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Nutritive Potential and Utilization of Super Worm (Zophobas Morio)

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Nutritive Potential and Utilization of Super Worm (Zophobas Morio) African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(24), pp. 6592-6598, 22 March, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.1084 ISSN 1684–5315 © 2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Nutritive potential and utilization of super worm (Zophobas morio ) meal in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ) juvenile M. D. Abd Rahman Jabir¹*, S. A. Razak¹ and S. Vikineswary¹ ¹Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ²Freshwater Fisheries Research Center Glami Lemi, Titi, 71650 Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Accepted 22 July, 2011 Super worm meal (SWM) was evaluated to investigate the effect of partial or total replacement of fish meal (FM) in diets for tilapia juvenile, Oreochromis niloticus . Triplicate groups of fish with average initial body weight (5.57 ± 0.15 g) were fed each with 5 isonitrogeneous (32% crude protein) diets formulated to include 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% (diets 1 – 5, respectively) of FM substituted with SWM. After eight weeks of feeding trials, fish fed with diet 2 and 3 revealed the highest values for live weight gain, specific growth rates, better feed conversion ratio as well as protein efficiency ratio compared to the others. Survival range was 100% in all the treatments. However, fish fed to diet 5 exhibited lower growth than those fed others diets. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the moisture, protein, lipid and ash content in the whole body composition. These results clearly indicate that up to 25% of FM protein in fish diet can be replaced by SWM without any adverse effect on feed utilization and body composition. A decrease in weight gain and other growth associated parameters was observed with higher replacement. Key words: Feed utilization, growth performance, insect based diet, Oreochromis niloticus , super worm meal, Zophobas morio . INTRODUCTION In fish farming, nutrition is the most crucial factor to take industry for FM has resulted in a drastic decline of fish into account due to its contribution of up to 40 to 50% of production and shortage of protein supply. the production costs. In formulating nutritive diet for cultured Therefore, fish nutritionists seek alternatives for FM. fish, fish meal (FM) is used as the main dietary protein Insect nowadays has become more promising alternatives source because of its nutritional quality and palatability protein source due to the low success in fish meal properties (Hardy and Tacon, 2002). The increased replacement by animal or plant origin. Ogunji et al. (2008) demand in FM especially in commercial fish diet industry showed some of the factors that may contribute to the has resulted in a supply shortage with concomitant price variation in the results obtained, such as protein increase. It is crucial to reduce the use of FM in fish diet composition and amino acid profile of alternative feeds, by replacing it with alternative protein sources because phosphorus content and palatability of alternative feeds. total dependence can affect the whole operation of aqua- These alternatives must supply sufficient amino acids culture system and consequently reduce the production. to the fish to enable their growth coupled with adequate Factors of concern are nutritional availability and costs of dietary energy because an excessive or imbalance of production (Dong et al ., 1993). Competition from livestock dietary energy may restrict protein consumption and produce fatty fish (NRC, 1993; Macartney, 1996). Recent research interest include identifying and utilizing alternative locally available feed resources such as insects in formu- *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: lating fish diets. Unconventional protein sources such as +60132505418. maggot meal (Atteh and Ologbenla, 1993), termite meal Jabir et al. 6593 Table 1. Proximate analysis of fish meal and super worm meal super worms (Z. morio ) were obtained from a local aquarium shop. used in the trial diets. They were freezed for 1 h, packed in plastic bags, sealed and then, placed on oven tray before oven-dried at 70°C overnight to remove Component %) Fish meal Super worm moisture. The dried super worm were milled and stored at 8°C for (%) further use. The results are shown in Table 1. meal (%) Dry matter 89.24 92.49 Crude pr otein 57.53 47.43 Experimental diets Crude fat 4.75 40.01 Five isonitrogenous (32% crude protein) and isocaloric (range of Crude ash 12.75 3.54 470 kcal/g) diets were formulated using WinFeed version 2.8 Software (Least Cost Feed Formulation). SWM was used to replace FM at various inclusion levels; 0% (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100%, as shown in Table 2. All ingredients were ground in a hammer mill (Fadiyimu et al., 2003) and grasshopper meal (Ojewola et (Disk Mill, FFC-454) thoroughly mixed to ensure the homogeneity of al., 2005) have been used to replace FM. These studies the ingredients. 