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Supporting Architecture/Civil Engineering Corrosion Resistance of Stainless presentation Chapter 05: for for lecturers of of

1 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels 2. 1. 5. 4. 3. . . References adequate How toselect theright Typescorrosionof of Why Most Other Structural applications does materials applications corrosion stainless Contents decay resistance stainless over time stainless resist steels corrosion steel for for

2 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels 1. Most materials decay over time

3 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Mitigating Type of Material Most materialsdecay overtime decay actions Chemicals Sun+rain Insects Fungi / varnish Painting Galvanising Steel Corrosion Spalling Cracking/ resistant

4 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Mitigating Type of Material Most materialsdecay overtime decay actions Usually Pollution Damage by Stone none none taken Tempered Breaks glass grades Improved under Become UV light UV brittle

5 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Mitigating Type of Material * Aluminum Most materialsdecay overtime decay forms actions a thin protective can possible Pitting Aluminum be over time, over time, prevented corrosion galvanic just * like stainless None patina overtime Forms , but with but , a green a much lower corrosion None None No No Stainless decay resistance required

6 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels (corrosion problems are not limitedto outside surfaces !) providesstrength both free service life of the concrete,providing a resistanceinside the long, maintenancelong, and corrosionand Corrosion concrete in structure. - . . . . stainless membranes, concrete create Corrosion the (marine/deicing) reinforcing Mitigating concrete Various higher present concrete steel Corrosion concrete occurs internal techniques volume steel cover cover structures in products bar of the . even rather ; in to unprotected tensions cathodic the corrosion concrete spall than inside diffuse are than (rust) . as : used environment the causing protection reinforced C is - of Steel through have a carbon thicker … , must steel and the . a . ;

7 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels 2. Why does corrosion stainless steel resist

8 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Topcoat Coat Primer Passive Layer vs. MULTI- Oxy PASSIVEonFILM STAINLESS STEEL: - hydroxidesof Fe and Cr LAYER COATINGS MILD STEELMILD 20 - self Not May off peel Typically Self Adherent Transparent 2- - (0,002 - 3 nm nm 3 200 µm thick 200 µm repairing 0,003 µm) 0,003 thick repairing

9 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Stainless Steel Damage toprotective layer Passive film Self RepairSelf Multi Corrosion Products Mild SteelMild - layer Coating

10 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels 3. Typescorrosion of of stainless steels

11 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels mmpy 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 Corrosion RateCorrosion Effect of ChromiumContent on Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance (uniformcorrosion) 0 2 Plain 4 Carbon 6 Steel % 8 10 Stainless Steels Stainless > 10.5 Cr Cr % 10.5 > 12 14 16

12 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels When not been not the the think selection properly of it of …no material…no for the as as selecting of the stainless the of made, corrosion intended is the right perfect use use ! steel vehicle may grade has occur

13 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels See b) a) f) e) d) c) Reference 1 Types ofcorrosionon stainless steels Stresscorrosion cracking Intergranular Galvanic Crevice Pitting Uniform

14 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels . . . and environment, , When aggressive This This a) What is uniform corrosion? metal is does the typical as not loss passive (it the requires of occur the can unprotected corrosion film whole be on expressed typically is stainless destroyed surface conditions Carbon immersion steels as corrodes µm/year by steels. are in the the in never aggressive uniformly ) building that

15 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Pitting is (AISI small localized environment aggressive resistance insufficient This stainless a picture holes 301 to b) What pittingis corrosion form corrosion, ) the steel in corrosion shows . resulting in the of creation chlorinated metal or extremely EN corrosion a pitting pitting, 1. . 4310 from very that of of 1,2,3,7 ?

