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Study of Capabilities of Making Detection Device for Cerebral Ischemic State

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Study of Capabilities of Making Detection Device for Cerebral Ischemic State Medical Research and Innovations Review Article ISSN: 2514-3700 Study of capabilities of making detection device for cerebral ischemic state Lobekin VN, Petrov RV, Bichurin MI*, Rebinok AV and Sulimanov RA Novgorod State University, Russia Abstract Problems and causes of brain ischemia have been considered. Relevance of the given problem has been revealed, considering the fact that, on average, the incidence of acute brain circulation disorders of ischemic type makes up to 3,5 % of population. The problem may be solved by the way of dopplerography which allows examining speed and direction of blood flow. The characteristic of this method is that measurement is performed at contralateral extra-intracranial periorbital arterial anastomoses at the level of angular and supratrochlear arteries which pass near each eye, thus, the duration of examination shortens. The important feature of performance of anastomoses of extracranial level is that they can be activated extremely quickly to compensate brain hypoxia; these are the so-called true group of anastomoses. Techniques and devices to diagnose the condition of brain have been pointed out. The variant of a mobile and portable device to detect ischemic state of brain has been suggested. The device works due to Doppler effect, and sensors are positioned to measure accurately the speed and direction of blood flow. Advantages of the given device are the examination of ischemic condition of affected visual organs and brain, as well as the analysis of both blood speed and direction. Introduction sleeplessness, frequent headaches, bad memory may be the symptoms of ischemic disease of brain vessels (circulation disorders). The disease Worldwide, the diseases of cardiovascular system are the leading may be acute or chronic. causes of death due to morbidity. Among these diseases, cerebrovascular pathology takes a significant proportion, leading to brain infarctions Atherosclerosis, thrombi formation, heart failure, hypertension with clinical manifestations of neurological deficiency – stroke. This are main factors of cerebral ischemia. It is very important to diagnose problem is urgent because the incidence of the condition and resultant this severe disease early. Diseases provoking ischemia must not disability increase among persons of middle and young (employable) be neglected. Complications can lead to disability and even to fatal age. The given problem was discussed in detail in publications [1]. outcome. Additional causes of cerebral ischemia: cardiovascular diseases affecting central hemodynamics; Disorders of brain circulation are one of the main causes of mortality • in developed countries. Effective prevention and treatment of brain • blood diseases leading to its viscosity; circulation disorders caused by pathologic winding of carotid arteries, • various angiopathies – diseases affecting blood vessel walls; atherosclerotic injury of arteries, various occlusions, and stenosis often depend on detection of bloodstream parameters. Current examination • diabetes mellitus; techniques of brachiocephalic arteries and brain blood flow, such as • obesity; digital subtraction angiography, computer tomography angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, are all invasive and/or unsafe for patients, • carbon monoxide poisoning; expensive, and mainly give information about morphologic changes, • anemia; but do not allow evaluating quantitative characteristics of bloodstream particularly. The problem of creating a detection device for ischemic • old age; state of brain becomes urgent and requires investigation. The device • heredity; refers to the field of medicine, namely functional diagnostics, neurosurgery, neurology, and can be used to diagnose the ischemic • smoking. cerebral state. The average incidence of acute cerebral circulation disorder of Cerebral ischemia ischemic type is 12–35 people out of 1 000. According to recorded data of strokes, about 400 000 strokes are recorded in Russia annually, and General information about 320 000 of them belong to ischemic type. In the US, Europe and Ischemia of brain is the disease occurring due to cerebral hypoxia caused by poor blood supply of brain tissues. The disease produces numerous symptoms related to brain function impairment: retarded information perception and decision making, speech and coordination *Correspondence to: Bichurin MI, Novgorod State University, Veiky Novgorod disorders, vision impairment, etc. At the onset, symptoms are 173003, Russia, E-mail: [email protected] latent, but, as the disease progresses, become evident. Quick fatigue, Received: July 05, 2018; Accepted: July 24, 2018; Published: July 27, 