10% water was added to the mixed ingredients. indicate a reduction in feed cost and increased profit- The resulting mixture was pelleted wet, using the mini pelleting ability, without compromising performance. Due to the plant machine (KCM, Y132M-4) with a 2 mm mesh sieve. The known as best protein animal feeding stuff, super worm pellets were dried in an oven at 70°C for 24 h. They were packed in plastic bags, labeled and kept at room temperature in the laboratory (Zophobas morio ) meal is widely used as a feed supple- until used for feeding. ment for birds and fish (Ebeling, 1975). This insect is widely found in the part of world including Canada and in the province of British (Cotton, 1963). It is also found Rearing conditions of fish locally available in Malaysia for its well adaptation with Juvenile Nile tilapias were obtained from the Freshwater Hatchery tropical climate (Ghaly and Alkoaik, 2009). Since insect Center, Bukit Tinggi, Pahang, Malaysia. Prior to the experiment, all has been identified to be an alternative to FM in the fish were acclimated to the laboratory condition for one week in a future recently, Z. morio based diet is the most promising 250 L fiber tank and fed with a commercial diet (Takara Sakana-II) project to evaluate whether it can give similar growth twice daily. The feeding trial was conducted over 56 days. 15 aqua- performances of fish as FM based diet did before. Tilapia rium tanks contained ten juveniles each with an average weight of production is rapidly increasing in Malaysia and other 5.57 ± 0.15 g. The aquaria were monitored daily and any mortality was recorded. parts of the world (FAO, 1997). This is due to its high The feeding rate consisted of 10% of the biomass and the ratio growth rate, resistance to parasites and other pathogens was adjusted biweekly after the fry were weighed on an electronic as well as their suitability in a wide range of farming top pan balance (AND EW-I Series). Feeding was carried out twice systems (Shiau, 2002). This species is omnivorous because daily throughout the experimental period. it can consume on variety of feed materials including both At the start of the experiment, 10 juvenile fish were sacrificed and plant and animal sources and increase in demand (Popma kept frozen. At the end of the experimental period, fish were ran- domly removed from the aquaria, sacrificed and frozen for carcass and Masser, 1999). composition analysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth perfor- mance and feed utilization efficiency in juvenile of the Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) when FM was replaced with Analysis of experimental data SWM. From the experimental data obtained, growth was expressed as weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate. Nutrient utilization indices were expressed as feed conversion ratio MATERIALS AND METHODS (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) as follows: Experimental set-up WG = W2 – W1, where W2 = mean final weight, W1 = mean initial weight. This study was carried out at the Freshwater Aquarium Laboratory FCR = Feed offered / live weight gain. of the Institute of Biological Sciences. 15 aquaria units (45 x 30 x 25 SGR = (ln W2 – ln W1 /T) x 100; where W2 = final weight of fish, cm, 33.75 L each) were fitted with oxygen inlets for aeration. The W1 = initial weight of fish, T = experimental period (day). aquarium was cleaned, disinfected and then filled with dechlori- PER = Live weight gain (g) / protein fed (g). nated water. The water from the aquarium was changed Survival (%) = F2 / F1 x 100; F1 = number of fish at the periodically at a frequency of three days. For each aquarium, water beginning of experiment, and F2 = number of fish at the end of the was changed once, while the quarter portion of the water was left experiment. All calculations were based on the triplicate tank treat- before new water was installed. Each aquarium contained a bottom ment. filter (Code No. 139, Guppy Plastic) system with aeration by air pump (EK-8000, Eiko President). Monitoring of water quality Super worm meal preparation Parameters of water quality were measured using the method men- tioned by APHA (1992). Ammonia and nitrate was determined bi Super worm meal (SWM) was prepared at the workshop of the weekly using Spectroquant Pharo 300 (Merck, USA). Water Freshwater Fisheries Research Glami Lemi, Titi, Malaysia. Fresh temperature and pH were recorded daily using pH meter. Dissolved 6594 Afr. J. Biotechnol. Table 2. Formulation and chemical composition of the experimental diets (%). Diet 2 Diet 5 Ingredients of SWM inclusion level Diet
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