16 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels 2. 1. inclusions Initiation electrochemical Propagation irregularities re - cavity Pittingcorrosion mechanisms on are a very not or reactions prevented small as non - metallic surface in the the by

17 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels . . Pitting the These Corrosion b) a) study a electrochemical current processes Electrochemical can of involves between corrosion be can reactions reproduced the the be cell processes corroding dissolution simulated at the surface metal of in () of metal in an electrochemical an in an the electrochemical metal E and , pit i . e a . and cathodic an electrochemical Polarization part cell , a curve device process cell that with allows 4

18 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels 1. to to Increasing Major factorsMajor that influence pitting (the pitting potential E potential pitting (the . the the temperature pit is generally the criterion as used for pitting) reduces drastically the the resistance 1

19 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels The 2. (the pitting log Major factorsMajor pitting corrosion that influence (the pitting potential E potential pitting (the of the resistance concentration Cl - concentration) decreases pit is generally the criterion as used forpitting) a the Cl - concentration increases 5

20 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels 2 . Stainless Equivalent The The Major factorsMajor pitting corrosion that influence pitting role (the pitting potential E potential pitting (the of Number) resistance steel the alloying analysis increases elements pit is generally the criterion as used forpitting) strongly is described with some by alloying the PREN elements: (Pitting N, Resistance Mo, 1 Cr

21 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels N = NitrogenN = content Mo content = Chromium = content Cr 3.3MoPRENCr + = + 16N,where . . application grade used the resistance Obviously to By calculating number compare Pitting ResistanceEquivalent(PREN) Number to will predict the against be the stainless the PREN suitable better whether pitting PREN alone the steel it . for a resistance The is cannot particular possible a grades higher given be . 1 EN 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...... 4003 4301 4016 4311 4406 4401/ 4439 4539 4362 4462 4410 4501 4 304LN 316LN 316/L 317L AISI 430 304 ------6 19.4 19.4 25.0 25.0 23.1 23.1 32.2 32.2 31.6 30.8 30.8 23.1 16.0 16.0 10.5 17.5 17.5 PREN 40 40 – – – – – – – - - - 18.0 12.5 20.8 23.0 30.3 28.5 39.9 38.5 38.1 29.2

22 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Note: Please see Appendix PREN of of PREN ------for EN standards standards EN for - - - - some common designations grades 9

23 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Crevice confined deposits fluid seals, and generally contact from inside c) and corrosion called spaces the What under areas environment cracks crevices to is sludge refers between which Crevice and . Examples piles to seams, the is limited parts, . corrosion Corrosion access of spaces . under crevices These of occurring the 1 filled gaskets spaces ? are working gaps with are or in

24 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels . . . . undergoes local concentration result cavity Initially, Then A becomes Then passivation occurs set things and of Mechanism the pH, in no depleted electrochemical the of uniform cannot the difference metal change to whole and crevice, the increasing in occur corrosion in when decreasing surface oxygen between extent the the with reactions crevice of of cavity that the the the Cl Crevice - Corrosion

25 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Note: Note: The Please higher see Critical Critical Appendix the of variousof Temperature Crevice Pitting for EN standards standards EN for austenitic , the Resistance Corrosion better designations the corrosion & duplex grades duplex& Temperature Temperature resistance (CCT) (CPT) 8

26 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels 1. 3. 2. b) a) steel Select possible) Clean Optimize How toavoid crevicecorrosion Design Use (see welded a to suitably vessels : design part remove parts 4 for of corrosion . complete this chapter) deposits drainage resistant (whenever . stainless

27 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels See Reference 11 (also known as bimetallicknown(alsoas corrosion) d) Whatd) Galvanic is Corrosion The steel to corrosion Example The potentials , Corrosion a most stainless stainless bolts with on anodic (=) of are that – the the steel very steel in resulting contact. can metal bolts picture plate different vessel, occur 1 in is ? was on presence attacked in using the when galvanic galvanic secured mild left of 2 :

28 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels . . . . . When Each If electropositive A And (measured the current electronegative when anode metal 2 Mechanism of galvanicMechanism of corrosion metals the against will area has 2 () are metals flow is a a connected small characteristic reference from have . it will Anode Metal 1 Metal very the with electrode show different Electrolyte most a potential Current Current conducting dissolution Flow . ) electronegative potentials Cathode Metal 2 Metal when of liquid the immersed (humidity metal electropositive (anode) in is enough) an to electrolyte the : most

29 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels in Galvanic flowing series sea water for . metals

