest. The Madhumati falls into the Walur lake below Bandipur. The Madhumati has a perennial course of about 40 km. The catchment is divided into 2 sub- catchments, 5 watersheds and 43 micro-watersheds. The dominant drainage pattern of this catchment is dendritic.

The Erin: The Erin rises on the western flank of the Harmukh. It is a tiny mountain torrent unfordable in summer. After traversing a course of about 30 kilometers in a westerly direction through a cascaded valley, it empties into the Walur Lake, south of Bandipur. It has a catchment area of about 300 km2. The Erin is characterized by a steep gradient. Erin catchment has an area of 431.61 km2. This catchment has 2 sub- catchments, 6 watersheds and 33 micro-watersheds. The dominant drainage pattern of this catchment is dendritic.

The Sindh: The Sind with a course of about 116 kilometers and a basin area of about 1656 km2 is the most well developed side valley of the Jhelum. It’s headstreams rise below the peaks of Mushran Bal and the Amarnath Peak (5270 m) in the northeastern part of the Kashmir valley. A few kilometers above Baltal it receives a headstream from Kolahoi glacial tract. At Baltal a headstream from Zojila pass joins it. At Sonamarg the gushing torrent flows through a narrow channel with deeply incised caves in the bordering rocks on either bank. Further down, the river bed deepens more and more to assume the character of a gorge.

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After emerging out from the gorge near Gagangir, the valley starts widening out.

The Sind is fed by numerous streamlets, in its course through the mountain ramparts. The most significant tributary of the Sind is the kanaknaz which joins it on the right bank at village Kazipura below Kangan. The Kanaknaz drains the picturesque valley of Wan gat and has its main source in the Gangabal lake below Harmukh. The lake is sacred to Hindus and is situated at an altitude of above 3500 m. One branch of the Kanaknaz flows alongside the Sind and falls into the Mansbal lake.

Flowing in almost a westerly direction on the northern flank of a projected ridge culminating in Harwar (3449 m), the Sind makes a sharp bend above Ganderbal before entering into a wide flood plain. As the river debouches into the plain area, it is bifurcated into a number of channels. One of these channels escapes into the Anchar lake while the others merge with the Jhelum near Shadipur. The Sind has been the most exploited river for the generation of hydroelectricity. The Sind, with its network of confluent streams exhibits an ideal dendritic pattern of drainage. The Sind catchment comprises 8 sub-catchments, 18 watersheds and 102 micro- watersheds.

The Dachigam Nala (Dal): The Dachigam Nala drains into the famous Dal lake. It is a mountain torrent and has well shaped its alluvial fan in the lower reaches. Some of its upper feeders originate in the glacial tract west of Tarsar in the Great Himalayan range. Dachigam Nala has a catchment area of about 531 km2 and flows for a maximum course of about 38 km. The Dal catchment has 2 sub-catchments, 4 watersheds and 38 micro-watersheds. The dominant drainage pattern of this catchment is dendritic.

The Arapal: The Arapal Nala drains the western slopes of the Great Himalayan ridge running from northe to south and the Wusturwan forest. The longest headstream of the Arapal is the Lani Nala which flows due west and merges with a northerly branches near the village of Arapal. A

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few kilometers below the junction of the two tributaries, the Arapal Nala enters the alluvial plain and gets bifurcated into a number of branches. The major stream merges with the Jhelum at Tsaraligund. The Arapal has a catchment area of about 771 km2 and its length from the source of the Lani tributary to the mouth of the Arapal is about 40 kilometers. The catchment is divided into 2 sub-catchments, 5 watersheds and 53 micro- watersheds. The dominant drainage pattern of this catchment is dendritic.

The Lidder: In Lidder the Jhelum has the first of its major right bank tributaries. The Lidder is formed by the union of two major streams at Pahalgam, one is called the East Lidder and the other the West Lidder. The East Lidder drains the eastern Great Himalayan range of the Kashmir valley. It collects the snowmelt from the snow beds of Rabemarg, Astanmarg, Wahbal and Sonasar. It’s main source lies in Shishiam Nag lake (3500 m) and the Shishiam glacier (4400 m). It traverses a course of about 21 Km. from Shishiam Nag (now called Sheesha Nag) before its merger with the West Lidder at Pahalgam. The West Lidder drains a large area in the Kolahoi area. At Lidderwat it receives an upland torrent from Tarsar. The West Lidder flows for a maximum length of about 35 km before its merger with the East Lidder.

Below Pahalgam the united Lidder passes through a narrow valley studded with massive boulders and overlooked by dense forests, till it debouches into a wide alluvial fan. From Pahalgam onwards the Lidder receives a large number of small tributaries on either bank. At the head of its delta, the Lidder gets bifurcated into a number of Channels, which spread out to form a wide alluvial plain. These streams merge with the Jhelum individually over a distance. However, the parent stream joins the Jhelum at Gur. The Lidder transports a huge debris and contributes a significant quantity of water to the Jhelum. The Liddar has a total catchment area of about 1264 km2 and a length of about 40 kilometers from Pahalgam to Gur. The Lidder, with its network of confluent streams exhibits an ideal dendritic pattern of drainage. The Lidder catchment comprises of 2 sub-catchments, 8 watersheds and 98 micro-watersheds.

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The Kuthar: The Arapat Kol drains the Kutihar valley within the Great Himalayan slopes. It’s headstrems rise below the Zajimarg pass (4041 m), Niltup (4426 m) and the Khalbar (4440 m) peaks of the Great Himalayan range in the east of the valley. It flows torrentially upto Chhaturgul and then becomes sluggish. It merges with the Bringi just before the latter’s confluence with the Sandran. It has a catchment area of about 308 km2 and a maximum perennial course of about 38 kilometers. The Arapat has a total catchment area of about 562km2. It has 2 sub-catchments. 6 watersheds and 38 micro-watersheds. The dominant drainage pattern of this catchment is dendritic.

The Bringi: The headstreams of the Bringi catch the snowmelt from over a wide area in the Pir Panjal range. It’s catchment area is about 662 km2. It is formed by the confluence of two streams- the Anlan and the Razaparyin above the village of Wangom. The Razparyin stream is the major one and flows due south up to its confluence with the Anlan which flows from southeast. After the union of these two mountain streams the Bringi flows in a northwest direction upto its confluence with the Arapat Kol in the west of Anantnag. The total length of the Bringi is about 61 kilometers along the Razparyin headstream. The Bringi catchment has been divided into 2 sub-catchments, 7 watersheds and 49 micro- watersheds. The dominant drainage pattern of this catchment is dendritic.

The Sandran: This river which is one of the sources of the Jhelum rises in the Pir Panjal mountains in the neighbourhood of Kaukut Gali (3816 m) and Nandmarg Gali (3658 m) in the southeastern extremity of the Kashmir valley. It flows in a northwesterly direction through Shahabad. It has about an area of 401.91 km2. It has 2 sub-catchments, 4 watersheds and 16 micro-watersheds. The dominant drainage pattern of this catchment is dendritic.

The Vishav: The Vishav drains the entire northern slopes of the Pir Panjal between the Sundartop Peak (3879 m) in the east and the Budil Pir Pass (4264 m) in the west. It has thus, a basin area of about 984.64 km2.

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One of its headstreams rises in the vicinity of Budil Pir Pass. Another headstream and a major one rises in the Gulalmarg and Zajimarg area and washes the Pir Panjal slopes from Didam Gali (3810 m) in the east to Brahma Sakal Peak (4706 m) in the west. A third headstream of the Vishav originates from Konsar Nag- a small lake in the Pir Panjal slopes at an altitude of above 3500 metres. The latter two streams also drain the Kongawatan area. After the union of the three headstreams, the Vishav takes an easterly direction. Near Damhal Hanzpur, the Vishav receives a lateral tributary called Kandai Kol from Sundartop peak. The united stream occupies a wide sandy bed and gets bifurcated into a number of channels among which the Sunaman Kol, the Kawal kol and the Mau Kol are important. The Sunaman Kol and the Mau kol reunite and merge with the Rembiara near Nyaiyun. The Vishav merges with the Jhelum about 12 km below Kullgam. The Vishav has a longest course of about 80 kilometres. The Vishav catchment is divided into 2 sub-catchments, 7 watersheds and 74 micro-watersheds. The drainage pattern of this catchment is not uniform. The upper portion of the catchment shows dendritic drainage pattern while as lower portion shows more or less parallel drainage pattern.

The Rembiara: The Rembiara rises in lthe Rupri ridge of the Pir Panjal range. It’s headstreams originate from Dhaklar Pear (4660 m) and Bag sar lake below Rupri pass (4085 m) on one hand and the Pir Panjal pass (3494 m) and the Naba Pir pass (4253 m) on the other hand. In Rupri, there occur a number of monor lakes which issue water to the headstreams of the Rembiara. Below Hirpur it’s valley becomes narrower and deep. While debouching into the plain area near Shopian, the river gets divided into a large number of streams. Some of these branches migrate to the basins on either side and a few reunite to form the Wankaran Nala which merges with the Jhelum at village Kawain. The parent stream of the Rembiara meets the Jhelum at Sangam shortly after receiving a branch from the Vishav. The total catchment area of the Rembiara is about 738.45 km2. The drainage pattern of this catchment is not uniform. The upper portion

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of the catchment shows dendritic drainage pattern while as lower portion shows more or less parallel drainage pattern. The Rembiara has a maximum length of about 73 km and flows in an east, southeast direction. The catchment is having 2 sub-catchments, 6 watersheds and 41 micro- watersheds.

The Romushi: The headstreams of Romushi draw their water from the snowy peaks of Kharmarg (4604 m) in the Pir Panjal range. It’s major upper torrents unite near Pakharpur to give rise to a sizable river which passes through a wide sandy bed in the Karewa slopes. The Romushi merges with the Jhelum near Wadipur below Awantipur. A few kilometers before its merger with Jhelum, it receives the Sasar River which rises in the north of Hirpur. The Sasar shares some headstreams with the Romushi in its upper reaches and in the lower reaches itself merges with the Romushi so it may well beconsidered as a branch of the latter. The Sasar has a course of about 35 km. The Romushi flows in a southeast direction and has a maximum course of about 54 km. The Romushi catchment spreads over an area of 431.61 km2 and having 2 sub- catchments, 6 watersheds and 23 micro-watersheds. The dominant drainage pattern of this catchment is more or less parallel.

The Dudhganga-Shaliganga: The Dudhganga and the Shaliganga are the two streams which run almost parallel to each other in a southeasterly direction and unite about 12 km. south of Srinagar. The united stream retaining the name Dhudhganga loses itself into the marshy land called Nambal near Srinagar.The Dudhganga originates near Chhoti Gali (4296 m) in the Pir Panjal range where it’s major headstream the Sangisafed originates. The Shaliganga originates below Ashdhar Gali (4188 m) near Tata Kuti Peak (4745 m). Below Mujhpather, the Shaliganga gets divided into a number of braches. Some of these branches reunite near Budgam to form the Wampura Kol, which also loses into the Nambal. The Dudhganga flows for a maximum course of abo9ut 56 km. The dominant drainage pattern of this catchment is more or less parallel. The Dudhganga and

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Shaliganga together constitute a drainage basin of about 700 km2 and is divided into 2 sub-catchments, 5 watersheds and 49 micro-watersheds.

The Sukhnag: The headstreams of the Sukhnag Nala drain the Pir Panjal range between the Nurpur Gali (4086 m) and the Chinamarg peak (4386 m) and also take care of the drainage of Toshamaidan. After crossing the 2200 m contour from the Sukhnag Nala gets divided into a large number of streams. In the lower reaches these branches reunited to from a few major streams. One of such streams is formed at Shulipur and is called the karshan nadi. It is finally lost into the Hokarsar. The parent stream of Sukhnag Nala flows in a north-northeast direction. At Path Magam it receives a sizable tributary and then taking a meandering course it enters the Rakh Arat and then the spill channel which takes it to Walur. The Sukhnag Nala has a length of about 53 kilometers. This catchment has about an area of 415.44 km2 and has been divided into 2 sub-catchments, 4 watersheds and 34 micro-watersheds. The dominant drainage pattern of this catchment is more or less parallel.

Ferozpur: The Firozpur Nala rises in the slopes of the Pir Panjal between the jamianwali Gali (4084 m) and the Apharwat (4143 m). On entering the relatively plain area, the Ferozpur Nala gets divided into two branches, both retaining the original name. The two branches individually enter the spill channel and the marshy land. The spill channel empties into the Walur Lake. The Ferozpur Nala has a course of about 51 km. The Sukhnage and the Ferozpur together drain an area of about 354.62 km2 and has 2 sub-catchments, 5 watersheds and 29 micro-watersheds. The upper portion of the catchment shows dendritic drainage pattern while as lower portion shows more or less parallel drainage pattern.

Gundar Drainage Basin: The Gundar Nala originates in the south of Gulmarg and Khilanmarg. It receives several branches of the Ferozpur Nala near Tangmarg. The Gundar flows for about 25 km. before it empties into the Haigam Jhil. This basin spreads over an area of 361.95 km2 and has been divided into 2 sub-catchments, 4 watersheds and 16 micro-

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watersheds. The dominant drainage pattern of this catchment is more or less parallel.

The Ningal: The Ningal rises below the Apharwat peak (4143 m) and the Khanpathri peak (3812 m) of the Pir Panjal range and takes care of the drainage of Khilanmarg and Gulmarg. It flows for about 40 km in a northwesterly direction before it merges into the Jhelum, shortly after the latter’s emergence from the Walur lake. The total catchment area of the Ningal-Gundar rivers is about 156.91 km2 and has been divided into 2 sub-catchments, 4 watersheds and 15 micro-watersheds. The drainage pattern of this catchment is not uniform. The upper portion of the catchment shows dendritic drainage pattern while as lower portion shows more or less parallel drainage pattern.

During floods the river overflows its natural banks and damages the embankments constructed to contain the unusual discharge. The highly tortuous state of the lake corresponds to the topographic situation and the hydraulic factors. Since floods have become an unfailing event in Kashmir valley, causing great havoc and extensive loses by damaging agricultural crops, property and loss of life. The magnitude of loses during floods is severe in terms of crop, human lives, livestock’s, private and public properties accompanied by misery and sufferings. To control the situation of acute floods a large scale network of spill channels was constructed to divert flood waters from a point above Srinagar. Because of the artificial embankment left bank area of the river has been converted into an extensive marshy land. After flowing into north-west direction from about 45 kms the river finds its way in Wular Lake. Since the Wular Lake is silting up at a fast rate, the chances of flood are becoming more. Then the river takes south westerly direction towards Baramulla and forces out its way through a gorge across the mountains.

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3.0 HISTORY OF FLOODS IN J&K Jammu and Kashmir has had a long history of flooding. Floods in the state are linked to the Jhelum River and it has history of crossing the danger mark and thereby inundating the ‘Valley’. Starting last week, the state has seen an unprecedented amount of rainfall, resulting in its worst floods since 1959. While the scale of devastation caused by these floods is nothing short of massive, with over 477 people having lost their lives so far, the Valley, along with the Jammu region has, over the time witnessed floods occurring at regular intervals. According to Sir Walter Roper Lawrence in his book, The Valley of Kashmir (1895), “Many disastrous floods are noticed in vernacular histories, but the greatest was the terrible inundation which followed the slipping of the Khadanyar mountains below Baramulla in AD 879. The channel of the Jhelum river was blocked and a large part of the valley was submerged.” The other major flood to affect Kashmir happened in 1841, which Lawrence notes, “caused much damage to life and property.” However, the first flood of devastating proportions to hit the state came half a century later in 1893, when 52 hours of continuous rainfall, beginning 18 July, caused what Lawrence describes as “a great calamity”. The Valley also recorded major floods at the turn of the century, with the most devastating one coming 10 years after the 1893 disaster. The floods, of that day were classified as the “greatest flood ever known”, which came down the Valley and inundating Srinagar on 23 July 1903, converting the city into “a whole lake”. For the next quarter of a century, the Valley did not record major floods, largely thanks to lessons learnt and reparative measures, which were put in place. However, in 1929, the Valley grappled with yet another major flood, which mainly affected parts of what is today known as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. Jammu & Kashmir hit by devastating floods. Kashmir was hit by a flood in 1948 also. Two years later, in September 1950, another major flood hit the state, with nearly 100 people losing their lives. The flood was, rather unsurprisingly, caused by the Jhelum’s overflow. In August-September of 1957, another major

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flood was recorded in Jammu and Kashmir, with the Valley feeling its devastating impact. The floods almost submerged the entire valley. The then Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad was quoted as saying that, “the floods recorded in Jammu and Kashmir were the highest ever recorded in the state, and that the damage caused by them was colossal.” Two years later, in July 1959, the state witnessed yet another massive “glacial” flood, perhaps worst ever at the time, when four days of incessant rains lashed the valley and Srinagar, triggering floods in the Jhelum. While the state did witness floods thereafter in the following three decades, the one in 1992 (Fig. 3 & 4) was unprecedented in terms of its fury. Recording its heaviest rainfall since 1959, the 1992 floods were most devastating, purely in terms of casualties. According to newspaper reports from 1992, over 200 people lost their lives and the floods left over 60,000 people marooned in several north-western border districts. Floods were witnessed in 1996 and more recently in 2006 (Fig. 5) as well. Massive floods were caused by a cloudburst in the Leh-Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, which occurred on 6 August 2010, triggered flash floods in the area after a night of heavy downpour. While it only lasted for half an hour, the devastation caused by the cloudburst was enormous. It destroyed many buildings in the city of Leh.

Fig-2: Floods in Srinagar and adjoining areas – September 1992

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Fig-3: Floods in Anantnag, Pulwama & adjoining areas – September 1992

Fig-4: Floods in Kashmir Valley – September 2006

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4.0 FLOODS 2014 Jammu & Kashmir experienced the worst floods in the past 60 years during first week of September 2014 due to unprecedented and intense rains. The Jhelum River and its tributaries were in spate and caused havoc and huge damage various districts of Kashmir Valley (Fig-5).

