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United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,560,260 Trumball (45) Date of Patent: Ck" Dec

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United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,560,260 Trumball (45) Date of Patent: Ck United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,560,260 Trumball (45) Date of Patent: ck" Dec. 24, 1985 (54) MOTION PICTURE SYSTEM OTHER PUBLICATIONS 75) Inventor: plas Trumball, Santa Monica, "Home Movies' By Lenny Lipton, Super 8 Filmaker, 2. May/Jun. 1974. 73) Assignee: Showscan Film Corporation, Marina "New Movie Technology", By G. Christian Hill, The Del Ray, Calif. Wall Street Journal, Sep. 14, 1983. sk ANSI Standard PH22, 196-1978. * Notice: The portion of the term of this patent “From Reel To Reel", By Richard Harrington, Wash subsequent to Oct. 16, 2001 has been ington Post, Feb. 25, 1984. disclaimed. “Through The Lens Of The Beholder", By Richard 21 Appl. No.: 659,266 Harrington, Washington Post, Mar. 11, 1984. 22 Filed: Oct. 10, 1984 Attorney,Primary Examiner-RusselAgent, or Firm-Freilich, E. Adams Hornbaker, Rosen & Related U.S. Application Data Fernandez (63) Continuation of Ser. No. 412,040, Aug. 26, 1982, Pat. 57 ABSTRACT No. 477160, and a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. A method is described for producing and projecting a 885,901,E.E.S.S.N. Mar. 13, 1978, abandoned, whichg. is a con- graphingtheater quality and then entertainment projecting motion the motion picture, picture by photo on a abandoned,626,965, Oct. which 29, 1975, is a continuation-in-partabandoned of Ser. No. screen, which creates an unusually vivid- impressiona of - we sawws a 1 realism. The film frames have a resolution of over 40 5ll Int. C. .............................................. GO3B 21/32 line pairs per milimeter, and each frame has an area of at 52 U.S. C. ........................................ 352/40; 352/44; least 0.36 square inch, which creates more than 10 mil 352/69; 352/86; 352/180; 352/198 lion pixels per frame on the film and on the screen. The 58) Field of Search .................................... 352/38-44, illumination level on the screen is at least 15 foot lam 352/69, 84, 85, 86, 180, 198, 191, 194, 200, 20, berts. The film frames are photographed and projected 232,239 at a predetermined constant rate of more than 50 frames 56) References Cited per second, such as 60 fps. The high resolution and light level, combined with the unusually high frame rate, has U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS been found to produce an unusually vivid impression of 2,834,832 5/1958 Somers ................................ 352/191 realism. 3,671,113 6/1972 Johnson .............................. 352/194 3,788,736 1/1974 Oulevay .............................. 352/169 4 Claims, 12 Drawing Figures U.S. Patent Dec. 24, 1985 Sheet 1 of 3 4,560,260 U.S. Patent Dec. 24, 1985 Sheet 2 of 3 4,560,260 U.S. Patent Dec. 24, 1985 Sheet 3 of 3 4,560,260 aza. Z4 92 9) 92 ce 4 -/2 7. 94 N/2). 4,560,260 1. 2 but with triple flicker should be considered for modern MOTION PICTURE SYSTEM use. It may be noted that very high camera frame rates are sometimes used in scientific experimentation, such CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED as in investigating the impact of a projectile or the flight APPLICATIONS 5 techniques of birds, but the resulting film is shown at a This is a continuation of Ser. No. 412,040filed Aug. much lower rate such as 18 fps or 24 fps, but not at the 26, 1982, now U.S. Pat No. 4,477, 160, and a continua original camera rate. It also may be noted that the use of tion-in-part of application Ser. No. 885,901 filed Mar. changeable frame rates of as high as 54 fps has been 13, 1978now abandoned, which was a continuation-in mentioned in U.S. Pat. No. 3,788,736 by Oulevay. How part of application Ser. No. 713,658 filed Aug. 12, 1976 ever, he uses this rate because his shutter is open for a now abandoned which was a continuation-in-part of fixed percent of every cycle, since it does not have a variable shutter such as are used in professional motion application Ser. No. 626,965 filed Oct. 29, 1975 now picture cameras used to create commercial theater-qual abandoned. ity motion pictures. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 5 Considerable development work has been performed In the early development of the motion picture, as on improving image quality. The graininess of film described in an article entitled "Home Movies" which limits its resolution. Graininess probably was not a appeared in the Super8 Film Maker, May/June 1974 by problem in the earliest motion picture development by Lenny Lipton, experimentation was conducted to de Edison whose development was concerned with peep termine the ideal parameters. Perhaps the foremost 20 show display (the nickelodeon). Even in early theatrical innovator was Thomas Edison was designed the 35 mm display, the problems or accurately aligning subsequent format which is still the most widely used theatrical film frames and other technical limitations probably motion picture format worldwide. Edison chose a overwhelmed film resolution limitations, as discussed in frame rate of 48 fps (frames per second), which is a rate "A Million and One Nights, A History of the Motion that was found to avoid observable flickering. How- 25 Picture", page 143, by Terry Ramsaye published by ever, this rate was later abandoned by the industry as a Simon and Shuster (1926). However, as camera and result of the work of Louis and August Luminer who projector technology improved, the film resolution discovered that flashing each frame a plurality of times limitations have become important, especially as bigger can eliminate flicker. They chose a 16 fps rate, but with and wider screens have been employed. Wider screeens each frame flashed three times (two interruptions to 30 that provide a greater horizontal angle of view have provide three brief showings) to obtain a 48 per second long been recognized as desirable in providing greater flashing rate which was found to avoid observable flick realism, but they can result in increased lateral magnifi ering while reducing the required amount of film stock. cation which increases the noticeable graininess. 70 mm Psychologists have observed a "Phi Phenomenon", wherein an illusion of motion is observed when at least 35 wide film was developed in the early 1950's to increase about 14 or 16 fresh images or frames per second are resolution. A technique named Vista Vision was devel shown. Another observed phenomenon is the "persist oped in the late 1950's for the wide screen, wherein ance of vision" or "critical fusion frequency" phenome standard 35 mm film was used but each frame was posi non, wherein flicker is no longer sensed when the im tioned at a 90° rotation from normal; thus, instead of ages are flashed at a frequency of at least 48 per second. 40 using standard film frames 0.825 inch wide and 0.446 These phenomena are discussed in "Motion Picture inch tall, Vista Vision used frames about 0.870' tall and Work" by Hullfish pages 81-83, and an article entitled about 1.470' wide (with the 1.470' dimension extending "Is the 18 fps Amateur Speed Acceptable for Profes along the length of the film). A technique named sional Use?" which appeared in the Super8 Film Maker, Cinerama was developed in the 1950's, wherein three by Lenny Lipton. Thus, when 16 fresh frames are 45 separate projectors using 35 mm film, were used to shown each second, but with each frame flashed three obtain good image quality over a very wide screen. times, both the "phi" and "critical fusion" requirements Presently, 70 mm wide film is occasionally used in com are satisfied, and a substantially continuous and flicker mercial entertainment film projection, with an image free motion picture image can be observed (at least area of 1.912 inch by 0.870 inch. While these techniques when the picture quality is not very good). In fact, 16 50 have produced clear, large images in commercial thea fps with 3 flashes per frame, became the standard in ters, an even greater degree of realism would be desir silent films (such films often appearjerky when shown able. nowadays, but only because modern equipment shows SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION them at 24 fps with double flashing). When sound was added to motion pictures in the late 55 In accordance with one embodiment of the present 1920's, a faster film speed was needed so the sound track invention, a method is described for producing a motion could move fast enough past the sound head to generate picture image that creates a vivid impression of realism good sound fidelity. A rate of 24 fps with double flash in observers. A motion picture is photographed on a ing of each frame, which provides 48 flashes per second, strip of film, developed, and projected. The film has was chosen as the standard. This rate has continued 60 sufficient resolution, each frame is large enough, and from that time to the present, and remains the world the camera lens has sufficient resolution, to create a wide standard for commercial theater motion picture resolution of better than 40 line pairs per millimeter over projection. Although considerable development work an area of at least 0.36 square inches. At least this degree has been done on improving motion picture quality, of resolution, times the magnification, is also present in relatively little has ever been published regarding frame 65 the image of each frame projected on the screen. Dur rates since the 24 fps double flash rate standard was ing projection, an illumination level of at least 15 foot adopted; in fact modern articles which have been found lamberts is produced on the screen.
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