2018 Med Res Innov, 2018 doi: 10.15761/MRI.1000146 Volume 2(4): 1-5 Lobekin VN (2018) Study of capabilities of making detection device for cerebral ischemic state Australia the first stroke occurs at age over 45, about 400 people out of To determine ischemic stroke, some general criteria and notions 100 000 are affected. were established: response of brain to progressive chronologic cerebral circulation decrease, “nuclear” ischemic zone, ischemic penumbra – Structure of occluding events of cerebral vascular system leading functionally altered, but vital and potentially restorable, brain region, i.e. to brain infarctions: parabiosis zone. Time factor is determinant during the transformation а) atherosclerotic stenosis and thrombosis - 84%, of penumbra zone into cerebral infarction (necrosis). In other words, in clinical stroke there is a brief (about 4 hours) “therapeutic window” б) pathologic winding and twisting of main arteries of neck - 8%, when medical intervention can lessen infarction zone, fight brain в) extravascular compressions - 4%, edema, and correct vascular and metabolic reactions [4]. г) thromboembolism - 4% [1,2]. Сerebral hemodynamics During the examination of brain matter perfusion parameters (a Cerebral hemodynamics is a dynamic system with many complex CT-perfusion method) the following results were revealed: protective and adaptive mechanisms as at the level of macro-organism as at that of local vascular net in the region of head and neck, - In patients with bilateral, hemodynamically significant, stenosis characterized by plasticity of metabolic processes in nervous tissues. of internal carotid artery (over 60%) the indices of brain perfusion deviated mainly bilaterally. Normally, at rest, about 20 % of all blood circulating around the organism pass through the vascular system of brain. - In patients with lateral, hemodynamically significant, injuries of mentioned arteries, the indices of blood flow in hemisphere ipsilaterally Main arteries of head and neck perform both transport function to stenosis, in closed circle of Willis, deviated insignificantly in relation and cerebral hemodynamics regulation, especially when any with contralateral hemisphere. cerebrovascular pathology is present, forming and turning on extra- intracranial arterial anastomoses. Then hemodynamics replaces into - In patients with lateral, hemodynamically significant, injuries of the area of less pressure, until retrograde blood flow occurs. Main mentioned arteries, the indices of blood flow in hemisphere ipsilaterally arteries of brain are shown in figure 2. Cerebral arteries, their branches to stenosis, in opened circle of Willis, showed that the blood flow in and anastomoses can actively change their lumen, thus regulating and basins ipsilaterally to stenosis decreased significantly, varying much distributing blood flowing to the brain [5]. compared with contralateral basin [3]. To maintain a normal brain function, oxygen tension in brain Among pathologic cerebral hemodynamic events, acute matter must be within 20 mm of mercury, this variable corresponds to thrombosis and embolism should be distinguished, as well as the group brain oxygen intake in the amount of 3,3 ml per 100 g of cerebral matter of narrowing events, which progress slowly and may be revealed at an in a minute. The decrease of this variable to 2,7 ml is the evidence of early stage of developing. Another important pathologic phenomenon brain hypoxia. Oxygen supply as mentioned is possible when the of transient functional occlusion in a narrowed vessel should be noted, intensity of brain circulation is equal to about 55 ml of blood per 100 g that occurring at accelerated blood flow, e.g. in increased arterial of brain matter in a minute. These numbers are characteristic of normal pressure (Figure 1). Thus, it was demonstrated that arterial stenosis regional cerebral blood flow. They may change within 40—75 ml/100 exceeding 50-55 % of an artery’s initial diameter influenced negatively g/min. The bloodstream decrease below 40 ml/100 g/min points at the blood flow. blood supply deficiency. Until recently, thrombosis and embolism were considered to be main limiting factors of cerebral blood supply. At the Stenosis is considered to be dramatic, when an artery is narrowing same time, alterations associated with stenosis of vascular canals of up to 70—80%, since then the turbulent motion of blood flow occurs, brain were underestimated. Experimental and clinical studies revealed and the volume of blood decreases, but compensation due to increased certain patterns of blood flowing in a narrowed vessel, mechanisms and heart work becomes impossible. Thus, in elderly persons with marked conditions of its compensation, as well as the dependence of a variety of changes of heart activity, it is atherosclerotic stenosis but not cerebral bloodstream parameters on the degree,
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