Fig-5. Jammu &Kashmir with stream network 4.1. Rainfall over J&K The Jammu and Kashmir state experienced catastrophic rainfall from 1st to 6th of September. The onset of monsoon over J&K region takes place by 1st July and withdraws by mid-September. On September 4th, 2014 J&K experienced 30hour long rainfall that has broken the record of many decades, the major parts of the state recorded an average of more than some aspects of catastrophic rain fall in J&K. Some parts of the state experienced more than 650mm of rainfall in 3 days. Even moderate rainfall was also recorded in Ladakh region. September was not considered rainy season in the Kashmir and Ladakh region, but this year both these region have recorded moderate to heavy rainfall. Although rain

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in Jammu region during September was a normal phenomenon but the intensity was very high. In Jammu region such huge rainfall was earlier recorded in 1903, 1908, 1926, 1942 and 1988. Kashmir valley experienced such intensity rainfall in 1903,1911,1917,1928 and 1992 (IMD).

4.2. Using Remote Sensing and GIS The remote sensing technology has a multiple applications in resource mapping and surveys. In recent times, its application in the development of water resources are in much vogue as it is time and cost effective because the conventional methods of investigation and surveys are time taking and expensive. The launching of advanced satellites like CARTOSAT-2, RISAT-1, RESOURCESAT-2, etc., with sophisticated programmes has revolutionized the mapping. The repetitive and synoptic coverage enable the same study area of phenomenon to determine on its transience on each satellite pass which in turn facilitates real-time study. One of the basic reasons for non-implementation of flood plain zoning measures has been the non-availability of maps on a large scale to enable proper demarcation of flooded areas and this difficulty can be effectively overcome by using satellite data. This technology is useful in delineating the boundaries of flood prone zones. The multi temporal data from satellites have proved to be very valuable in the identification of the sites ideal for taking up structural measures to control floods. Though the timely availability of flood area maps become a crucial factor both for taking appropriate remedial measures to mitigate the sufferings of the affected people and for making reliable estimates of damages , the use of remote sensing technology becomes indispensable in achieving the objectives for better reliability, time lines and spatial coverage demanded for such tasks. Thus remote sensing technology will provide a full picture of prone flood areas, the land use therein. This can be achieved in a very short duration of time with a field survey for doubtful areas. Besides it can give a full picture of the embankment, river channel and watershed management.

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4.3. Flood Damage Assessment Flood control measures are in the form of construction of embankments or routing of flood waters into subsidiary channels. Sometimes topographic conditions or the economic factors may prevent such measures from being taken. Forecasting floods assumes great importance at such occasions. Generally forecasts are given based on general statistical techniques that involve settling up of a coaxial correlation curves between the stage of discharge at upstream and downstream stations. Various parameters like rainfall at the upstream catchment changes in the stage at the upstream and downstream stations are used to improve the correlations. Remote sensing technology have a promising role in flood damage assessment which can be effectively carried out within a weeks’ time after the flood event. Likewise rainfall and snow melt are the significant contributors to run-off in and months of June to September, can cause considerable damage. This can be overcome by the use of synoptic coverage of satellite images which allows mapping of large areas within short period of time. During floods, there is a vast damage to cropland property etc., using multitude satellite imageries the actual extent of Land use/Land cover, the road damages, and the area of the villages/towns under flood can be assessed and furnished to the concerned authority for providing flood relief. To minimize the damage caused by the floods it is imperative to identify the risk zones. Data acquired from interpretation of multi-date satellite images could provide valuable and exact information for carrying out flood management measures both structural and non-structural for moderating the floods, modifying the susceptibility of flood plains to flooding, and for modifying the impact of flooding. For the above reasons, it is important to acquire timely and reliable information about the flooded area, watershed areas, river behavior and configuration, prior to floods, during floods and after floods. With the use of remote sensing technology, the information gathered will be very useful and suited for mapping, monitoring and studying the flood situation before and after the floods have occurred.

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4.4. Joint Study with J&K Remote Sensing Centre As soon as the heavy rains were reported on 5th September 2014, the following actions were taken up immediately.  Emergency requests were placed for programming Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) as well as foreign satellites over Kashmir valley.  Rapid flood mapping and monitoring was carried out on daily basis using satellite data.  As per the request, from Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K, satellite data of RISAT-1, RESOURCESAT, CARTOSAT, etc., was provided to the User Agencies.  A joint study with J&K Remote Sensing Wing of Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing was carried out to analyze situation.

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5.0 METHODOLOGY 5.1 Rainfall The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite data was downloaded from NASA website http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov and was analyzed on the grid size of 0.25x0.25. The data was extracted in ASCII format which was converted to grid and the values were extracted for Jehlum basin watershed-wise. 5.2 Flood Inundation Flood Disaster Team at NRSC kept a constant watch on the flood situation and checked the satellite data coverage over the flood affected areas. Anticipating inundation, RISAT-1 satellite data were programmed and analyzed. (Refer Table-1). Satellite data was rectified and flood inundation layer was mapped using visual interpretation technique. The inundation layers were masked with existing water-body layer in order not to account areas under normal waterbodies. The flood inundation layer was integrated with district boundaries, Land use/Land cover (1:50,000 for state level and 1:10,000 for city level), municipal ward boundary, Mohalla/Colony boundary layer, for extracting flood inundation statistics. Further, flood progression and flood duration maps were also prepared. Table-1: Satellite data used. SATELLITE SENSOR/MODE DATE OF ACQUISITION RESOURCESAT-2 aWIFS 07-Sep-2014 RISAT-1 MRS 08-Sep-2014 RISAT-1 MRS 09-Sep-2014 RESOURCESAT-2 L4 MX 09-Sep-2014 RADARSAT-2 Scan SAR Wide 10-Sep-2014 (06:00 A.M) RISAT-1 MRS 10-Sep-2014 (06:00 P.M) LANDSAT-8 ETM+ 10-Sep-2014 WORLDVIEW-2 MS 10-Sep-2014 RISAT-1 (MRS) 12-Sep-2014 RADARSAT-2 Scan SAR Wide 15-Sep-2014 RISAT-1 MRS 17-Sep-2014 RESOURCESAT-2 (L4-MX) 19-Sep-2014 RISAT-1 MRS 21-Sep-2014 LANDSAT-8 ETM+ 25-Sep-2014 LANDSAT-8 ETM+ 27-Aug-2014

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PLATE - I

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PLATE - II

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PLATE - III

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6.0 RESULTS & VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS 6.1 Rainfall Around September 2, a confluence of three rain-bearing systems over Punjab drew copious amounts of moisture into north India in a five-day spell that wreaked havoc in J&K. The change was most dramatic in Kashmir Valley. The state had a deficit of 32% on September 3 which in a span of five days was transformed to 18% excess rains — a change of 50 percentage points. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) downloaded from http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov was utilized. The data from 1st September, 2014 to 6th September 2014 was analyzed on 3-hour basis and the accumulated rainfall for the day was calculated watershed wise for Jehlum basin. Also, IMD data from 28th August to 10th of September 2014 was analyzed. 1st Sep, 2014 Analysis of data revealed precipitation of Vishaw and Sandran catchment received 20-50mm of rainfall while as rest of the basin received 1-20mm of rainfall (Fig-8). 2nd Sep, 2014 Analysis of data revealed precipitation of Sindh, Lidder, Bringi, Kuthar, Sandran, Vishaw, Rambiara, and Romshi Catchment received 20-50mm of rainfall while as rest of the basin received 1-20mm of rainfall (Fig-9). 3rd Sep, 2014 Analysis of data revealed precipitation of Sindh, Lidder, Bringi, Kuthar, Sandran, Vishaw and Arpal Catchment received 50-100mm of rainfall while as rest of the basin received 20-50mm of rainfall (Fig-10). 4th Sep, 2014 Analysis of data revealed precipitation of Sindh, Lidder, and Arpal Catchment received >100mm of rainfall. Lower Jehlum, Bringi, Kuthar, Sandran, Vishaw, Rambiara, Romshi, Gazan Doodhganga and Dal catchments received 51-100mm while as rest of the basin received 20- 50mm of rainfall (Fig-11).

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5th Sep, 2014 Analysis of data revealed precipitation of Lidder, Bringi, Kuthar, Sandran and Vishaw received 51-100mm of rainfall. Catchments of Sindh, Dal, Arpal, Romshi, gazan and Rambiara received 21-50mm while as rest of the basin received 1-20mm of rainfall (Fig-12). 6th Sep, 2014 Analysis of data revealed precipitation of Sindh, Lidder, Arpal, Bringi, Kuthar, Sandran, Vishaw, Rambiara, Romshi, Gazan, and Dal catchments received 21-50mm while as rest of the basin received 1-20mm of rainfall (Fig-13).

Analysis of pre and post flood satellite images also revealed that snowmelt had a very little role to play as the post flood Kolhai Glacier image (Fig–7) showed more snow than pre- flood image (Fig–6).

Snouts of Kolhai Pre-Flood

Glacier were also Fig-6. Landsat 8 image – Pre Flood (27th Aug 2014) found to be almost intact. However, fresh snowfall might have occurred during flood days that was Kolhai Glacier washed away by incessant rains resulting in cold flood water. Post-Flood

Fig-7. Landsat 8 image – Post Flood (10th Sep 2014)

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Fig-8. TRMM rainfall data for 01st September 2014 26 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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Fig-9. TRMM rainfall data for 2nd September 2014 27 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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Fig-10. TRMM rainfall data for 3rd September 2014 28 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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Fig-11. TRMM rainfall data for 4th September 2014 29 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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Fig-12. TRMM rainfall data for 5th September 2014 30 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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Fig-13. TRMM rainfall data for 6th September 2014 31 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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While analyzing the cumulative rainfall from 1st September to 6th September 2014 catchment-wise, it was observed that Lidder Catchment received maximum amount of rainfall i.e. 277mm with adjoining catchments in South Kashmir viz-a-via Arpal, Bringi, Kuthar, Sandran, Vishaw, also receiving rainfall above 200mm (Fig-14).

Fig-14: Watershed-wise cumulative TRMM rainfall(mm) from 01-06 September 2014. The rainfall data collected from Indian Metrological department (IMD) from 28th August to 10th September 2014 for Jammu and Kashmir also revealed that actual rainfall received (1645mm) in South Kashmir area was way above normal (124.9mm) rainfall. (Anantnag = 402.3mm, Kulgam = 540.5mm, Shopain = 406mm, Pulwama = 292.7mm) was way above normal (Anantnag = 32.9mm, Kulgam = 42.9mm, Shopain = 29.2mm, Pulwama = 19.9) rainfall (Table -2). Therefore, the results reveal that South Kashmir region received the maximum amount of rainfall during this period triggering massive floods in Srinagar and its adjoining areas.

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Table-2: Rainfall data during two weeks in Jammu and Kashmir (Source IMD)

The earlier recorded floods on the Jhelum was almost 100,000 cusecs of discharge recorded at Sangam and about 80,000 cusecs recorded during the 1928 floods. There are no reliable discharge statistics available for the 1959 floods though some reports suggest that the discharge was almost 100, 000 cusecs at Sangam. While as, during the recent floods discharge at Sangam was highest ever recorded on 6th September 1,35,000 cusecs. This figure doesn’t include the breaches/cuts (reportedly-84) of river Jehlum (I&FC). The flood inflow was more than the combined carrying capacity of Jehlum and flood channel despite the natural breaches of huge size at Kandizal, Chursu, Lelhar, Marwal, Khadermoh, etc. The data clearly reveals the magnitude of September 2014 floods. The carrying capacity of Jehlum in Srinagar city is about 35,000 cusecs and another 15,000 in the supplementary channel. Unless the flood basins which stand encroached upon are restored to cater to the surplus flow besides taking some other measures, the city of Srinagar will continue to be under the threat during the major floods.

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9.2 Flood Inundation The flood inundation layers generated from the satellite data analysis of 08-25 September, 2014 generated (Fig 13-21) were integrated to obtain the maximum spatial extent of inundation (Fig-22) during this flood event. From the integrated analysis of multi-date-derived flood layers it is observed that about 557 km2, which constitutes about 3.5% of the Kashmir Valleys geographical area, was inundated due to flooding.

Table-3: Table showing extent of inundation from 08-25 September, 2014 S.NO. DATE AREA (km2)

1 8TH September 2014 370.6

2 9TH September 2014 361.2

3 10TH September 2014 358.6

4 12TH September 2014 338.6

5 15TH September 2014 312.3

6 17TH September 2014 291.7

7 19TH September 2014 282.9

8 21ST September 2014 271.3

9 25TH September 2014 251.9

Table-4: District-wise inundation of Kashmir Valley S.NO. DISTRICT AREA (km2) 1 Anantnag 43 2 Bandipora 148 3 Baramulla 89 4 Budgam 54 5 Ganderbal 6 6 Kulgam 15 7 Pulwama 102 8 Srinagar 100 Total 557

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Fig-15. Flood inundation on 08 September, 2014

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Fig-16. Flood inundation on 09 September, 2014

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Fig-17. Flood inundation on 10 September, 2014

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Fig-18. Flood inundation on 12 September, 2014

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Fig-19. Flood inundation on 15 September, 2014

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Fig-20. Flood inundation on 17 September, 2014

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Fig-21. Flood inundation on 19 September, 2014

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Fig-22. Flood inundation on 21 September, 2014

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Fig-23. Flood inundation on 25 September, 2014

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Fig-24. Cumulative Flood inundation from 08-25 September, 2014

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Fig-25. Land use / Land cover under flood inundation from 08-25 September, 2014

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Land use/Land cover Map showing the Land use/Land cover categories (Fig-23) under the cumulative flood layer was calculated and the statistics is given in table-5. Table-5: Land use/land cover classes under flood inundation. S.No. LAND USE/LAND COVER AREA (km2) 1 Agriculture 444 2 Horticulture 20 3 Built-up 67 4 Forests 3 5 Wastelands 21 6 Others 2 Total 557

Flood Affected Villages/Wards and their Population Information on the number and spatial distribution of the population affected due to floods is required by the administrators for extending help. Due to the Jehlum floods of September 2014, about 22 lakh people in approximately 287 villages Kashmir Valley were estimated to be affected tentatively with available satellite data. (Table-6) Table-6: Villages/Wards with corresponding population. S.No. NAME POPULATION (2011) 1 Lethpora 6264 2 Barus 3555 3 Kandizal 1503 4 Sambora 5041 5 Khadremuh 1530 6 Marhwal 1321 7 Satar gund 862 8 Banderpora Cherat 983 9 Aga Hanji Pora 556 10 Awanti pora 8126 11 Nahom 2488 12 Laru 1135 13 Begam Bagh 549

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14 Lodrehmar 1059 15 Bangund 833 16 Kaichak Kot 2119 17 Chersu 4890 18 Sail 1115 19 Larmoon Awano Pora 1560 20 Watalpura 177 21 Toknu(Tokun) 7370 22 Mahirad Watar Pora 1127 23 Ratanpura 6123 24 Galabug 655 25 Pohu 2463 26 Qazi Gund 1074 27 Kakpora 5931 28 Lelhar 3847 29 Alchibagh 958 30 Parigam jagir 5229 31 Pari Gam Khalisa 760 32 Patal Bagh 2541 33 Kalangund Musa 1306 34 Naina 3521 35 Grawgund 1665 36 Pathgampur 3630 37 Kalulo 884 38 Pochal 948 39 Kasirgom 1209 40 Gondibagh 373 41 Naman 1035 42 Mir Bagh 190 43 Maniwij 961 44 Dogam 676 45 Kanyil Bagh 181 46 Hanjinagh 931 47 Reshipur Cherat 372 48 Owdipora (Wadipora) 27 49 Goripora 2266 50 Dogir Pora 3381

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51 Reshipora Olar 1292 52 Nowgam Olar 604 53 Giru (Nor Pora) 6682 54 Larikpur 2594 55 Khanibal 2585 56 Lalpora Chatadam 1744 57 Kancho 966 58 Maij 2084 59 Drangah Bal Befnoo 938 60 Pampore 2204 61 Bagh Anayat Ullah 149 62 Odi Pora Shahoora 458 63 Rakh Lajora 1816 64 Narbal 2731 65 Sozyeth Goripora 5992 66 Gagharpora 1459 67 Kowus Khalisa 4763 68 Kowus Jigir 3788 69 Sumarbug 1997 70 Rakh Shalina 2400 71 Baghat Kanipora 2581 72 Kenihom 2608 73 Arat 2716 74 Gutapora 2224 75 Soyibug 8178 76 Dansoar 2128 77 Humhama 4862 78 Pohar 4595 79 Dharmuna 3719 80 Narakara 3275 81 Rangrath 980 82 Check No I Badrinath 1062 83 Gangipora 1061 84 Check Fatidin 125 85 Checkpora Kalan 1209 86 Waingipora 264 87 Gulabbagh Zangigam 403

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88 Gogi Bagh 184 89 Maganwagi 989 90 Rakh Arat 777 91 Hardo Wamin 650 92 Shalyuna 1451 93 Searbagh 257 94 Zoonipora 398 95 Bagh Shokrshah 309 96 Lohar Chak 415 97 Yarigund 1111 98 Gundi Khalil 306 99 Gund Hanjik 20 100 Hanjik 794 101 Gadura 1135 102 Sheikhzoo 700 103 Nawab Bazar, Ali Kadal 64637 104 Rajbagh, Jawahir Nagar, Wazirbagh 43223 105 Badami-Bagh Cantoonment 23275 106 Dalgate, Lal-Chowk 29602 107 Ganpatyar, Barbar Shah 53205 108 Lokut Dal, Bod Dal 37367 109 Hazratbal, Tailbal 32128 110 Harwan, Nishat 49979 111 Jogi Lankar, Zindshah Sahib 38749 112 Bana Mohalla, S.R. Gunj 76613 113 Soura, Buchpora 32439 114 Safa Kadal, Idd Gah 34996 115 Tarbal, Jamia Masjid, Kawadara 46778 116 Syed Ali Akbar, Islam Yarbal 57436 117 Shaheed Gunj, Karan Nagar 47271 118 Qammerwari, Chattabal 40964 119 Pantha Chowk, Khnmoh 25970 120 Allochibagh, Magermal Bagh 68213 121 Nowshara, Zoonimar 13118 122 Zadibal, Madeen Sahib 27355 123 Akil Mir Khanyar, Khaja Bazar 46136 124 Hasna Abad, Makhdoom Sahib 53710

