Theory of Chromatography Andrzej Przyjazny Kettering University, Flint, MI

Graduate School Gdańsk University of Technology Fall 2006 Lecture Outline

• A brief history • Classification of chromatographic methods • Theory of chromatography • Efficiency of separation • Gas chromatography • Evaluation and optimization of separations Lecture Outline (cont.)

• Two-dimensional chromatography • High-speed gas chromatography • Developing separation in HPLC • Computer-assisted method development • Ultra-high pressure HPLC • Monolithic columns • Molecularly imprinted polymer columns IUPAC Definition:

Chromatography is a physical method of separation in which the components to be separated are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves in a definite direction. A Brief History… Chronology • column chromatography • paper chromatography • gas-liquid chromatography • thin layer chromatography (TLC) • high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) First Attempts: Friedlieb Runge (1794-1867)

Used unglazed paper and pieces of cloths for spot testing dye mixtures and plant extracts First Attempts: Friedrich Goppelsröder (1837-1919)

Introduced paper strip analysis of dyes, milk, beer, colloids, plant and animal pigments Thin Layer: 1889 Mikhail Tsvett (1872-1919)

“Like light rays in the spectrum, the different components of a pigment mixture, obeying a law, are resolved on the calcium carbonate column and then can be qualitatively and quantitatively determined. I call such a preparation a chromatogram and the corresponding method the chromatographic method.”

Early Developments

Richard Kuhn Edgar Lederer “Up to now, we have learned with much effort to distill, crystallize, and recrystallize, and now they come along and just pour the stuff through a little tube!”

Heinrich Wieland, Nobel laureate Ion-Exchange: 1938 Adsorption Column Separations (1947) Pellicular versus Surface-Sulfonated Resin Martin and Synge The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952

Archer John Porter Martin Richard Laurence Millington Synge

“for their invention of partition chromatography”

Capillary Gas Chromatography: Marcel JE Golay –1958 Rapid Separation of the Components of a Hydrocarbon Mixture on a Nylon Capillary Column Separation of the Isomeric Heptanes on a Glass Capillary Column Gel Permeation: 1958 Gel Permeation: 1958 Separation of Proteins by Molecular Exclusion Chromatography HPLC: 1963 Affinity Chromatography: 1967