Column Chromatography

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Theory of Chromatography Andrzej Przyjazny Kettering University, Flint, MI Graduate School Gdańsk University of Technology Fall 2006 Lecture Outline • A brief history • Classification of chromatographic methods • Theory of chromatography • Efficiency of separation • Gas chromatography • Evaluation and optimization of separations Lecture Outline (cont.) • Two-dimensional chromatography • High-speed gas chromatography • Developing separation in HPLC • Computer-assisted method development • Ultra-high pressure HPLC • Monolithic columns • Molecularly imprinted polymer columns IUPAC Definition: Chromatography is a physical method of separation in which the components to be separated are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves in a definite direction. A Brief History… Chronology • column chromatography • paper chromatography • gas-liquid chromatography • thin layer chromatography (TLC) • high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) First Attempts: Friedlieb Runge (1794-1867) Used unglazed paper and pieces of cloths for spot testing dye mixtures and plant extracts First Attempts: Friedrich Goppelsröder (1837-1919) Introduced paper strip analysis of dyes, milk, beer, colloids, plant and animal pigments Thin Layer: 1889 Mikhail Tsvett (1872-1919) “Like light rays in the spectrum, the different components of a pigment mixture, obeying a law, are resolved on the calcium carbonate column and then can be qualitatively and quantitatively determined. I call such a preparation a chromatogram and the corresponding method the chromatographic method.” Early Developments Richard Kuhn Edgar Lederer “Up to now, we have learned with much effort to distill, crystallize, and recrystallize, and now they come along and just pour the stuff through a little tube!” Heinrich Wieland, Nobel laureate Ion-Exchange: 1938 Adsorption Column Separations (1947) Pellicular versus Surface-Sulfonated Resin Martin and Synge The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952 Archer John Porter Martin Richard Laurence Millington Synge “for their invention of partition chromatography” Capillary Gas Chromatography: Marcel JE Golay –1958 Rapid Separation of the Components of a Hydrocarbon Mixture on a Nylon Capillary Column Separation of the Isomeric Heptanes on a Glass Capillary Column Gel Permeation: 1958 Gel Permeation: 1958 Separation of Proteins by Molecular Exclusion Chromatography HPLC: 1963 Affinity Chromatography: 1967.

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Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Introduction Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) is one of the so-called hyphenated analytical techniques. As the name implies, it is actually two techniques that are combined to form a single method of analyzing mixtures of chemicals. Gas chromatography separates the components of a mixture and mass spectroscopy characterizes each of the components individually. By combining the two techniques, an analytical chemist can both qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate a solution containing a number of chemicals. Gas Chromatography In general, chromatography is used to separate mixtures of chemicals into individual components. Once isolated, the components can be evaluated individually. In all chromatography, separation occurs when the sample mixture is introduced (injected) into a mobile phase. In liquid chromatography (LC), the mobile phase is a solvent. In gas chromatography (GC), the mobile phase is an inert gas such as helium. The mobile phase carries the sample mixture through what is referred to as a stationary phase. The stationary phase is usually a chemical that can selectively attract components in a sample mixture. The stationary phase is usually contained in a tube of some sort called a column. Columns can be glass or stainless steel of various dimensions. The mixture of compounds in the mobile phase interacts with the stationary phase. Each compound in the mixture interacts at a different rate. Those that interact the fastest will exit (elute from) the column first. Those that interact slowest will exit the column last. By changing characteristics of the mobile phase and the stationary phase, different mixtures of chemicals can be separated.
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Complexometric Titration and Atomic Emission Spectroscopy) That Allow Us to Quantify the Amount of Each Metal Present Individually
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States of Origin: Influences on Research Into the Origins of Life
COPYRIGHT AND USE OF THIS THESIS This thesis must be used in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Reproduction of material protected by copyright may be an infringement of copyright and copyright owners may be entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. Section 51 (2) of the Copyright Act permits an authorized officer of a university library or archives to provide a copy (by communication or otherwise) of an unpublished thesis kept in the library or archives, to a person who satisfies the authorized officer that he or she requires the reproduction for the purposes of research or study. The Copyright Act grants the creator of a work a number of moral rights, specifically the right of attribution, the right against false attribution and the right of integrity. You may infringe the author’s moral rights if you: - fail to acknowledge the author of this thesis if you quote sections from the work - attribute this thesis to another author - subject this thesis to derogatory treatment which may prejudice the author’s reputation For further information contact the University’s Director of Copyright Services sydney.edu.au/copyright Influences on Research into the Origins of Life. Idan Ben-Barak Unit for the History and Philosophy of Science Faculty of Science The University of Sydney A thesis submitted to the University of Sydney as fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2014 Declaration I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a University or other institute of higher learning.
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