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125 Lal Bazar, Umer Colony 47268 126 New Theed, Alusteng 26199 127 Palpora 18981 128 Palpora 3036 129 Krishbal 2146 130 Bakshipora Tengpora 2747 131 Achnambal 706 132 Balhama 4106 133 Gagarzu 980 134 Shankarpur 843 135 Sozyeth Goripora 7370 136 S.D.Colony, Batmaloo, 120492 137 Humhama 24643 138 Bemina, Khumani Chowk 8739 139 Bamina East, Bemina West 37032 140 Parimpora, Zainakote 23990 141 Malroo, Lawaypora 26415 142 Mahjoor Nagar, Natipora, Chanapora 91539 143 Baghat Barzulla, Rawalpora 43674 144 Bagimehtab 4032 145 Nowgam 5071 146 Kanipora 3175 147 Lasjan 5712 148 Sotiung 2560 149 Harinar 1452 150 Mati Pora 10031 151 Bali Haran 1534 152 Chana Bal 2769 153 Rambergad Partapgad 4426 154 Gahal Chaku 1072 155 Sultanpura 8735 156 Khanpeth 1565 157 Wussankhai 2956 158 Sudarbal 689 159 Dewar Yakhmanpora 4604 160 Haratreth 832 161 Singpor 3058

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162 Dusilpora 1412 163 Mirgund 3646 164 Abraqpora Merchamer 2644 165 Arampora 1731 166 Habaq Tangoo 1556 167 Hanziviour 10370 168 Khushal Pora Rakhi Buran 645 169 Gund Ibrahim 1695 170 Abdullah Pora Panjinara 3954 171 Archanderhama 2455 172 Warapora 6559 173 Janawara 2808 174 Magripora 562 175 Watlab 2441 176 Adipora 3805 177 Hasmatpora (Hatlunga) 3417 178 Pat Bug 886 179 Sopore 77499 180 Tromba Gund 996 181 Lalad 1870 182 Tarazua 8488 183 Gund Bakir 203 184 Wachi 3103 185 Gurur 4235 186 Gund dashun 1412 187 Qazipora Putushai 6812 188 Mangipora 3907 189 Aloosa 10301 190 Ashtuing 5557 191 Nadihal 5180 192 Ladura 1994 193 Waingpora 83 194 Zalapur 2074 195 MushKundal 5657 196 Chiwa 3068 197 Chanargair 2455 198 Gund Sudarkut 7437

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199 Sadunara Hastikhan 9606 200 Sadarkut Pain 3190 201 Shadipora 1876 202 Kanipur 1283 203 Gund Ramzan 190 204 Markundal 2516 205 Gund Ban 1938 206 Vijpur 3365 207 Hakabar 4720 208 Pushwari 2371 209 Rakhi Hajin 2576 210 Gund Balakh 230 211 Naidkhai 9460 212 Watalhanji 562 213 Asham 4954 214 Shilvat 3233 215 Rakhi Shilwat 3896 216 Gund Naugam 1947 217 Naugam 6147 218 Ganastan 4339 219 Gada Khud 3014 220 Najin 1504 221 Gundi Khalil 1986 222 Odina 4665 223 Malikpora 707 224 Tirgam 4239 225 Sarai Dangerpora 4983 226 Hajan 12962 227 Hajan Ghat 120 228 Sumbal 13849 229 Sumbal Ghat 34 230 Gund Jehangir 3781 231 Gund Jehangir Ghat 1152 232 Shah Gund 7197 233 Siri Hari Karan Gund 1917 234 Siri Hari Gund Ghat 1035 235 Prang 4165

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236 Madwan 2589 237 Ajas 12829 238 Kunus 5156 239 Sither Satghar 1629 240 Marhama 15770 241 Bijbehara (NAC) 25728 242 Krandi-Gam 2554 243 Gantali Pora 702 244 Kitriteng 1423 245 Gori 3966 246 Batengo 2943 247 Kanji Gund 1098 248 Cheneh Gam 1001 249 Kojar 2635 250 Wanpora 1824 251 Kaodrang 877 252 Kala Pora 255 253 Rampora 454 254 Gund Chel 1213 255 Trubji 335 256 Shere Pora 2086 257 Jablipora 8328 258 Sangam 1022 259 Subhan Pahar 756 260 Sar Suna Anantnag 1306 261 Shamsipora 2658 262 Wuranhall 4189 263 Tula Khan 2316 264 Wedoomashi Pora 1166 265 Bata Pora Anantnag 868 266 Nawa Bal 1916 267 Battachloo 1092 268 Turka Thachloo 1880 269 Semthan 2311 270 Red Wana 7566 271 Hawasah 2102 272 Arwani 6337

53 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

273 Lakti Pora 2039 274 Rakh Moman Dangit Pora 597 275 Moman Dangit Pora 1109 276 Mogal Bagh 287 277 Khudwani 4326 278 Shalwan Pora 1534 279 Niyana Gund Baba Khalil 1726 280 Now Pora Kher Pora 2262 281 Shamsi Pora 559 282 Waghama 5325 283 Veeri 2813 284 Chana Pora 489 285 Audi Pora 273 286 Hassenpora Tabela 3218 287 Rakh Hassain Pora 394 Total 22,02,832 * The results are prepared on rapid mapping mode for immediate use and sharing amongst official agencies. This provides preliminary results. Flood inundation may include rain water accumulation / flood water in low lying areas. All geographic information has limitations due to the scale, resolution, date and interpretation of the original source materials. No ground verification is done.

Flood Duration The flood waters marooned several areas in the valley and many villages were surrounded by flood water for several days. About 287 villages were affected by floods as on 25 September 2014. The Flood duration/persistence map (Fig-26) was prepared to analyse the stay period of flood water in various areas. Accordingly, areas under 1-5 days, 6- 10days and 11 to 18 days were delineated.

Progression of flood water was also delineated from the satellite images of 8 – 25 September 2014. (Fig-27)

54 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

Fig-26. Flood progression and recession map from 08-25 September, 2014

55 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

Fig-27. Flood duration map from 08-25 September, 2014

56 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

Fig-28. Ward-wise flood inundation map of Srinagar City

57 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

Fig-29. Mohalla-wise flood inundation map of Srinagar City

58 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

Furthermore, analysis was carried out for Srinagar City on the Lanuse/Lancover data generated from QuickBird Satellite image of 2012 on 1:10000 Scale. Ward boundaries (Fig-28), Mohalla and Colony boundaries (Fig-29) were intersected with cumulative flood layer to access the level of inundation on micro-scale in an urban area. However, keeping in view the short duration of study, no ground truth verification was taken up and hence the accuracy assessment of this detailed database could not be ascertained, that will be taken up in near future. The preliminary results are as follows:

TABLE-7: CITY LEVEL DETAILED LAND USE/LAND COVER INUNDATED BY FLOODS: S.NO. LAND USE TYPE AREA (km2) 1 AGRICUITURE 34.10 2 COMMERCIAL 32.21 3 EDUCATION 1.90 4 GRAVEYARD 0.40 5 HILL 1.00 6 MEDICAL 0.53 7 OPEN 12.39 8 ORCHID 0.10 9 OTHER 0.25 10 PARK 0.78 11 PARKING 0.06 12 PLAY GROUND 0.61 13 POLTCE STATION 0.24 14 REFUSED 0.28 15 RELIGIOUS 0.65 16 RESIDENTIAL 28.11 17 RESIDENTIAL+COMMERCIAL 0.58 18 RESTRICTED AREA 4.05 19 SLUM 0.01 20 TRANSPORT 0.08 21 VACANT 0.44 TOTAL 118.75

59 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

TABLE-8: WARD-WISE DETAILS OF FLOOD INUNDATION S.No WARD NAME Area (km2) 1 ALLOCHI BAGH 1.2393 2 AQILMIR KHANYAR 0.1876 3 BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 7.0602 4 BANA MOHALLA 0.2549 5 BATAMALOO 0.9277 6 BEMINA EAST 2.3295 7 BEMINA WEST 1.9162 8 BUD DAL 0.5840 9 CHANAPORA 0.8964 10 CHATTABAL 0.5684 11 DALGATE 2.1492 12 GANPATYAR 0.3132 13 HARWAN 1.9571 14 HASANABAD 0.2533 15 HAZRATBAL 0.4851 16 HUMHAMA 2.3993 17 IDDGAH 1.4912 18 ISLAMYARBAL 0.2736 19 JAWAHAR NAGAR 1.2193 20 JOGI LANKAR 0.0991 21 KARAN NAGAR 0.8434 22 KAWDARA 0.2238 23 KHANKAHI-MOULLA 0.3389 24 KHAWJA BAZAR 0.0146 25 KHONMOH 0.2601 26 KHUMANI CHOWK 9.7044 27 LAL BAZAR 0.1092 28 LAL CHOWK 1.9357 29 LAWAYPORA 3.0480 30 LOCUT DAL 1.2512 31 MADIN SAHIB 0.0777 32 MAGARMAL BAGH 0.8249

60 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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33 MALOORA 9.4610 34 MEHJOOR NAGAR 3.3414 35 NATIPORA 2.0930 36 NAWAB BAZAR 0.3607 37 NEW THEED 0.2169 38 NISHAT 1.3288 39 NUND RESH COLONY 2.9802 40 PALAPORA 1.4645 41 PANTHA CHOWK 2.1747 42 PARIMPORA 2.2496 43 QAMARWARI 0.5488 44 RAJBAGH 1.5545 45 RAWALPORA 2.2420 46 S.R GUNJ 0.0040 47 SAFA KADAL 0.1262 48 SATHOO BARBARSHAH 0.8851 49 SHAHEED GUNJ 0.6106 50 SHEIKH DAWOOD COLONY 0.5963 51 SYED ALI AKBAR 0.3651 52 TAILBAL 3.1299 53 TARABAL 0.0048 54 UNDER CANTONMENT BOARD 4.6205 55 WAZIR BAGH 1.0710 56 ZADIBAL 0.2103 57 ZAINAKOTE 4.1127 58 ZIND SHAH SAHIB 0.2183 59 ZOONIMAR 0.1550

61 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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TABLE-9: MOHALLA-WISE AND COLONY-WISE INUNDATION:

S.No NAME OF MOHALLA WARD NAME WARD AREA (M2) 1 MIRAKSHAH ABAD, SHALIMAR HARWAN 1 58736.90 2 DADA MOHALLA HARWAN 1 712859.00 3 KHONA MOHALLA, GUPTGANGA HARWAN 1 43293.80 4 GATHI SHALIMAR HARWAN 1 335139.00 5 LASHKARI MOHALLA HARWAN 1 435468.00 6 ISHWAR ASHARAM SWAMI LAKSHMAN ROAD HARWAN 1 5441.36 7 DAR MOHALLA, GUPTGANGA HARWAN 1 69535.50 8 GADI MOHALLA, GUPTGANGA HARWAN 1 13111.70 9 DHOBI MOHALLA, PAZWALPORA HARWAN 1 66288.50 10 KANDER MOHALLA, PAZWALPORA HARWAN 1 27877.90 11 SHALIMAR HARWAN 1 14131.10 12 BAKSHI MANZIL, CRPF CAMP HARWAN 1 175190.00 13 OLD THEED, CHASHMESHAHI NISHAT 2 570323.00 14 CHASHMESHAHI NISHAT 2 146974.00 15 KARPORA BRIAN NISHAT 2 49614.10 16 KRALSANGRI BRAIN NISHAT 2 37899.50 17 SHEIKH MOHALLA NISHAT 2 135967.00 18 LAAM NISHAT 2 260849.00 19 KUMAR MOHALLA BRIAN NISHAT 2 14319.40 20 NISHAT NISHAT 2 111792.00 21 BUDGO BRAIN NISHAT 2 1086.75 22 WATER BODY DAL LAKE NISHAT 2 0.17 23 DRUGGEN DALGATE DALGATE 3 75647.00 24 DURGA NAG DALGATE 3 96344.50 25 MALTENG DALGATE 3 31217.40 26 DONI_KHUD DALGATE 3 79826.60 27 NEW_CHINAR_BAGH(OLD GAGRIBAL) DALGATE 3 17922.80 28 SULEMANTENG DALGATE 3 750555.00 29 CHURCH LANE DALGATE 3 221086.00 30 GUPKAR ROAD DALGATE 3 119922.00 31 SONWAR (BUNAMANSAR) DALGATE 3 72834.40 32 KOTHI BAGH DALGATE 3 0.08 33 CHINAR BAGH DALGATE 3 0.65 34 NEHRU PARK ABI KARPORA DALGATE 3 0.01 35 ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL DALGATE 3 0.09 36 WATER BODY DAL LAKE DALGATE 3 0.06 37 ABI NOWPORA LOCUT DAL DALGATE 3 0.05 38 BUCHAAWARA DALGATE 3 217905.00 39 OLD GAGRIBAL (SURI MOHALLA) DALGATE 3 225593.00 40 OLD NEHRU PARK (BOULVARD ROAD) DALGATE 3 240103.00 41 DRUGGEN DALGATE LAL CHOWK 4 0.08 42 DURGA NAG LAL CHOWK 4 0.22

62 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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43 LAL CHOWK LAL CHOWK 4 85189.00 44 SHEIKH BAGH LAL CHOWK 4 96379.90 45 PIRZOO LAL CHOWK 4 5971.96 46 ABI GUZAR LAL CHOWK 4 90306.00 47 KAWJI MOHALLA LAL CHOWK 4 36096.10 48 KOKER BAZAR LAL CHOWK 4 31619.30 49 KOTHI BAGH LAL CHOWK 4 566002.00 50 MAISUMA LAL CHOWK 4 50793.70 51 GOWKADAL_(B) LAL CHOWK 4 65852.10 52 CHINAR BAGH LAL CHOWK 4 486121.00 53 HAJI MASJID (GOWKADAL) LAL CHOWK 4 19045.00 54 SUMANDER BAGH LAL CHOWK 4 339658.00 55 BAR_BAR SHAH LAL CHOWK 4 62626.60 56 RAJBAGH EXTEN. RAJBAGH 5 429641.00 57 DAKWALI MOHALLA RAJBAGH 5 20807.20 58 KURSOO RAJBAGH 5 459471.00 59 RAJBAGH RAJBAGH 5 243716.00 60 IQBAL COLONY RAJBAGH 5 89253.60 61 KANLI PORA RAJBAGH 5 64761.60 62 PATHAN BAGH RAJBAGH 5 59794.00 63 OPEN AREA RAJBAGH 5 187068.00 64 SILK FACTORY RAJBAGH 5 0.03 65 TULSI BAGH JAWAHAR NAGAR 6 67814.70 66 RUSTAM COLONY JAWAHAR NAGAR 6 6813.96 67 RAJBAGH JAWAHAR NAGAR 6 23698.60 68 IKRAJ PORA JAWAHAR NAGAR 6 69234.00 69 PARSI BAGH JAWAHARNAGAR JAWAHAR NAGAR 6 25097.50 70 DAKWALI MOHALLA JAWAHAR NAGAR 6 12877.70 71 SOLINA JAWAHAR NAGAR 6 168817.00 72 GOGJI BAGH JAWAHAR NAGAR 6 464697.00 73 JAWAHAR NAGAR JAWAHAR NAGAR 6 380296.00 74 HAFTH CHINAR JAWAHAR NAGAR 6 0.14 75 RADIO COLONY JAWAHAR NAGAR 6 0.18 76 WAZIR BAGH JAWAHAR NAGAR 6 0.01 77 SHEAR GARI MOHALLA JAHINGIR CHOWK WAZIR BAGH 7 3.37 78 RAJBAGH WAZIR BAGH 7 0.16 79 JAWAHAR NAGAR WAZIR BAGH 7 36188.90 80 HAFTH CHINAR WAZIR BAGH 7 144717.00 81 HAZOORI BAGH WAZIR BAGH 7 100554.00 82 SHODA GALI WAZIR BAGH 7 2469.05 83 SARAI PAYEEN WAZIR BAGH 7 16066.30 84 BANDOOK CHAWNI WAZIR BAGH 7 12026.60 85 SARAI BALA WAZIR BAGH 7 22385.50 86 MILATABAD WAZIR BAGH 7 23778.90

63 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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87 IKHRAJ PORA WAZIR BAGH 7 14103.00 88 MAHARAJA BAZAAR WAZIR BAGH 7 13741.10 89 RADIO COLONY WAZIR BAGH 7 32627.20 90 PUNJABI MOHALLA WAZIR BAGH 7 23407.40 91 LAL MANDI WAZIR BAGH 7 49417.60 92 GONI KHAN WAZIR BAGH 7 24316.90 93 HANUMAN MANDIR WAZIR BAGH 7 34292.20 94 WAZIR BAGH WAZIR BAGH 7 145495.00 95 SILK FACTORY WAZIR BAGH 7 211719.00 96 HARI SINGH HIGH STREET WAZIR BAGH 7 8292.04 97 MILTABAD WAZIR BAGH 7 155361.00 98 RAM BAGH EXA. MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 84623.70 99 RAM BAGH BUND MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 93782.80 100 OLD NATI PORA(ASTHAN MOHALLA) MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 90477.80 101 KHALID BIN WALID MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 68753.10 102 AZAD BASTI GREEN LANE MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 79306.20 103 BISMILLAH COLONY MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 31038.50 104 STADIAM COLONY MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 128198.00 105 IRAM COLONY MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 154342.00 106 MOMIN COLONY MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 36009.00 107 IQBAL COLONY MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 42542.60 108 NAKIBAGH NOWGAM MOHALLA MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 192274.00 109 BANPOORA MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 120974.00 110 HAGAM MOHALLA MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 41394.90 111 NAIK PORA MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 34731.30 112 BHAT MOHALLA MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 17612.10 113 SHEIKH MOHALLA MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 36410.20 114 PADSHI BAGH MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 89579.10 115 NORANI COLONY MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 27648.40 116 RATHER MOHALLA MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 140381.00 117 AZIZ COLONY MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 28336.30 118 KURSOO GHAT MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 45855.20 119 MADINA BAGH MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 72833.20 120 IMRAN GALI MEHJOOR NAGAR MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 45774.90 121 MALIK MOHALLA MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 76125.60 122 RAHIM BAGH MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 27400.30 123 TOHID COLONY MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 4014.24 124 CHANIR COLONY MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 25381.60 125 MEHJOOR NAGAR MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 285919.00 126 OPEN GOVT LAND MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 32102.50 127 OPEN AREA( NOWGAM) MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 397060.00 128 OPEN AREA MAHJOOR NAGAR MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 96758.70 129 OPEN AREA PADSHI BAGH MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 264110.00 130 OPEN AREA STADIAM COLONY MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 114298.00

64 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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131 CHALLIPORA MOHALLA MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 165930.00 132 STADIUM PLAY GROUND MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 15035.50 133 DARASGHA COLONY MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 6170.60 134 RAM BAGH BALA MEHJOOR NAGAR 8 128261.00 135 RAWATPORA BURZULLA NATIPORA 9 3.61 136 AZAD BASTI GREEN LANE NATIPORA 9 0.02 137 BISMILLAH COLONY NATIPORA 9 0.17 138 GULSHAN NAGAR BY PASS NATIPORA 9 112922.00 139 GULSHAN NAGAR SECTOR A NATIPORA 9 168422.00 140 NAIK BAGH NATIPORA 9 301384.00 141 FAIZABAD COLONY NATIPORA 9 61435.60 142 SHAHIHAMDAN COLONY NATIPORA 9 93739.60 143 MAHBOOB COLONY (A) NATIPORA 9 22809.00 144 MAHBOOB COLONY (B) NATIPORA 9 39418.00 145 DILSOZD COLONY NATIPORA 9 86189.00 146 GULPOSH COLONY NATIPORA 9 81846.40 147 AZAD BASTI NATIPORA 9 108573.00 148 BARSHAH NAGAR SEC (A&B) NATIPORA 9 157004.00 149 SAHIJELAN COLONY NATIPORA 9 52270.80 150 GOSIA COLONY NATIPORA 9 110767.00 151 MUSTZA COLONY NATIPORA 9 24369.80 152 FRENDS LANE NATIPORA 9 13689.40 153 OLD CHANPORA NATIPORA 9 60618.80 154 MADINA COLONY NATIPORA 9 193886.00 155 KHAN COLONY NATIPORA 9 189746.00 156 ROSE LANE NATIPORA 9 92383.20 157 HUSSEN LANE NATIPORA 9 16203.70 158 GARDEN LANE NATIPORA 9 56814.20 159 PAMPOSH COLONY NATIPORA 9 48485.00 160 HOUSING COLONY( CHANAPORA) NATIPORA 9 0.93 161 GULSHAN NAGAR SECTOR A CHANAPORA 10 0.08 162 KHAN COLONY CHANAPORA 10 0.03 163 GULSHAN NAGAR (METHAN) CHANAPORA 10 98333.60 164 OLD CHANAPORA CHANAPORA 10 24534.10 165 MAISUMA COLONY CHANAPORA 10 151710.00 166 MOLANA IQBAL COLONY CHANAPORA 10 60777.10 167 LAL NAGAR CHANAPORA CHANAPORA 10 27125.10 168 UMAR COLONY CHANAPORA 10 65221.00 169 LAL NAGAR CHANAPORA BY PASS CHANAPORA 10 31356.90 170 BAGHEISLAM LANE CHANAPORA 10 51721.00 171 METHAN ROAR(CHANAPORA) CHANAPORA 10 44007.80 172 SHADAB LANE MINI COLOMY CHANAPORA 10 122553.00 173 ALNOOR COLONY CHANAPORA 10 75087.10 174 HOUSING COLONY( CHANAPORA) CHANAPORA 10 143925.00

65 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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175 GUNG BUGH BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 255501.00 176 LALU SHERGARI MOHALLA BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 157424.00 177 KHALIQA ABAD BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 927473.00 178 GALWANPORA (GULSHANABAD) BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 432194.00 179 NOORABAD BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 90037.80 180 CO-OPPRATIVE COLONY (PEER BAGH) BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 110371.00 181 UMERABAD (PEER BAGH) BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 466480.00 182 GOURIPORA BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 387407.00 183 WAZBAGH BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 188798.00 184 BONA ANGAN BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 118872.00 185 PEER BAGH (GREEN AVENUE) BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 291092.00 186 HERE ANGAN BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 63588.00 187 QAZI BAGH SANAT NAGAR BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 40076.20 188 RAWALPORA BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 286219.00 189 L.D. COLONY BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 141290.00 190 JELANABAD BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 159274.00 191 AL-FAZAL COLONY BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 70857.40 192 NAIDEGUND BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 470868.00 193 BATPORA BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 177152.00 194 POST OFFICE LANE MOHALLA BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 120492.00 195 OLD BARZULLA BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 346985.00 196 IBRAHIM COLONY BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 79610.20 197 PARRAYPORA BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 109997.00 198 HABIB COLONY BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 73016.90 199 MANDIR BAGH BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 52325.40 200 NAWACHI BAGH BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 58414.10 201 KHALIDABAD / KHACHARPORA ,BAGHAT BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 234051.00 202 BULBUL BAGH BARZULA BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 267891.00 203 GULBERG COLONY BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 882264.00 204 BAGE HYDER , HYDERPORA BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 0.37 205 IBRAHIM COLONY BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 0.63 206 BAGHAT BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 0.08 207 NEW AIRPORT HUMHAMA BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 76.54 208 BAGHWANPORA PATI RAWALPORA BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 122.50 209 ALAMDAR COLONEY RAWALPORA BAGHAT-I-BARZULLA 11 8.43 210 GOURIPORA RAWALPORA 12 1.44 211 IBRAHIM COLONY RAWALPORA 12 0.04 212 PARRAYPORA RAWALPORA 12 0.23 213 KHALIDABAD / KHACHARPORA ,BAGHAT RAWALPORA 12 0.09 214 BAGH-E-MEHTAB RAWALPORA 12 27559.60 215 GRID STATION COLONY RAWALPORA 12 146232.00 216 AL-FAROOQ COLONY RAWALPORA 12 72061.20 217 HAKIM BAGH RAWALPORA 12 384.46 218 HOUSING COLONY SANAT NAGAR RAWALPORA 12 357212.00

66 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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219 SANAT NAGAR RAWALPORA 12 272789.00 220 KHAN MOHALLA RAWALPORA 12 75557.10 221 SHAH ASRAR COLONY BURZULLA RAWALPORA 12 125952.00 222 RAWATPORA BURZULLA RAWALPORA 12 355347.00 223 BAGE HYDER , HYDERPORA RAWALPORA 12 88957.70 224 CHINAR COLONY RAWALPORA 12 74188.20 225 IBRAHIM COLONY RAWALPORA 12 39344.70 226 BAGHAT RAWALPORA 12 60298.90 227 PARAYPORA RAWALPORA 12 261613.00 228 MAJEED BAGH RAWALPORA 12 140679.00 229 BUDSHAH COLONY SANAT NAGAR RAWALPORA 12 143581.00 230 OLD CHANAPORA RAWALPORA 12 0.05 231 SHADAB LANE MINI COLOMY RAWALPORA 12 204.96 232 ALNOOR COLONY RAWALPORA 12 0.05

233 IQRA COLONY SHEIKH DAWOOD COLONY 13 7633.27

234 SHIEKH DAWOOD COLONY-D SHEIKH DAWOOD COLONY 13 44436.80

235 SHEIKH DAWOOD COLONY SHEIKH DAWOOD COLONY 13 47860.20

236 DHOBI MOHALLA SHEIKH DAWOOD COLONY 13 25006.10

237 FIRDOUS ABAD COLONY SHEIKH DAWOOD COLONY 13 119420.00

238 MAHARAJ PORA SHEIKH DAWOOD COLONY 13 351972.00

239 KHALWARI BAZAR, BATMALOO SHEIKH DAWOOD COLONY 13 0.02 240 BANPORA, BATAMALOO BATAMALOO 14 195656.00 241 NEW COLONY, BATAMALOO BATAMALOO 14 85231.80 242 FAISAL ABAD, BATAMALOO BATAMALOO 14 91076.80 243 ZIYARAT MOHALLA, BATAMALOO BATAMALOO 14 23288.70 244 BAZAR E BATAMALOO, RECK CHOWK BATAMALOO 14 41480.00 245 KHALWARI BAZAR, BATMALOO BATAMALOO 14 33126.00 246 ZIYARAT BATAMALOO (KASHI MOHALLA) BATAMALOO 14 29224.90 247 DIYARWANI MOHALLA, BATAMALOO BATAMALOO 14 91014.70 248 MOMIN ABAD RIGHT SIDE BATAMALOO 14 0.05 249 MIR ABAD, BATAMALOO BATAMALOO 14 0.12 250 MOMIN ABAD, LEFT SIDE BATAMALOO 14 337572.00 251 FREINDS COLONY ALLOCHI BAGH 15 44475.40 252 GULSHAN COLONY ALLOCHI BAGH 15 36352.70 253 BEIGH MOHALLA ALLOCHI BAGH 15 60410.80 254 RATHER MOHALLA ALLOCHI BAGH 15 20336.10 255 KHAN MOHALLA ALLOCHI BAGH 15 24714.80 256 CHAN MOHALLA ALLOCHI BAGH 15 17190.10 257 MINTO CIRCLE ALLOCHI BAGH 15 16075.20 258 SHAL PORA ALLOCHI BAGH 15 76638.70 259 GULSHAN COLONY ALLOCHI BAGH 15 52262.60 260 SOLINA SILK MILL ALLOCHI BAGH 15 246659.00 261 MADHAV PORA ALLOCHI BAGH 15 13147.10 262 ALLOCHI BAGH ALLOCHI BAGH 15 26399.80

67 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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263 NEW COLONY ALLOCHI BAGH ALLOCHI BAGH 15 108088.00 264 MADINA COLONY ALLOCHI BAGH 15 39770.80 265 PANDIT MOHALLA HAFT CHINAR ALLOCHI BAGH 15 57939.20 266 NEW SHAHEEN COLONY ALLOCHI BAGH 15 27596.70 267 ARMY AREA (MALESEYA) ALLOCHI BAGH 15 227397.00 268 KHADI MILL ALLOCHI BAGH 15 143847.00 269 SOLINA ALLOCHI BAGH 15 0.26 270 SHAL PORA ALLOCHI BAGH 15 0.37 271 ARMY AREA (MALESEYA) ALLOCHI BAGH 15 0.37 272 PANDIT MOHALLA HAFT CHINAR ALLOCHI BAGH 15 0.04 273 ARMY AREA (MALESEYA) ALLOCHI BAGH 15 0.04 274 NEW SHAHEEN COLONY ALLOCHI BAGH 15 0.08 275 ARMY AREA (MALESEYA) ALLOCHI BAGH 15 0.08 276 ARMY AREA (MALESEYA) ALLOCHI BAGH 15 8.65 277 LAXMAN PURA "A" DANDER KHAN ALLOCHI BAGH 15 8.65 278 HAFT CHINAR MAGARMAL BAGH 16 67212.90 279 MAGARMAL BAGH MAGARMAL BAGH 16 290128.00 280 BARAN PATHER "B" MAGARMAL BAGH 16 25340.40 281 BARAN PATHER "A" MAGARMAL BAGH 16 77058.20 282 LAXMANPURA "B" MAGARMAL BAGH 16 101793.00 283 LAXMAN PURA "A" DANDER KHAN MAGARMAL BAGH 16 263313.00 284 LAXMAN PURA "A" DANDER KHAN MAGARMAL BAGH 16 13.11 285 ARMY AREA (MALESEYA) MAGARMAL BAGH 16 0.08 286 HAFT CHINAR MAGARMAL BAGH 16 0.08 287 BANPORA, BATAMALOO NUND RESH COLONY 17 0.04 288 ALAMDAR COLONY NUND RESH COLONY 17 92094.20 289 ABU BAKAR COLONY, BEMINA NUND RESH COLONY 17 113351.00 290 SIR SYED ABAD, BEMINA NUND RESH COLONY 17 166214.00 291 SHAMS ABAD, BEMINA NUND RESH COLONY 17 82700.90 292 TOWHEED ABAD, BEMINA NUND RESH COLONY 17 75595.90 293 USMAN ABAD, BEMINA NUND RESH COLONY 17 100339.00 294 IQBAL ABAD, BEMINA NUND RESH COLONY 17 256673.00 295 MAIN BAZAR BATAMALOO NUND RESH COLONY 17 166186.00 296 TATOO GROUND, BATAMALOO NUND RESH COLONY 17 599553.00 297 MOMIN ABAD RIGHT SIDE NUND RESH COLONY 17 305849.00 298 MIR ABAD, BATAMALOO NUND RESH COLONY 17 348179.00 299 TENGPORA, BYE PASS NUND RESH COLONY 17 344223.00 300 SDA COLONY NUND RESH COLONY 17 71892.90 301 NUNDRESH COLONY, BEMINA NUND RESH COLONY 17 257354.00 302 BILAL COLONY BUND QAMARWARI 18 61529.70 303 RAMPORA BUND QAMARWARI 18 38671.60 304 GUZARBAL CHATTABAL QAMARWARI 18 28480.10 305 RAMPORA REHMATABAD QAMARWARI 18 19993.30 306 RAMPORA IQBAL ABAD QAMARWARI 18 155108.00

68 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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307 RAMPORA OWAISABAD QAMARWARI 18 170420.00 308 MIR BAGH QAMARWARI 18 2897.57 309 RAMPORA SYEDABAD QAMARWARI 18 24860.80 310 PATLIPORA BALA QAMARWARI 18 26247.20 311 GUZRIBAL, MANKIABAD QAMARWARI 18 20617.00 312 PATLIPORA BALA QAMARWARI 18 0.03 313 MUSTAFA ABAD FRUIT MANDI PARIMPORA 19 27977.10 314 FURIT MANDI PARIMPORA PARIMPORA 19 317669.00 315 SHAH MOHALLA PARIMPORA 19 203849.00 316 NATH MOHALLA PARIMPORA 19 131676.00 317 PARIMPORA PARIMPORA 19 179022.00 318 RAHMATULLAH COLONY PARIMPORA 19 239608.00 319 SHEIKH MOHALLA PARIMPORA 19 18608.80 320 BARTHANA PARIMPORA 19 156808.00 321 QAMMERWARI PARTLY PARIMPORA 19 27952.60 322 IBRAHIM COLONY PARIMPORA 19 32038.70 323 SHAKOOR COLONY PARIMPORA 19 36666.00 324 BABAPORA PARIMPORA 19 32152.00 325 SHEIKH BAGH PARIMPORA 19 44472.80 326 BILAL COLONY PARIMPORA 19 55564.20 327 BILAL COLONY BUND PARIMPORA 19 18963.60 328 P.C.DEPOT PARIMPORA 19 125136.00 329 PARIMPORA BUND PARIMPORA 19 334976.00 330 FOREST DEPPT AREA PARIMPORA 19 222514.00 331 QAMRABAD COLONY PARIMPORA 19 2.06 332 FIRDOUS COLONY PARIMPORA 19 2.80 333 ARAMPORA PARIMPORA 19 43901.00 334 SHALTANG CROSSING ZAINAKOTE 20 46253.20 335 SHALTANG VILLAGE ZAINAKOTE 20 765516.00 336 PARIMPORA BUND PARTLY ZAINAKOTE 20 31021.90 337 IQBAL ABAD COLONY PARTLY ZAINAKOTE 20 190741.00 338 GAZALIYA ABAD COLONY ZAINAKOTE 20 102524.00 339 ROSE AVINUE COLONY ZAINAKOTE 20 180980.00 340 FRIENDS COLONY ZAINAKOTE 20 76642.70 341 MUSTAFA ABAD "2" PARTLY ZAINAKOTE 20 205372.00 342 UMAR ABAD PARTLY ZAINAKOTE 20 302380.00 343 DAR MOHALLA ZAINAKOTE 20 89045.50 344 SICOP MOHALLA ZAINAKOTE 20 9035.45 345 ZAINUL ABADINE COLONY ZAINAKOTE 20 5918.71 346 SHEIKH MOHALLA ZAINAKOTE 20 1986.21 347 GANIE MOHALLA ZAINAKOTE 20 1209.64 348 H.M.T QUARTERS & FACTORY ZAINAKOTE 20 4950.25 349 INDUSTRIAL AREA ZAINAKOTE ZAINAKOTE 20 101820.00 350 ABAN SHAH ZAINAKOTE 20 50849.30

69 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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351 DAR MOHALLA ZAINAKOTE 20 20707.90 352 HAIDER COLONY ZAINAKOTE 20 15.51 353 LANGER MOHALLA ZAINAKOTE 20 15976.50 354 KUMAR MOHALLA ZAINAKOTE 20 0.26 355 KHAR MOHALLA ZAINAKOTE 20 570.37 356 OPEN AREA ZAINAKOTE 20 1909150.00 357 IQBAL COLONY ZANAKOTE ZAINAKOTE 20 5.94 358 SHELTENG ZAINAKOTE 20 0.03 359 IQBAL COLONY SHALTENG ZAINAKOTE 20 0.00 360 SHAH WALAYATA SEC_7 SHEKAR GAH ZAINAKOTE 20 1.74 361 UMARABAD SEC-1 ZAINOKOTE ZAINAKOTE 20 0.18 362 UMERABADE SEC_2 ZAINAKOTE ZAINAKOTE 20 0.28 363 MUSTUFABAD SEC_2 ZAINAKOTE ZAINAKOTE 20 5.35 364 SHEKAR GAH HOKARSIR ZAINAKOTE 20 0.39 365 RAHMATULLAH COLONY BEMINA EAST 21 0.03 366 BARTHANA BEMINA EAST 21 0.24 367 OWAISHABAD HOUSING COLONY BEMINA EAST 21 43897.20 368 BEMINA GOUSIA COLONY BEMINA EAST 21 274167.00 369 MADINA COLONY BEMINA EAST 21 46641.30 370 MUSTAFABAD COLONY BEMINA EAST 21 16165.30 371 HAJIABAD COLONY BEMINA EAST 21 70157.90 372 IQRA COLONY BEMINA EAST 21 15614.90 373 SHERE-I-KASHMIR COLONY BEMINA EAST 21 70539.60 374 POLICE COLONY BEMINA BEMINA EAST 21 349139.00 375 HILALABAD COLONY BEMINA EAST 21 320254.00 376 HIG COLONY BEMINA EAST 21 133825.00 377 SDA COLONY BEMINA EAST 21 298229.00 378 MIG COLONY BEMINA EAST 21 300214.00 379 QAMRABAD COLONY BEMINA EAST 21 390618.00 380 ABU BAKAR COLONY BEMINA EAST 21 19.09 381 ARAMPORA BEMINA EAST 21 0.01 382 OPEN AREA BEMINA WEST 22 0.22 383 OPEN AREA BEMINA WEST 22 0.23 384 ALAMDAR COLONY BEMINA WEST 22 0.01 385 HIG COLONY BEMINA WEST 22 45.73 386 FIRDOUS COLONY BEMINA WEST 22 134651.00 387 POLICE COLONY GREEN BELT BEMINA WEST 22 837871.00 388 BOATMAN COLONY BEMINA WEST 22 131141.00 389 GULSHANABAD COLONY BEMINA WEST 22 34449.70 390 UMARABAD COLONY BEMINA WEST 22 52821.50 391 FIRDOUS COLONY BEMINA WEST 22 61699.40 392 USMANIA COLONY BEMINA WEST 22 66530.00 393 HUMZAH HOUSING COLONY BEMINA WEST 22 92225.30 394 BILAL COLONY BEMINA WEST 22 38442.00

70 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

395 MOHAMMADIA COLONY BEMINA WEST 22 41138.10 396 AL-FAROOQ COLONY BEMINA WEST 22 65580.40 397 IBRAHIM COLONY BEMINA WEST 22 42373.50 398 LBRAHIM COLONY SECTOR-1/C BEMINA WEST 22 51404.80 399 SHAH-I-HAMDAN COLONY BEMINA WEST 22 57049.20 400 ABU BAKAR COLONY BEMINA WEST 22 48670.10 401 MANSOOR COLONY BEMINA WEST 22 160103.00 402 KOKER BAZAR SHAHEED GUNJ 23 2.38 403 MAISUMA SHAHEED GUNJ 23 41.84 404 MAGARMAL BAGH SHAHEED GUNJ 23 35.17 405 BARAN PATHER "A" SHAHEED GUNJ 23 7.28 406 SYAD MANSOOR COLONY SHAHEED GUNJ 23 16778.00 407 KANI KADAL SHAHEED GUNJ 23 39734.90 408 CHOTA BAZAR SHAHEED GUNJ 23 60186.90 409 GURU BAZAR SHAHEED GUNJ 23 34983.20 410 SHEED GUNJ SHAHEED GUNJ 23 120100.00 411 SUTRA SHAI SHAHEED GUNJ 23 135977.00 412 SHEAR GARI MOHALLA JAHINGIR CHOWK SHAHEED GUNJ 23 165463.00 413 BAL GRADAN SHAHEED GUNJ 23 36838.50 414 SYED ALI MANSOOR SHAHEED GUNJ 23 0.13 415 KARAN NAGAR SHAHEED GUNJ 23 495.93 416 BAL GARDAN SHAHEED GUNJ 23 0.09 417 KATHIHAL, ZAINDAR MOHALLA SHAHEED GUNJ 23 0.06 418 MALIK BAGH, ZAINDAR MOHALLA SHAHEED GUNJ 23 0.11 419 KANI KADAL, HABBA KADAL SHAHEED GUNJ 23 0.09 420 SHALA KADAL, HABBA KADAL SHAHEED GUNJ 23 0.04 421 KARFALI MOHALLA, HABBA KADAL SHAHEED GUNJ 23 0.48 422 HANUMAN MANDIR SHAHEED GUNJ 23 0.01 423 HARI SINGH HIGH STREET SHAHEED GUNJ 23 0.04 424 SYAD MANSOOR COLONY KARAN NAGAR 24 0.10 425 BAL GRADAN KARAN NAGAR 24 0.23 426 DARAESH KADAL KARAN NAGAR 24 30982.80 427 SHAREEN BAGH KARAN NAGAR 24 79252.40 428 KAKA SARI KARAN NAGAR 24 212408.00 429 BAGH SUNDER PAYAN KARAN NAGAR 24 26668.70 430 BAGH SUNDAR BALA KARAN NAGAR 24 66025.50 431 SYED ALI MANSOOR KARAN NAGAR 24 7084.10 432 GOLE MARKET KARANAGAR KARAN NAGAR 24 71299.20 433 DOOD GANGA ROAD KARAN NAGAR 24 58197.50 434 KARAN NAGAR KARAN NAGAR 24 116175.00 435 BAL GARDAN KARAN NAGAR 24 44644.80 436 NURISING GHAR BAL GARDAN KARAN NAGAR 24 44301.50 437 ALAQ BAND BAL GARDAN KARAN NAGAR 24 86316.30 438 MAIN BAZAR BATAMALOO KARAN NAGAR 24 0.12

71 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

439 BAGH SUNDAR BALA CHATTABAL 25 0.05 440 MAIN BAZAR BATAMALOO CHATTABAL 25 1.30 441 PATLIPORA BALA CHATTABAL 25 0.05 442 GUZRIBAL, MANKIABAD CHATTABAL 25 0.02 443 CHAN MOHALLA CHATTABAL 25 76301.90 444 SHIEKH MOHALLA CHATTABAL 25 14166.70 445 ZAMINI BAGIYAAS CHATTABAL 25 39776.30 446 BAGH NANSING CHATTABAL 25 176703.00 447 MAGHUL MOHALLA CHATTABAL 25 72423.70 448 DONI WARI CHATTABAL 25 34097.40 449 SAJAD ABAD, CHATTABAL CHATTABAL 25 26931.40 450 BAGIYASS, CHATTABAL CHATTABAL 25 21941.40 451 PATLIPORA BALA CHATTABAL 25 39849.90 452 PATLIPORA PAYEEN CHATTABAL 25 27707.90 453 GUZRIBAL, CHATTABAL CHATTABAL 25 12913.30 454 GUZRIBAL, MANKIABAD CHATTABAL 25 25568.10 455 GUZRIBAL, MANKIABAD CHATTABAL 25 0.01 456 GUZRIBAL, MANKIABAD CHATTABAL 25 0.01 457 KANI KADAL SYED ALI AKBAR 26 0.07 458 GURU BAZAR SYED ALI AKBAR 26 0.17 459 TANKI PORA, D C OFFICE SYED ALI AKBAR 26 49962.20 460 DADI KADAL, TANKI PORA SYED ALI AKBAR 26 34634.60 461 KATHIHAL, ZAINDAR MOHALLA SYED ALI AKBAR 26 12830.90 462 MALIK BAGH, ZAINDAR MOHALLA SYED ALI AKBAR 26 27740.20 463 KANI KADAL, HABBA KADAL SYED ALI AKBAR 26 15882.50 464 RISHI MOHALLA, HABBA KADAL SYED ALI AKBAR 26 13941.40 465 PURSHIYAR, HABBA KADAL SYED ALI AKBAR 26 10297.50 466 KHARDOORI, SHALA KADAL SYED ALI AKBAR 26 9427.92 467 SHALA KADAL, HABBA KADAL SYED ALI AKBAR 26 28495.50 468 KARFALI MOHALLA, HABBA KADAL SYED ALI AKBAR 26 27367.30 469 DARBITAR, HABBA KADAL SYED ALI AKBAR 26 15634.20 470 DALSHADYAR SYED ALI AKBAR 26 18605.90 471 SONA MASJID, HABBA KADAL SYED ALI AKBAR 26 31513.10 472 KHANWARI MOHALLA, ZALDAGAR SYED ALI AKBAR 26 8626.96 473 SYED ALI AKBAR SYED ALI AKBAR 26 30581.40 474 ZALDAGER,KHANWARI SYED ALI AKBAR 26 0.10 475 QAZI MASJID, HABBA KADAL SYED ALI AKBAR 26 29535.30 476 MADAN YAR SYED ALI AKBAR 26 0.02 477 DARAESH KADAL NAWAB BAZAR 27 0.05 478 SHORGARI MOHALLA-B, NAWAB BAZAR NAWAB BAZAR 27 8050.58 479 SHORGARI MOHALLA-A, NAWAB BAZAR NAWAB BAZAR 27 34886.30 480 KAKA SATHOO, JAMALATTA NAWAB BAZAR 27 18812.80 481 TENGPORA NAWAB BAZAR NAWAB BAZAR 27 29524.60 482 CHARAMGARI MOHALLA NAWAB BAZAR NAWAB BAZAR 27 11033.90

72 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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483 SHAH KADAL NAWAB BAZAR 27 16565.30 484 SHAH MOHALLA NAWAB BAZAR NAWAB BAZAR 27 59172.60 485 SUNAR KUL SAFA KADAL NAWAB BAZAR 27 17839.00 486 JAMALATTA NAWAB BAZAR 27 11053.80 487 THAGHBAB SAHIB SHAH KADAL NAWAB BAZAR 27 18997.10 488 NALLABANDPORA CHATTABAL NAWAB BAZAR 27 46982.20 489 KANI MAZAR NAWAB BAZAR NAWAB BAZAR 27 58196.40 490 SARAI SAFA KADAL NAWAB BAZAR 27 29618.80 491 SONA MASJID, HABBA KADAL ISLAMYARBAL 28 6.30 492 KACHGARI MASJID,ZALDAGER ISLAMYARBAL 28 35178.20 493 KHANWARI,ZALDAGER ISLAMYARBAL 28 11724.40 494 QALAMDANPORA,ZAINAKADAL ISLAMYARBAL 28 37823.80 495 DALAL MOHALLA, ZAINAKADAL ISLAMYARBAL 28 14877.70 496 SYED HAMEED PORA, NABBA KADAL ISLAMYARBAL 28 18477.20 497 ZALDAGER,KHANWARI ISLAMYARBAL 28 51821.90 498 SHAH MOHALLA, NABBA KADAL ISLAMYARBAL 28 47306.10 499 PATHER MASJID,NEW ZAINAKADAL ISLAMYARBAL 28 3311.65 500 URDU MOHALLA, FATHEH KADAL ISLAMYARBAL 28 15049.20 501 ISLAM YARBAL,MUJAHID MANZIL ISLAMYARBAL 28 21996.10 502 LALDIN MASJID, FATHEH KADAL ISLAMYARBAL 28 16001.70 503 SHAH MOHALLA NAWAB BAZAR ISLAMYARBAL 28 0.02 504 DALAL MOHALLA, ZAINA KADAL ISLAMYARBAL 28 0.16 505 DADI KADAL, TANKI PORA GANPATYAR 30 0.07 506 RISHI MOHALLA, HABBA KADAL GANPATYAR 30 0.08 507 SHIELTENG GANPATYAR 30 0.02 508 GUND AHLIMER GANPATYAR 30 27142.60 509 MADAN YAR GANPATYAR 30 2402.89 510 AGHAHAMAM HABBA KADAL GANPATYAR 30 7391.33 511 KRAL KHUD HABBA KADAL GANPATYAR 30 5693.38 512 KHAR YAR HABBA KADAL GANPATYAR 30 16502.60 513 MAL YAR HABBA KADAL GANPATYAR 30 3899.17 514 GANPAT YAR HABBA KADAL GANPATYAR 30 10822.80 515 BADYAR BALA GANPATYAR 30 6412.60 516 BADYAR PAYEEN GANPATYAR 30 5233.67 517 BASANT BAGH GANPATYAR 30 20562.20 518 DOOMPORA GANPATYAR 30 15246.70 519 KAKA ROAD GANPATYAR 30 27379.40 520 CHANDPORA HABBA KADAL GANPATYAR 30 25844.00 521 GADOOD BAGH HABBA KADAL GANPATYAR 30 23401.90 522 MANDAR BAGH GANPATYAR 30 72020.40 523 BABAPORA HABBA KADAL GANPATYAR 30 43278.70 524 BAGWANPORA BARBERSHAH GANPATYAR 30 0.08 525 BABA DEMB GANPATYAR 30 0.16 526 PURSHIYAR, HABBA KADAL BANA MOHALLA 31 0.04

73 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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527 SHIELTENG BANA MOHALLA 31 38919.90 528 BABA PORA, HABBA KADAL BANA MOHALLA 31 13784.30 529 AGA HAMAM, HABBA KADAL BANA MOHALLA 31 3906.96 530 MADANYAR, HABBA KADAL BANA MOHALLA 31 2396.13 531 SHALLAYAR, HABBA KADAL BANA MOHALLA 31 3350.47 532 SHESHYAR, HABBA KADAL BANA MOHALLA 31 25928.90 533 CHICKARA MOHALLA, HABBA KADAL BANA MOHALLA 31 48543.00 534 MALLA PORA, HABBA KADAL BANA MOHALLA 31 13153.00 535 BANA MOHALLA, FATHEH KADAL BANA MOHALLA 31 17119.40 536 RAJDAN KOCHA, BANA MOHALLA BANA MOHALLA 31 4392.98 537 NARPARISTAN, BANA MOHALLA BANA MOHALLA 31 15853.30 538 NARPRISTAN, NEW FATEH KADAL BANA MOHALLA 31 30864.00 539 MALLIK ANGAN, NEW FATEH KADAL BANA MOHALLA 31 13502.90 540 BABA DAM BANA MOHALLA 31 23195.60 541 BABA DEMB BANA MOHALLA 31 0.08 542 CHINAR BAGH SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 0.03 543 BAR_BAR SHAH SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 0.01 544 BAGWANPORA BARBERSHAH SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 69408.30 545 NAQASHPORA BARBARSHAH SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 64946.30 546 BABA DEMB SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 36374.90 547 BISHAMBER NAGAR SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 147300.00 548 BANTER BAGH NOWPORA SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 50647.20 549 HASITHAL MOHALLA NOWPORA SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 18228.80 550 NOWPORA TANGBAGH SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 59711.60 551 KHAYAM COLONY SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 57722.70 552 CHACHOO MOHALLA ABI NOWPORA SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 31353.50 553 ABI BUCHWARA DALGATE SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 51600.10 554 GORI MOHALLA ABI BUCHWARA SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 11452.80 555 KHARASHI MOHALLA ABI BUCHWARA SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 48174.90 556 SATHOO BARBARSHAH SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 14636.10 557 MUNWARABAD BRARI NAMBAL SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 154159.00 558 SHETHAL NATH BARBARSHAH SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 31407.10 559 UPPER SATHOO BARBARSHAH SATHOO BARBARSHAH 32 37935.40 560 NEW FATEH KADAL KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 1122.94 561 MALIKANGAN, FATEH KADAL KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 40079.20 562 OLD FATEH KADAL KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 10823.40 563 NAMCHIBAL, FATEH KADAL KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 35279.90 564 DUKAN-I-SANGEEN, K K MOHALLA KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 13221.10 565 KHANKAHI MOHALLA KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 28039.20 566 NEELGARI BAGH, KHANKAHI MOHALLA KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 10219.90 567 SAMASWARI, BABA DAM KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 100117.00 568 BABA DAM KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 51359.00 569 BABA NUND GANAI, QALASH PORA KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 6263.70 570 QALASHPORA KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 9534.91

74 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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571 MAKHDOOM MANDAW, QALASH PORA KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 1118.39 572 DIWAR-KA-KOCHA, QALASHPORA KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 3421.13 573 CHALPAN KOCHA, ZAINA KADAL KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 9861.17 574 GANAKHAN, NEW ZAINA KADAL KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 14195.30 575 GADA KOCHA, GANAKHAN KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 2364.84 576 MALIKPORA, ZAINA KADAL KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 701.88 577 QAZIYAR, ZAINA KADAL KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 1182.96 578 ISHA SAHEB , ZAINA KADAL KHANKAHI-MOULLA 33 0.15 579 GADIYAR, ZAINA KADAL S.R GUNJ 34 1148.88 580 BUDSHAH BAZAR, ZAINA KADAL S.R GUNJ 34 701.86 581 MAHARAJ GUNJ, ZAINA KADAL (M R GUNJ) S.R GUNJ 34 601.75 582 BONIYAR BAL, MAHARAJ GUNJ S.R GUNJ 34 1540.63 583 GURGARI MOHALLA, ZAINA KADAL S.R GUNJ 34 0.07 584 NOWPORA PARTLY AQILMIR KHANYAR 35 21657.40 585 DAULATABAD NOWPOORA AQILMIR KHANYAR 35 18938.10 586 BADU BAGH PARTLY AQILMIR KHANYAR 35 1207.01 587 KOOLIPORA NOWPORA AQILMIR KHANYAR 35 70670.80 588 TABARDAR MOHALLA AQILMIR KHANYAR 35 506.15 589 GOUSIA COLONY AQILMIR KHANYAR 35 30550.60 590 SHESHGARI MOHALLA KHANYAR AQILMIR KHANYAR 35 13889.10 591 ANZIMIER KHANYAR AQILMIR KHANYAR 35 30146.40 592 BABA DAM KHAWJA BAZAR 36 0.25 593 SUMKACHBAL KHAWJA BAZAR 36 9335.41 594 GARI MASJID KHAWJM BAZAR KHAWJA BAZAR 36 2396.90 595 SAYWDWARJ KHAWJA BAZAR KHAWJA BAZAR 36 1424.99 596 ANDERWART ANDRONI KHAWJA BAZAR 36 228.25 597 ANDH MASJID KHAWJA BAZAR KHAWJA BAZAR 36 1077.16 598 NOOR BAGH JAHANGIR MASJID MOHALLA SAFA KADAL 37 45093.40 599 CHANDALPORA SAFA KADAL 37 2255.63 600 DANAMAZAR SAFA KADAL 37 32589.20 601 GASI MOHALLA SAFA KADAL 37 12070.70 602 PALYARBAL SAFA KADAL 37 6826.90 603 MALIK SAHIB SAFA KADAL 37 17377.80 604 HAFTYARBAL SAFA KADAL 37 4461.78 605 SAFA KADAL SAFA KADAL 37 5553.71 606 CEMENT KADAL NOOR BAGH IDDGAH 38 21232.40 607 NEW COLONY NOOR BAGH IDDGAH 38 49063.80 608 BAGHWAN PORA NOOR BAGH IDDGAH 38 30758.40 609 SHAHEEN COLONY IDDGAH 38 102697.00 610 IDDGAH IDDGAH 38 136609.00 611 SHEIKH HAMZA COLONY IDDGAH 38 99200.50 612 FIRDOUS COLONY IDDGAH 38 300257.00 613 SAIDPORA IDDGAH 38 136731.00 614 CHANDIHAR WANGANPORA IDDGAH 38 184447.00

75 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

615 WANGANPORA IDDGAH 38 415730.00 616 NEW COLONY RATHPORA IDDGAH 38 14477.10 617 TIBETAN COLONY TARABAL 39 1863.74 618 MIR JAN PORA TARABAL 39 2984.24 619 MENGAN MOHALLA RAINAIWARI JOGI LANKAR 40 16916.40 620 JOGI LANKER JOGI LANKAR 40 16861.10 621 BAGHDJI MOHALLA RAINAIWARI JOGI LANKAR 40 3587.64 622 MOTIYAR RAINAIWARI JOGI LANKAR 40 8936.48 623 PANDITPORA RAINAIWARI JOGI LANKAR 40 9325.01 624 KOCHA-B-NIDAN RAINAIWARI JOGI LANKAR 40 6939.85 625 NOWPORA PARTLY JOGI LANKAR 40 6065.68 626 DAULATABAD PARTLY JOGI LANKAR 40 984.63 627 MISKEEN BAGH JOGI LANKAR 40 18936.90 628 MUGHAL MOHALLA RAINAIWARI JOGI LANKAR 40 10587.60 629 JOGI LANKAR GHAT ZIND SHAH SAHIB 41 6365.54 630 KARPORA KHOSHKI RAINAWARI ZIND SHAH SAHIB 41 22667.20 631 MIAN SHAH SAHIB RAINAWARI ZIND SHAH SAHIB 41 15399.20 632 CHOWDRY BAGH RAINAWARI ZIND SHAH SAHIB 41 21036.50 633 BHAT MOHALLA CHOWDRY BAGH ZIND SHAH SAHIB 41 3446.35 634 AFTAB SAHIB CHOWDRY BAGH ZIND SHAH SAHIB 41 19371.60 635 KENI MOHALLA RAINAWARI ZIND SHAH SAHIB 41 8544.01 636 MALLAPORA RAINAWARI ZIND SHAH SAHIB 41 9948.35 637 DAGGA MOHALLA ZIND SHAH SAHIB 41 22222.00 638 TANG BAGH ZIND SHAH SAHIB 41 12938.70 639 NAIDYAR RANAWARI ZIND SHAH SAHIB 41 9050.84 640 DALKAWPORA RAINAWARI ZIND SHAH SAHIB 41 22891.30 641 BAGH-E-JOGILANKER RAINAWARI ZIND SHAH SAHIB 41 44417.40 642 LAMBBA MOHALLA ABI KARPORA ZIND SHAH SAHIB 41 0.04 643 NOOR BHAT MOHALLA ABI KARPORA ZIND SHAH SAHIB 41 0.02 644 ABI-GURPORA ZIND SHAH SAHIB 41 0.10 645 HASSANA ABAD MOHALLA HASANABAD 42 56218.20 646 KHAJIYARBAL MOHALLA HASANABAD 42 58253.80 647 KHODPORA MOHALLA HASANABAD 42 14678.20 648 HATI KHAN MOHALLA HASANABAD 42 499.87 649 POKHRI BAL MOHALLA HASANABAD 42 17095.10 650 WARIS KHAN BADAM WARI MOHALLA HASANABAD 42 106522.00 651 TANG BAGH KAWDARA 45 79209.40 652 NARWORA KAWDARA 45 42703.70 653 BANGR TANG KAWDARA 45 10066.80 654 KHAIWAN NARWOR KAWDARA 45 18647.80 655 MAL PORA KAWDARA 45 40336.90 656 WANT PORA KAWDARA 45 18992.80 657 MAREED PORA KAWDARA 45 8358.12 658 TANGBAGH DRAIN KAWDARA 45 4737.58

76 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

659 YECH PORA KAWDARA 45 716.83 660 KRALPORA HAWAL KAWDARA 45 0.02 661 WATER BODY KAWDARA 45 0.04 662 SHAWL BAGH ZADIBAL ZADIBAL 46 1470.31 663 KRALPORA HAWAL ZADIBAL 46 8214.23 664 ALI PARK ZADIBAL ZADIBAL 46 7297.99 665 ZADIBAL ZADIBAL 46 7668.94 666 KHOSHAWLSAR ZADIBAL ZADIBAL 46 13550.30 667 GASIDOOR ZADIBAL ZADIBAL 46 1.81 668 DOONIPORA ZADIBAL ZADIBAL 46 7827.88 669 YASINABAD SHIRIBHAT ZADIBAL 46 3282.08 670 SHIRIBHAT ALAMGHARI BAZAR ZADIBAL 46 538.03 671 NAIDORI NOWSHARA ZADIBAL 46 836.64 672 KHAIWAN HAWAL ROAD ZADIBAL 46 13998.60 673 KHOCHA CHECK IDD GHA ZADIBAL 46 28848.00 674 IQUBAL COLONY IDD GHA ZADIBAL 46 17146.80 675 ALI JAAN ROAD IDD GHA ZADIBAL 46 62862.20 676 SAIDAPORA ALI JAAN ROAD ZADIBAL 46 15197.30 677 BATAKPORA NOWSHARA ZADIBAL 46 2260.35 678 WATER BODY ZADIBAL 46 19282.10 679 JOGIVAN AMDAKADAL MADIN SAHIB 47 4677.97 680 AMDA KADAL MADIN SAHIB 47 16288.10 681 GULSHAN BAGH DOWN HAWAL MADIN SAHIB 47 33498.70 682 HAKA BAZAR BADAMWARI MADIN SAHIB 47 23221.30 683 CHAAN MOHALLA MADIN SAHIB 47 0.07 684 PUKHRIBAL MADIN SAHIB 47 0.03 685 CHANA MOHALLA, ZOONIMAR ZOONIMAR 49 448.60 686 BABA PORA, ZOONIMAR ZOONIMAR 49 7587.54 687 ZARI PORA, ZOONIMAR ZOONIMAR 49 5294.87 688 GILLI KADAL, ZOONIMAR ZOONIMAR 49 26326.80 689 TANG PORA, ZOONIMAR ZOONIMAR 49 97389.90 690 MADH BAGH, NOW SHERA ZOONIMAR 49 4474.21 691 RATHER MOHALLA, NOW SHERA ZOONIMAR 49 13449.40 692 AMDA KADAL LAL BAZAR 50 0.09 693 ASHRAF MOHALLA LAL BAZAR 50 8397.26 694 MAGHUAL MOHALLA LAL BAZAR 50 1249.13 695 GREEN LANE MOHALLA LAL BAZAR 50 12301.20 696 UMAR COLONY "A" LAL BAZAR 50 19431.40 697 GUTHPORA LAL BAZAR 50 245.03 698 NAWAB BAGH LAL BAZAR 50 2303.01 699 CHAAN MOHALLA LAL BAZAR 50 14464.60 700 AHMADA KADAL LAL BAZAR 50 40117.00 701 PUKHRIBAL LAL BAZAR 50 4921.21 702 BAHAR LEAPER HOSPITAL LAL BAZAR 50 705.90

77 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

703 BOTASHAH MOHALLA LAL BAZAR 50 1468.56 704 HAQEEM MAHOLLA (BAGWAN PORA) LAL BAZAR 50 3614.29 705 KANTAR UMER COLONY 51 0.01 706 KANTAR NASEEMABAD UMER COLONY 51 4660.76 707 KANTAR UPTO UNIVERSITY TOWN UMER COLONY 51 1584.27 708 BATPORA (A) ZAKORA 55 1.17 709 BATPORA (B) ZAKORA 55 17.84 710 BATPORA CROSSING ZAKORA 55 356.85 711 KANTAR HAZRATBAL 56 10268.90 712 BABA MOHALLA NIGEEN HAZRATBAL 56 3341.00 713 KAMIL MOHALLA HAZRATBAL HAZRATBAL 56 7572.85 714 HANZ MOHALLA HAZRATBAL HAZRATBAL 56 33034.90 715 SHAAN MOHALLA HAZRATBAL HAZRATBAL 56 13784.20 716 AREA OF DARGAH SHARIEF HAZRATBAL HAZRATBAL 56 7752.99 717 AREA OF KASHMIR UNIVERSITY HAZRATBAL 56 2131.78 718 DOBI GHAT HAZRATBAL HAZRATBAL 56 7006.10 719 TILWAN MOHALLA HAZRATBAL HAZRATBAL 56 14900.40 720 DAR MOHALLA NIGEEN HAZRATBAL 56 28965.90 721 CHECK BAGH HAZRATBAL HAZRATBAL 56 99476.40 722 NIGEEN BAGH MOHALLA HAZRATBAL 56 100747.00 723 KANTAR NASEEMABAD HAZRATBAL 56 0.17 724 SUDER BAL HAZRATBAL 56 2194.95 725 NASEEM BAGH HAZRATBAL 56 30262.30 726 AREA OF N I T HAZRATBAL HAZRATBAL 56 123626.00 727 HABAK CROSSING TAILBAL 57 38670.60 728 MIRK SHAH COLONY TAILBAL 57 56213.50 729 BATPORA (A) TAILBAL 57 102183.00 730 TAILBAL TAILBAL 57 859717.00 731 FRIENDS COLONY TAILBAL 57 74660.90 732 DANGARPORA TAILBAL TAILBAL 57 38033.20 733 AAKHOON MOHALLA SHANPORA TAILBAL 57 710681.00 734 BANGI MOHALLA SHANPORA TAILBAL 57 375145.00 735 DOJI MOHALLA SHANPORA TAILBAL 57 303885.00 736 WANIHAMA BATPORA TAILBAL 57 234815.00 737 BATPORA (B) TAILBAL 57 294563.00 738 SHAAN MOHALLA HABAK TAILBAL 57 41332.80 739 HASSANA ABAD MOHALLA BUD DAL 58 0.15 740 CHOWDRY BAGH RAINAWARI BUD DAL 58 0.01 741 DALKAWPORA RAINAWARI BUD DAL 58 0.02 742 SHEIKH MOHALLA MIR BEHRI BUD DAL 58 0.03 743 KOLI MOHALLA KANI KACHI BUD DAL 58 0.47 744 MOTI MOHALLA KALAN, MIR BEHRI BUD DAL 58 49272.30 745 BHAT MOHALLA, MIR BEHRI BUD DAL 58 7175.39 746 MOTI MOHALLA KHURD, MIR BEHRI BUD DAL 58 13605.70

78 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

747 RINNI MOHALLA KHURD, MIR BEHRI BUD DAL 58 9761.89 748 GADDA MOHALLA, MIR BEHRI BUD DAL 58 160.78 749 LATTI MOHALLA, MIR BEHRI BUD DAL 58 7747.18 750 BATTA MOHALLA, MIR BEHRI BUD DAL 58 6072.51 751 SOFI MOHALLA KALAN, MIR BEHRI BUD DAL 58 18022.80 752 SOFI MOHALLA KHURD, MIR BEHRI BUD DAL 58 2286.99 753 ABI-GURPORA BUD DAL 58 24533.40 754 HAJI MOHALLA, SAIDA KADAL BUD DAL 58 34724.90 755 ANCHAR MOHALLA, ABI KHOJYARBAL BUD DAL 58 3524.24 756 NAIG MOHALLA, ABI KHOJYARBAL BUD DAL 58 7844.18 757 BEIGH MOHALLA, ASHAHI BAGH BUD DAL 58 12627.40 758 ZAILDAR MOHALLA, SAIDA KADAL BUD DAL 58 18793.80 759 SULTAN MOHALLA, SAIDA KADAL BUD DAL 58 30607.90 760 KANDIR MOHALLA, ASHAHI BAGH BUD DAL 58 8074.96 761 AKHOON MOHALLA, ASHAHI BAGH BUD DAL 58 23441.70 762 ASHAHI BAGH WEST BUD DAL 58 8449.84 763 ASHAHI BAGH EAST BUD DAL 58 8790.65 764 NIGEEN LAKE SOUTH BUD DAL 58 15030.40 765 NIGEEN LAKE WEST BUD DAL 58 2198.28 766 BOD DAL WATER BODY BUD DAL 58 245495.00 767 KHUSHKI GURPORA BUD DAL 58 21257.80 768 NIGEEN LAKE EAST BUD DAL 58 4384.45 769 KATTA MOHALLA, MIR BEHRI BUD DAL 58 119.72 770 KARPORA BRIAN LOCUT DAL 59 0.02 771 KRALSANGRI BRAIN LOCUT DAL 59 0.05 772 ABI BUCHWARA DALGATE LOCUT DAL 59 0.02 773 NOWPORA PARTLY LOCUT DAL 59 0.54 774 RAZAQI MOHALLA ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 48717.50 775 BABA MOHALLA ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 6138.38 776 GASSI MOHALLA ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 20991.60 777 LADOO MOHALLA ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 14530.10 778 JALLA MOHALLA LOCUT DAL 59 4072.79 779 BAKHROO MOHALLA ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 33107.20 780 BATPORA KALAN, ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 23649.00 781 MALLA MOHALLA ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 3335.40 782 DAR MOHALLA ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 12019.80 783 BUJJAL MOHALLA ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 6959.99 784 JAFFRI MOHALLA ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 3375.02 785 NEHRU PARK ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 40074.90 786 MIR MOHALLA B ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 2428.40 787 MIR MOHALLA-A ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 25504.10 788 SHABRI MOHALLA ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 23551.80 789 KHAR MOHALLA PATI BODHAR LOCUT DAL 59 839.94 790 PEKTOO MOHALLA PATI BODHAR LOCUT DAL 59 3052.36

79 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

791 KULOO MOHALLA PATI BODHAR LOCUT DAL 59 15728.10 792 KHAN MOHALLA PATI BODHAR LOCUT DAL 59 7658.83 793 ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL LOCUT DAL 59 286523.00 794 LONE MOHALLA ABI NOWPORA LOCUT DAL 59 6177.84 795 CHACHOO MOHALLA ABI NOWPORA LOCUT DAL 59 714.09 796 POSH BAGH COLONY ABI NOWPORA LOCUT DAL 59 8460.10 797 BAGH-E-ROOP SINGH ABI NOWPORA LOCUT DAL 59 29899.50 798 RESHI MOHALLA ABI NOWPORA LOCUT DAL 59 12369.00 799 MIR MOHALLA ABI NOWPORA LOCUT DAL 59 13130.60 800 GADDI MOHALLA ABI NOWPORA LOCUT DAL 59 11719.20 801 CHAKU MOHALLA ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 6568.62 802 GANI BHAT MOHALLA ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 11645.60 803 BAGHWAN MOHALLA ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 12284.30 804 BAROO MOHALLA ABI NOWPORA LOCUT DAL 59 9880.80 805 ZARI MOHALLA CHOWDRY BAGH LOCUT DAL 59 5101.23 806 KHAN MOHALLA CHOWDRY BAGH LOCUT DAL 59 14630.40 807 WANI MOHALLA LOCUT DAL 59 10301.50 808 SHEIKH MOHALLA MIR BEHRI LOCUT DAL 59 5308.87 809 CHING MOHALLA MIR BEHRI LOCUT DAL 59 8849.16 810 RINI MOHALLA KALAN MIR BEHRI LOCUT DAL 59 10638.00 811 LATTI MOHALLA KALAN MIR BEHRI LOCUT DAL 59 18917.80 812 KACHRI MOHALLA MIR BEHRI LOCUT DAL 59 11937.40 813 LATTI MOHALLA KHURD MIR BEHRI LOCUT DAL 59 10199.70 814 AKHOON MOHALLA MIR BEHRI LOCUT DAL 59 8462.60 815 MALIK MOHALLA KANI KACHI LOCUT DAL 59 4312.00 816 KANI MOHALLA KANI KACHI LOCUT DAL 59 12244.90 817 KOLI MOHALLA KANI KACHI LOCUT DAL 59 2416.56 818 ASHRAF MOHALLA KANI KACHI LOCUT DAL 59 12664.30 819 BHAT MOHALLA ABI NUNDPORA LOCUT DAL 59 3472.66 820 BALLI MOHALLA KANI KACHI LOCUT DAL 59 4706.90 821 GOCHOO MOHALLA ABI NUNDPORA LOCUT DAL 59 7932.24 822 BALLA MOHALLA ABI NUNDPORA LOCUT DAL 59 144.49 823 SHEIKH MOHALLA ABI NUNDPORA LOCUT DAL 59 14812.30 824 KAND MOHALLA ABI NUNDPORA LOCUT DAL 59 19570.10 825 KAND MOHALLA-B ABI NUNDPORA LOCUT DAL 59 11823.80 826 BATPORA KHURD ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 23939.90 827 VEGITABLE FIELD IN DAL LOCUT DAL 59 1139.59 828 WATER BODY DAL LAKE LOCUT DAL 59 167723.00 829 ABI NOWPORA LOCUT DAL LOCUT DAL 59 71706.40 830 ALAMDAR COLONY ABI NOWPORA LOCUT DAL 59 58710.00 831 LAMBBA MOHALLA ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 20155.80 832 NOOR BHAT MOHALLA ABI KARPORA LOCUT DAL 59 4295.67 833 RINNI MOHALLA KHURD, MIR BEHRI LOCUT DAL 59 0.05 834 SOFI MOHALLA KALAN, MIR BEHRI LOCUT DAL 59 0.33

80 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

835 ABI-GURPORA LOCUT DAL 59 15.46 836 BURZHAMA NEW THEED 60 10073.50 837 GASOO NEW THEED 60 206817.00 838 BUTPORA ALASTENG 61 3785.79 839 KRAL MOHALLA BUTPOORA ALASTENG 61 4743.93 840 WANHAMA ALASTENG 61 149.49 841 S.D.A.COLONY PALAPORA 62 95406.50 842 SHEIKH COLONY GUJARBAL PALAPORA 62 38860.10 843 GUJARBAL PALPORA PALAPORA 62 99919.70 844 PAMPLSH COLONY PALPORA PALAPORA 62 199394.00 845 NEW COLONY PALPORA PALAPORA 62 33879.40 846 PALPORA PALAPORA 62 217068.00 847 GORIPORA PALPORA PALAPORA 62 110566.00 848 CHUCHAN KRASHIBAL PALAPORA 62 153973.00 849 KRASHIBAL PALPORA PALAPORA 62 82455.80 850 BAKSHIPORA TANGPORA PALAPORA 62 213083.00 851 TAKENWARI PALAPORA 62 16924.10 852 OPEN AREA PALAPORA 62 70228.60 853 ASCHEN SAIDPORA PALAPORA 62 87347.20 854 OPEN AREA PALAPORA 62 45396.30 855 MUSTAFA ABAD "2" PARTLY MALOORA 63 0.22 856 RATHER MOHALLA RAMBIRGADH MALOORA 63 446284.00 857 MUKHDAMPORA RAMBIRGADH MALOORA 63 50689.50 858 LATOO MOHALLA RAMBIRGADH MALOORA 63 72000.90 859 TANTRAY MOHALLA RAMBIRGADH MALOORA 63 211791.00 860 GHAT MOHALLA MUJGUND MALOORA 63 618420.00 861 FISHERMAN COLONY MUJGUND MALOORA 63 47302.70 862 JAFRI MOHALLA MUJGUND MALOORA 63 328903.00 863 TANTARY MOHALLA MUJGUND MALOORA 63 229901.00 864 AZAD MOHALLA MUJGUND MALOORA 63 72917.70 865 GOUSIA MOHALLA MALOORA 63 348384.00 866 CHECKI MUJGUND TANGPORA MALOORA 63 1010400.00 867 KHAJA BAGH MALOORA MALOORA 63 706459.00 868 HASHIM COLONY MALLORA MALOORA 63 38561.60 869 MUKHDOOMI MOHALLA MALOORA MALOORA 63 613551.00 870 BAGHDAGI MOHALLA MALOORA MALOORA 63 101747.00 871 BHAT MOHALLA MALOORA MALOORA 63 24075.00 872 GULSHAN PORA MALOORA MALOORA 63 20776.00 873 AZAD MOHALLA MALOORA MALOORA 63 54391.50 874 KAMAL MOHALLA MALOORA MALOORA 63 321043.00 875 ZARIPORA MOHALLA MALOORA MALOORA 63 21799.90 876 SHAWL MOHALLA MALOORA MALOORA 63 143696.00 877 USMANABAD MALOORA MALOORA 63 189744.00 878 IQBAL COLONY ZANAKOTE MALOORA 63 97605.30

81 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

879 SHELTENG MALOORA 63 90436.60 880 IQBAL COLONY SHALTENG MALOORA 63 25613.20 881 T.K COLLAGE LAWPORA MALOORA 63 391359.00 882 SHAH WALAYATA SEC_7 SHEKAR GAH MALOORA 63 326038.00 883 UMARABAD SEC-1 ZAINOKOTE MALOORA 63 256263.00 884 UMERABADE SEC_2 ZAINAKOTE MALOORA 63 429013.00 885 MUSTUFABAD SEC_2 ZAINAKOTE MALOORA 63 295228.00 886 SHEKAR GAH HOKARSIR MALOORA 63 365630.00 887 GALIBABAD SHELTENG MALOORA 63 202532.00 888 WAZA MOHALLA RAMBIRGADH MALOORA 63 131967.00 889 SHAHI HAMDAN MOHALLA PANZINARA MALOORA 63 320650.00 890 OPEN AREA (AGILCUTER FILDE) MALOORA 63 855800.00 891 RATHER MOHALLA RAMBIRGADH LAWAYPORA 64 0.23 892 JAFRI MOHALLA MUJGUND LAWAYPORA 64 4.32 893 TANTARY MOHALLA MUJGUND LAWAYPORA 64 153.67 894 T.K COLLAGE LAWPORA LAWAYPORA 64 0.68 895 ALIABAD HOKARSAR LAWAYPORA 64 73423.90 896 LAWAYPORA TK COLLAGE LAWAYPORA 64 79674.70 897 LAWAYPORA LAWAYPORA 64 113930.00 898 USMANABAD LAWAYPORA LAWAYPORA 64 2471.56 899 GUNDHASI BHAT LAWAYPORA 64 58848.30 900 MEHDI NAGAR ALIABAD GUNDHASIBHAT LAWAYPORA 64 376592.00 901 MUNTIZREABAD GUNDHASIBHAT LAWAYPORA 64 79942.90 902 POMPOSH COLONY GUNDHASIBHAT LAWAYPORA 64 54527.80 903 PARAY MOHALLA GUNDHASIBHAT LAWAYPORA 64 46949.40 904 MIR MOHALLA / MAZIMPORA GUNDHASIBHAT LAWAYPORA 64 27987.50 905 CHINAR MOHALLA GUNDHASIBHAT LAWAYPORA 64 54461.00 906 NOWPORA GUNDHASIBHAT LAWAYPORA 64 45070.30 907 AHANGAR MOHALLA GUNDHASIBHAT LAWAYPORA 64 46536.90 908 GURAPORA SOZEIRT LAWAYPORA 64 171703.00 909 DANGIPORA SOZEIRT LAWAYPORA 64 151673.00 910 IQBALABAD SOZEIRT LAWAYPORA 64 41653.00 911 KIRMANIABAD SOZEIRT NARBAL LAWAYPORA 64 746512.00 912 INDARABI COLONY NARBAL LAWAYPORA 64 141211.00 913 OPEN AREA (AGRICULTURE FIELD) LAWAYPORA 64 734446.00 914 OPEN AREA (AGILCUTER FILDE) LAWAYPORA 64 216.39 915 HAMDANIA COLONY KHUMANI CHOWK 65 362121.00 916 DURBAL KHUMANI CHOWK 65 1282530.00 917 SHARIFABAD KHUMANI CHOWK 65 188449.00 918 HAJI BAGH KHUMANI CHOWK 65 167153.00 919 ARMY AREA KHUMANI CHOWK 65 360.33 920 HAMZAH COLONY KHUMANI CHOWK 65 268624.00 921 SHEIKH MOHALA KHUMANI CHOWK 65 20915.20 922 SOFIABAD KHUMANI CHOWK 65 17906.80

82 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

Floods In Jammu & Kashmir – September 2014

923 GARI PORA KHUMANI CHOWK 65 13105.90 924 NAJIFABAD KHUMANI CHOWK 65 3847.61 925 KHUMANI CHOWK KHUMANI CHOWK 65 66197.10 926 SYED YOUSUF COLONY KHUMANI CHOWK 65 281868.00 927 OPEN AREA KHUMANI CHOWK 65 933586.00 928 KOOLI PORA KHUMANI CHOWK 65 20796.10 929 CHANA MOHALLA (NARAKARA) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 19257.10 930 BANAPORA (NARAKARA) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 36167.20 931 QAZIPORA (NARAKARA) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 40295.80 932 KAWA NAGAR (NARAKARA) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 1018980.00 933 OPEN AREA (NARAKARA) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 245220.00 934 HAMADANIA COLONY (SEC-1) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 12471.10 935 HAMADANIA COLONY (SEC-2) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 19132.90 936 HAMADANIA COLONY (SEC-3) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 12936.80 937 HAMADANIA COLONY (SEC-4) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 49650.70 938 HAMADANIA (COLONY SEC-5) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 22197.30 939 HAMADANIA COLONY (SRC-6) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 20610.20 940 HAMADANIA COLONY (SEC-7) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 38866.30 941 HAMADANI COLONY (SEC-8) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 4963.15 942 HAMADANIA COLONY (SEC-9) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 13959.90 943 HAMADANIA COLONY (SEC-10) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 18230.90 944 HAMADANIA COLONY (SEC-11) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 29336.10 945 HAMADANI COLONY (SEC-12) KHUMANI CHOWK 65 66304.30 946 WANI MOHALLA KHUMANI CHOWK 65 70367.60 947 KAMAL BHAT MOHALLA KHUMANI CHOWK 65 20111.30 948 KHOSA MOHALLA KHUMANI CHOWK 65 13821.70 949 MIR MOHALLA KHUMANI CHOWK 65 43189.20 950 WHAB MOHALLA KHUMANI CHOWK 65 7135.56 951 DAR MOHALLA KHUMANI CHOWK 65 10617.50 952 OPEN AREA KHUMANI CHOWK 65 2278040.00 953 BOATMAN COLONY KHUMANI CHOWK 65 59711.70 954 NEW COLONY KHUMANI CHOWK 65 4199.18 955 OPEN AREA KHUMANI CHOWK 65 1901140.00 956 CO-OPPRATIVE COLONY (PEER BAGH) HUMHAMA 66 11.48 957 NAIDEGUND HUMHAMA 66 0.08 958 DAR MOHALLA HUMHAMA HUMHAMA 66 62396.90 959 AIR PORT SEC_B_HUMHAMA HUMHAMA 66 128509.00 960 NEW AIRPORT HUMHAMA HUMHAMA 66 194847.00 961 AIR PORT SEC_A AVENUE HUMHAMA HUMHAMA 66 62242.30 962 HUMHAMA CHOWK RTO HUMHAMA 66 48177.60 963 KHAR MOHALLA HUMHAMA 66 27473.90 964 BAGINDER MOHALLA HUMHAMA HUMHAMA 66 27986.90 965 GOGU HIGH LAND HUMHAMA 66 4013.95 966 SIR SYED COLONAY HUMHAMA HUMHAMA 66 58571.10

83 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.

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967 BAGHWANPORA PATI RAWALPORA HUMHAMA 66 262760.00 968 CHECKI RAWALPORA HUMHAMA 66 39575.80 969 ALAMDAR COLONEY RAWALPORA HUMHAMA 66 301591.00 970 YAYAIL HUMHAMA 66 96714.90 971 GOGO HUMHAMA 66 159747.00 972 OPEN LAND HUMHAMA 66 911608.00 973 BANAPORA HUMHAMA HUMHAMA 66 13062.10 974 DOBHI MOHALLA PANTHA CHOWK PANTHA CHOWK 67 233678.00 975 GARDHANZ MOHALLA ATHAWAJAN PANTHA CHOWK 67 127220.00 976 ISHAR MOHALLA ATHAWAJAN PANTHA CHOWK 67 257159.00 977 SOFI MOHALLA PANTHA CHOWK 67 171377.00 978 HANZI MOHALLA PANTHA CHOWK 67 14540.60 979 PAR MOHALLA PANTHA CHOWK 67 83122.60 980 ARIPORA PANTHA CHOWK 67 174435.00 981 KANI MOHALLA PANTHA CHOWK 67 81060.40 982 BABA MOHALLA PANTHA CHOWK 67 95393.70 983 ZAFRON COLONY PANTHA CHOWK 67 63966.50 984 HUR MOHALLA PANDARATHAN PANTHA CHOWK 67 60331.30 985 DAR MOHALLA PANTHA CHOWK 67 23503.90 986 SHEIKH MOHALLA PANTHA CHOWK 67 14984.40 987 AKHOON MOHALLA PANTHA CHOWK 67 69990.40 988 OPEN AREA PANTHA CHOWK 67 84681.10 989 OPEN AREA PANTHA CHOWK 67 168484.00 990 ZEWAN PAYEEN PANTHA CHOWK 67 20392.70 991 SAMPORA PANTHA CHOWK 67 430389.00 992 SHAH ABBAS COLONY KHONMOH 68 60596.00 993 WANI MOHALLA KHONMOH 68 19721.80 994 MIR MOHALLA_2 KHONMOH 68 121264.00 995 APARPORA BALHAMA KHONMOH 68 55215.70 996 GRATBAL MOHALLA KHONMOH 68 1361.06 997 DAR MOHALLA KHONMOH 68 225.46 998 BHAT MOHALLA KHONMOH 68 1711.67

Image chips showing pre and post flood situation from Google Crisis have been adopted below to show extent of inundation across various location in and around Srinagar city. High-resolution data from world view 2 satellite from Digital Globe has efficiently captured flood inundation as on 10th September, 2014.

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PLATE - IV

Lalchowk, Rajbagh Jawahar Nagar, Bemina and adjoining areas

Lalchowk, Rajbagh Jawahar Nagar, Bemina and adjoining areas

Srinagar Railway Station

Srinagar Railway Station

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PLATE - V

Bakshi Stadium, Srinagar

Bakshi Stadium, Srinagar

Civil Secretariat, High Court, Assembly Complex, Jehangir Chowk, , Srinagar

Civil Secretariat, High Court, Assembly Complex, Jehangir Chowk, , Srinagar

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PLATE - VI

SKICC Complex , Srinagar

SKICC Complex , Srinagar

Nehru Park , Srinagar

Nehru Park , Srinagar

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PLATE - VII

Athwajan Bye-Pass Crossing , Srinagar

Athwajan Bye-Pass Crossing , Srinagar

Jawahar Nagar, Srinagar

Jawahar Nagar, Srinagar

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PLATE - VIII

7. FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES IN JAMMU REGION The rainfall events across Jammu Region also caused flash floods and triggered a number of landslides especially south of the Pir-Panjal range. Preliminary observations from Post event LISS IV data (9th September, 2014) shows a number of landslides near the north of Rajouri and Mahore areas (marked as 1, 2 and 3). Comparison of the post event image with the pre-event image of the same area from Bhuvan indicates that number of the slides have been triggered during the September rainfall event. Satellite image of Resourcesat-1 aWIFS data of 7th September showed marked increase in the width of Jehlum and Chenab Rivers, whereas in the same image Kashmir valley is seen covered by clouds.

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Fig-30: Resourcesat-1 AWIFS Image of 07-Sep showing floods in Jammu

Fig-31: Resourcesat-2 L4 MX Image of 07-Sep showing Landslides

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Fig-32: Resourcesat-2 L4 MX Image of 07-Sep showing Landslides around Rajouri Town.

Fig-33: Resourcesat-2 L4 MX Image of 07-Sep showing Landslides in Mahore, Reasi.

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8. POSSIBLE CAUSES OF FLOOD 8.1 Impact of Climate Change Extreme precipitation can be defined in terms of number of rainy days if it exceeds the currently observed average number of rainy days in a year (exceeding 2.5mm) as well as the volume of rainfall in a day if it exceeds a particular threshold. Currently, the frequency of rainy days is more in East and North-East India and less over western India. Projections for the 2030s, however, indicate that the frequency of rainy days is likely to decrease in most parts of the country. However, the intensity of rainy days will increases in a more warming scenario. The number of rainy days in the Himalayan region may increase by 5–10 days on an average in the 2030s. They will increase by more than 15 days in the eastern part of the Jammu and Kashmir. The intensity of rainfall is likely to increase by 1– 2mm/day (INCCA, 2010). The PRECIS run for 2030’s indicate that annual rainfall in the Himalayan region is likely to increase in 2030s with respect to 1970s range from 5% to 13% with some areas of Jammu and Kashmir showing an increase up to 50%. (SAPCC, 2013). Climate change is responsible for the increasing trend in the number and intensity of extreme weather events (IPCC, 2013). Studies show extreme rain events are becoming more frequent as compared to moderate rain events. Rainfall is also becoming variable and unseasonal. Extreme rainfall events related to monsoon are also expected to increase. As per IPCC 5th Assessment Report there will be 30% increase in the incidence of extreme rainfall in Asia. Highly anomalous rainfall storms and shifting of their distribution is now an internationally admitted manifestation of climate change induced by indiscriminate industrialization, urbanization, consumerism and other factors. Occurrences of floods outside the traditional States of Bihar, Assam, Eastern UP and Orissa have increased due to higher frequency of extremely high intensity rainfall storms. Many a times clouds entering into the valleys are not able to escape because of high hills, go on accumulating and ultimately burst into a high

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intensity rain. Himalayan water tower consisting of glaciers, snow, rainfall and lakes/wetlands has high potential of flooding being hiked by increasing number and intensity of extreme storms because of climate change. Valleys enclosed by high hills are prone to heavy rains and cloud bursts with rainfall intensity of more than 100 mm/hr. Unlike other areas, more than 90% of rain falling on hard and solid glaciers as well as rocks flows down as run-off and may cause flooding by high rainfall. Incessant rains may also induce melting of glaciers and add to ferocity of floods and deluge. Encroachment of wetlands, construction of communication network and other developmental activities associated with land use change also add to vulnerability and fragility. Kashmir is a closed valley and Jhelum River with narrow section flowing through Pir Panjal hills is the only outlet for releasing floods. In the current year of 2014, monsoon arrived about six days late in Kerala and its progress towards north India was very slow, its further movement to North remained stuck up for about 15 days over central India and extreme drought situation prevailed in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat and Maharashtra. In the later end of monsoon withdrawal (week ending September 3, 2014), J&K received 55% excess rainfall, Western Rajasthan 33%, Eastern Rajasthan 34% and was deficient in Punjab (-63%) and Himachal Pradesh (-48%) over the normal. A confluence of three rain- bearing systems over Punjab created strong monsoon currents that drew abundant amounts of moisture into south Kashmir in a five-day spell that caused devastation in J&K during 3-6 September, 2014 because of the development of a deep depression. Shopian district of J&K received 2953%, Kulgam 1850%, Anantnag 1687% and Pulwama 2380% excess rainfall over normal in the week ending 9th September 2014 amounting to cloudbursts. All districts except Punch received high rainfall. The rainfall data collected from Indian Metrological department (IMD) from 28th August to 10th September 2014 for Jammu and Kashmir revealed that actual rainfall received (1645mm) in South Kashmir area was way above normal (124.9mm) rainfall. TRMM data also showed that south

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catchments of Jehlum River received heavy downpour of around 650mm of rainfall on 4th of September. The glaciers and hard rocks produced lot of run-off, the soil of the region was already saturated and incessant high rainfall for four days generated unprecedented floods, which raised the flood level of Jehlum at Sangam to about 34.70 ft (danger level 21) breaking all the previous records. This resulted in the abrupt increase in the flood level at Ram Munshi Bagh which touched around 29.50ft (danger level 18). This was boosted by the heavy rains in Sindh basin (105mm) resulting in heavy discharge in Sindh Nallah which joins the Jehlum at Shadipora causing an upward rush and limiting the free flow of Jehlum water into the Wullar Lake which had the necessary detention capacity at that point of time. The flood inflow was more than the combined carrying capacity of Jehlum and flood channel despite the natural breaches of huge size at Kandizal, Chursu, Lelhar, Marwal, Khadermoh, etc. The data clearly reveals the magnitude of September 2014 floods which caused deaths of human beings, damaged communication, other infrastructure, livestock and wildlife. Hundreds of villages were inundated, damaged or destroyed and lakhs of people stranded in Kashmir valley. 8.2 Ecological Aspects of Floods Practical experience in adapting to climate change at the regional, national and local level in Indian subcontinent is accumulating. The effects of climate change depend as much on the inherent vulnerability of social and ecological systems as on the magnitude of change. Regional cooperation could be important in overcoming resource scarcities and conflicts related to climate change. Participatory vulnerability assessment or screening to design adaptation strategies is common in projects. However, vulnerability assessment at local government level is often lacking. Most areas of the Asian region lack sufficient observational records to draw conclusions about trends in annual rainfall over the past century. History bears powerful testimony to the fact that in Srinagar city many flood spill channels were dug during the reign of various kings, maharajas,

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administrators in the past. The Nalamar road channel was dug during the reign of the great Kashmiri king, Zain-ul-Abidin while as the Tsunt Khul Nallah was dug by Mehan Singh in 1835 AD with the sole purpose to save Srinagar city from floods. Nature has bestowed a vast network of wetlands and waterways locally called “Dembs” to the Srinagar city which acted as sponges during the floods and shared the Jhelum waters, but during the last few decades due to rapid urbanization, these wetlands and water ways were converted in to built-up. Also, not much attention was given towards de-silting of the existing flood spill channels. Wetlands in Kashmir valley have lost their water absorption capacity due to excessive siltation and encroachments, thus decreasing the chances to provide assistance during floods. Wetlands including Hokersar, Haigam and Shalabugh, considered as natural sponges in times of floods - have been converted into “agriculture and built-up” over the past two decades which worsens the flood susceptibility. A research by Humayan Rashid and Gowhar Naseem of Jammu and Kashmir Remote Sensing Centre reveals the loss of nearly 50% of the wetlands over the period of 100 years (Fig-34). In 1911 the total extent of water bodies with marshy areas was 356.85 km2 however it has reduced to 158.54 km2 in 2011. Also it was revealed that the city of Srinagar was facing problem of drainage as these lakes used to act as sponges for floods. With most of them vanishing, the city was facing problems of floods from rainfall for three or four days because of excess water flow in river Jhelum. Loss of water bodies had its bearing on local micro-climate with the mean temperature in summers rising to 39.5 degree Celsius in 2006 as compared to 35.5 degree Celsius in 1973, the study said. The Kashmir region had recorded a huge loss of forest since 1992. Comparison of forest survey reports for the period show that the valley lost about 10% of its dense forest cover during the period indicating that ability of forests to retain water has been reduced. It meant more rain water flowed directly into Jhelum River causing flooding.

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Fig-34: Extent of Lakes and wetlands in Kashmir valley (1911-2011)

Table-10: Extent of Lakes and wetlands in Kashmir valley (1911-2011) S.No. Year Category Total Marshy Water body [km2] 1 1911 271.70 85.15 356.85 2 2011 117.43 41.11 158.54 Loss in spatial extent 154.27 44.04 198.31

Most of the housing colonies built in the floodplains of Jhelum and along the Jhelum river course stand regularized by the successive governments and thus, encouraging the conversion of the remaining wetlands in the vicinity of the Srinagar and elsewhere to built-up enclosures. The built-up area computed from temporal data for Srinagar City indicated that area under built-up in 1972, 1982, 1992 and 2004 was 18.10, 27.23, 41.80 and 84.50 km2 respectively (Fig-35). Thus over the years the amount of built- up land has grown by about 29.20%, nearly three times the rate of population growth. The results also revealed that area under agriculture has drastically reduced by 11.65% followed by the plantation 8.35% and wetlands and water bodies by about 3.77 and 1.49% respectively.

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Fig-35: Land use/Land cover changes in Srinagar City (1972-2001)

Table 11: Summarized Land use over the years and percent change in Land use Years Percent S.No. Description Change 1976 1981 1991 2001 (1976-2001) 1. Agriculture 83.55 80.59 78.12 57.06 -11.65 2. Barren Land 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 0.00 3. Built-up 18.10 27.36 41.80 84.50 29.20 4. Forest 5.70 5.56 5.52 2.94 -1.21 5. Graveyard 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.98 0.18 6. Horticulture 22.82 20.59 18.60 15.98 -3.01 7. Landfill 0.23 0.93 1.00 1.03 0.35 8. Plantation 41.54 40.80 35.73 22.54 -8.35 9. Quarry 0.21 0.21 0.21 1.20 0.44 10. Recreational 1.89 1.99 2.00 2.05 0.07 11. Road 0.32 0.52 0.56 0.83 0.22 12. Wasteland Scrub 8.50 7.84 5.68 6.29 -0.97 13. Waterbody 14.92 13.92 12.49 11.54 -1.49 14. Wetlands/Marshy 27.66 25.14 23.74 19.09 -3.77 Total 227.41 227.41 227.41 227.41

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Another study by the DEERS within the 10km buffer of Srinagar, the land use / land cover has changed by about 30%. Study identified around 43 priority wetlands and water bodies that were analyzed from 1964 toposheets and compared with satellite images of 2012, which showed significant reduction in the extent of waterbodies/wetlands and their land use changing to built-up and agriculture. Floods caused extensive damage not only in villages but even in city areas like, Lasjan, Mehjoor Nagar, Natipora, Bemina, Tengpora, etc. these areas were previously considered as part of flood plain of Jhelum as these fell outside the municipal limits in the past. In the past city limits touched near Rambagh Bridge and the flood spill channel dug by the late Maharaja guarded it against floods from the flood plain of Jhelum in the south. With urbanization at a rapid pace and the city having sprawled beyond bye-pass road now in the south, the flood plain of Jhelum must also be shifted southwards by taking preventive measures for safeguarding low lying areas of the city like Natipora, Rambagh, Lasjan, Mehjoornagar, Kursoo, Padshahibagh, Bemina, etc. these areas can’t be treated as wetlands for acting as sponges during the floods since these are lying in the core of todays sprawled city of Srinagar. Also a substantial population is living in these areas.

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9.0 SOME RECOMENDATIONS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES Normally storm water disappears very soon after the rains in the rolling topography of hills and it was other way round in J&K. The constructions along the banks of Jhelum and elsewhere have strangulated the natural drainage network and water will stagnate in local depressions even if water level in Jhelum goes down and would require pumping out. It is a very critical issue because there is only one flood water outlet of Jhelum river, a lot of civil constructions like houses, roads etc. is taking place along it and extreme rainfall events are going to multiply in future due to unabated global warming. J&K is seismically active zone and normally experiences about 20 earthquakes in the range of 3.3 to 5.4 on Richter scale which further accentuated its fragility and vulnerability to landslides and mass erosion of soil. Accordingly, all tele-communications and transport systems of the fragile hills and mountains are highly vulnerable, it requires very unique strategy of rescue and relief as well as re-construction and rehabilitation operations. Frequent landslides, erosion of river banks, washing away of roads, rails, bridges, houses and other infrastructure is a very challenging job of reconstruction, rehabilitation, restoration and mitigation or moderation of floods in Jammu & Kashmir.

Following measures can be taken up to minimize the risks associated with flood: 1. The need of the hour is to dig up an alternate flood spill channel for Jehlum. 2. Feasibility study for digging a flood channel from Sanagam/Kandizal to Wular should be carried out. 3. The spill channel running across Peerbagh and Nambali-Narkur can be widened to receive the waters of Doodhganga Nallah. For this a comprehensive plan can be prepared with the help of Geoinfomatics, if the Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing is entrusted with the job.

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4. Strengthening of the bunds and embankments at places raising them so that the low lying areas around them are safe. 5. Improvement in the river flood channels to hold water beyond 35000 cusecs with current capacity of 15000 cusecs by a comprehensive de-siltation programme both for river Jhelum and its tributaries. 6. De-siltation in Valley Floor Lakes because the rise and fall of the level in these waterbodies has a cause and effect relationship with the discharge at the point of outfall. Especially, revival of flood basin of Khushalsar, Gilsar, Anchar, Hokharsar, Shalabugh, Haigam. 7. The bunds (earthen ones) along the Nallas be raised and strengthened as these low lying bunds are always prone to breach, and heavy losses are admitted. 8. There is a serious need to develop a flood risk/hazard zonation map for Jammu and Kashmir in terms of assessment of physical and socio-economical vulnerability. A team from multi-disciplinary experts can help in better understating of catchment hydrological response. The department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing is fully capable in taking up this task subject to the approval of expansion proposal already submitted to the government. 9. Making existing natural drainage networks (inlets and outlets) viable. 10. Monitoring of sediment loads from catchments. 11. Monitoring of Land use/Land cover of river basin. 12. There is a need to have river monitoring and flood fore-warning system, that can be achieved by equipping the state with proper instrumentation, by using simulation models and satellite based observations, supported by a dense network of automatic weather stations/towers/profilers.

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13. The state should come out with preparedness plan (evacuation strategy, optimum locations for SDRF teams/stores, relief/rehabilitation camp sites, etc.,) required policy, institution and capacity building. 14. Inventorization and reconstruction of dangerous buildings, flood zoning, relocation of buildings very close to the river banks, strict regulations to check future interferences with drainage system, restoration of wetlands and river training works will be able to minimize infrastructural damages and human miseries.

10.0 LIMITATIONS 1. Villages inundated for shorter duration by flash floods couldn’t be mapped. 2. Maps prepared from different satellite sensors and at different scales and different resolutions may show variations in delineation and extracting area figures. 3. Partial Ground truthing done.

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11.0 SUMMARY Jammu and Kashmir is facing unprecedented floods of the century. Incessant rains in the first week of September lead to massive floods in the valley as well as in Jammu region. The Department of Environment and Remote Sensing was in constant touch with the National Remote Sensing Agency, ISRO, Hyderabad, right from the day one for providing us day to day imageries of the progressing floods. The imageries were being uploaded on the NRSC website as well as on the website of the department jkdears.com simultaneously during the floods. The communication network of the valley had completely collapsed. Therefore, after discussions with the NRSC the Department of Environment and Remote Sensing work was taken up on the imageries and collected data on floods and a joint report on the event was prepared.

During the later end of monsoon withdrawal (week ending September 3, 2014), J&K received 55% excess rainfall, Western Rajasthan 33%, Eastern Rajasthan 34% and was deficient in Punjab (-63%) and Himachal Pradesh (-48%) over the normal. A convergence of three rain-bearing systems over Punjab drew abundant amounts of moisture into north India in a five-day spell that caused devastation in J&K which received incessant excessive rainfall amounting to cloudbursts during 3-6 September, 2014 because of the development of a deep depression. The soil of the region was already saturated and incessant high rainfall for four days generated unprecedented floods. It also breached Jhelum River, eroded banks of other rivers.

While analyzing the cumulative rainfall from 1st September to 6th September 2014 catchment-wise, it was observed that Lidder Catchment received maximum amount of rainfall i.e. 277mm with adjoining catchments in South Kashmir viz-a-via Arpal, Bringi, Kuthar, Sandran, Vishaw, also receiving rainfall above 200mm.

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The rainfall data collected from Indian Metrological department (IMD) from 28th August to 10th September 2014 for Jammu and Kashmir also revealed that actual rainfall received (1645mm) in South Kashmir area was way above normal (124.9mm) rainfall. TRMM data also showed that south catchments of Jehlum river received heavy downpour of around 650mm of rainfall on 4th of September which upstretched the flood level of Jehlum at Sangam to about 34.70ft (danger level 21) breaking all the previous records. This was boosted by the heavy rains in Sindh basin (105mm) resulting in heavy discharge in Sindh Nallah which joins the Jehlum at Shadipora causing an upward rush and limiting the free flow of Jehlum water into the Wullar Lake. The flood inflow was more than the combined carrying capacity of Jehlum and flood channel despite the natural breaches of huge size on 4th September at Kandizal, Chursu, Lelhar, Marwal, Khadermoh, etc. The data clearly reveals the magnitude of September 2014 floods.

It was also found that the snowmelt had a very little role to play as the post-flood images showed more snow than pre-flood images. Snouts of Kolhai Glacier were also found to be almost intact.

Detailed mapping of the progression of floods on day to day basis and recession has been done. Inundation layers were masked with existing water body map to exclude their area. Land use / land cover map on 1:50000 scale and 1:10000 scale, Municipal Constituency Ward boundary layer and Mohalla layers of Srinagar city have been used. The report indicates that in all 557 km2 of area was inundated, which is about 3.5% of the area of the state. Out of this 444 km2 was Agriculture land, 20 km2 of Horticulture land, 67 km2 built up area, 3 km2 forest area, 21 km2 wasteland and 2 km2 others. An approximate population of 22 lakhs was affected covering 287 villages.

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However, the study maintains that the results were prepared on rapid mapping mode for immediate use among officials. Villages and areas affected by flash floods could not be mapped though. Projections for the 2030s, however, indicate that the frequency of rainy days is likely to decrease in most parts of the country. However, the intensity of rainy days will increases in a more warming scenario. The number of rainy days in the Himalayan region may increase by 5–10 days on an average in the 2030s. They will increase by more than 15 days in Jammu and Kashmir. The intensity of rainfall is likely to increase by 1– 2mm/day. The PRECIS run for 2030’s indicate that annual rainfall in the Himalayan region is likely to increase in 2030s with respect to 1970s range from 5% to 13% with some areas of Jammu and Kashmir showing an increase up to 50%. Valleys enclosed by high hills are prone to heavy rains and cloud bursts with rainfall intensity of more than 100 mm/hr. The rate of these kinds of extreme events is likely to increase in future. Therefore, we need to equip ourselves to face these events. The report also suggests strategy to manage floods in the cities in future. There is a serious need to harness Remote Sensing and GIS technology to develop a flood risk/hazard zonation map for Jammu and Kashmir in terms of assessment of physical and socio-economical vulnerability. A feasibility study for construction of parallel flood channel from Sangam/Kandizal to Wular using Geoinformatics. A multi-disciplinary team of experts can be constituted to help in better understating of catchment hydrological response. State needs to come out with preparedness plan (evacuation strategy, optimum locations for SDRF teams/stores, relief/rehabilitation camp sites, etc.), required policy, institution and capacity building.

Reconstruction of old buildings, flood zoning, relocation of buildings very close to the river banks, strict regulations to check future interferences with drainage system, restoration of wetlands and river so that we are able to minimize the loss of life and property.

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12.0 REFERENCES 1. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Working Group II contribution to the IPCC 5th Assessment Report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva. 2. H. Rashid and G. Naseem, “Quantification of Loss in Spatial Extent and Wetlands in the Suburbs of Srinagar City during Last Century Using Geospatial Approach,” In: M. Sengupta and R. Dalwani, Eds., Proceedings of Taal2007: The 12th World Lake Conference, 2008, pp, 653- 658. 3. Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA), 2010, November, Climate Change and India: A 4x4 Assessment. A Sectorial and Regional Analysis for 2030, New Delhi, MoEF, GoI. 4. Raza, M., Ahmad, A. and Mohammad, A.; 1978. The Valley of Kashmir: A Geographical Interpretation, Vol,1: the Land, Vikas Publishing House Pvt, Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 1-59. 5. State Action Plan on Climate Change-2013: J&K. 6. LANDSAT data from http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ 7. TRMM from: http://nascom.nasa.gov

105 Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.