30 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Basic . . . surface area Avoid Examples When the – – Same never Use rules less situations of of situations Stainless dissimilar between Aluminum noble noble : on how to how on than steel metal stainless metals fasteners the morenoble fasteners dissimilar (anode) has a steel are incontact avoid for for for for and and stainless metals Aluminum galvanic carbon metal much ) make steel products (cathode) larger corrosion sure sure (and (and that

31 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels strong etched In stability ( Fe,Cr e) What is e) the ) 23 chemical with above of C resistance 6 the a at stong attack micrographs passive grain attack than boundaries, is layer of Intergranular medium caused the the , . stainless grains grain . by The reducing themselves boundaries the steels network formation the speciments . of which chromium black Corrosion of lines exhibit chromium were content corresponds a polished much carbides and 1 lower ? then to the a

32 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Schematic view boundaries of Cr Cr of depletion at grain

33 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels grades qualified as “stabilized” c . Th * . nann iado band/or and/or Nb ontaining Ti To To side of weld of a side bead)when Af s Properly processedstainless May Hea the in occur When Intergranular does Corrosion teelsareprone not toIC – – is is is whyis there are grades find fectedZone weld of a (either boundary carbides) boundary for unavailableit grain making the ( steel stabilized not the is and content Carbon The is hig by by out moreabout carbon matrix, in the Ti , Nb, Zr * which “tra which * t and and h p” occur? te onn methods, joining other Zr, Weld Decay please go to Module 09 ‘Tram attack - line’ line’

34 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels . . . however Use Or Or followed treatment How to avoid use on low stabilized austenitics carbon ) . by (at quenching 1050 grades, grades , Intergranular °C carry all . below for (This the out ferritics carbides 0 is a , 03 usually solution % and Corrosion for are austenitics austenitics impractical dissolved annealing ) ,

35 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels . . f) What isStressCracking Corrosion f) Thismay occur when Sudden cracking and failureof a component without deformation. – – – The stainless steelhissufficiently not resistant SCC The environment is aggressive chloride(highlevel, temperature above 50 The part is stressed (by applied an load or by a residual stress ) Material Ferritic stainless steels are immune to SCC Susceptible and duplex (i.e. austenitic (SCC)? Stress Environment - ferritic ) 1 ° C)

36 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Note: The of develop applied, temperature) (chlorides/elevated environmental Mechanism of Stressof corrosion Mechanism cracking (SCC) events Please 4. 3. 2. 1. mode transgranular Failure through Cracks Cracks Pitting initiation combined see the : Appendix residual . following occurs occurs and start site the then for EN standards standards EN for stress or action from metal intergranular conditions or sequence propagate - either a in both designations pit of a

37 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Ferriticduplex and stainlesssteels stress areimmuneto corrosion cracking (because the Select (higher with ferritephase,unlike austenitethecorrosion). ofsensitive not this type phase is to +Mo +Ni higher austenitic corrosion content For more information on these grades, please go to Module 04 1.4547 (6Mo)1.4547 1.4539 resistance stainless Avoiding – SCC of Ni and ) steels Mo or standard Chloride 1. 4401 austenitic two choices / induced 316 +Cr stable ( stable Selectduplex grades, more stainless stress less corrosion steels 1.4501 1.4410 1.4462 nickel) , . viz 1. cracking 4301/ price 304 in

38 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Two 2. 1. steel 4. Howto4. select the right Other Structural applications different for for applications adequate situations: corrosion stainless resistance

39 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Eurocode . . . . . appropriate Evolution present environment This It is No pH Environments Outdoor Load applicable procedure between exposure bearing 4 - time use Group 1 4 1 Structural1 Applications - to members 4 of – grade without and to chemical is i structural for . : provides e presented 10 . nov EN frequent of process 1993- 2014 stainless members a in immersion 1 flow - – the 4 procedure the have stream next . recommendations in steel (Please not sea slides been water for for note yet selecting the that enforced) service of at the the an

40 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels 1. The tablesare shown in the next4 slides 3. 2. c) b) a) resistanceclasses(CRC) I to V accordingto thevalue CRF The stainlesssteel grades arein placed corrosion corresponding CRCclass matchingA table indicatesfor a given CRF the where Factormadeof (CRF) 3 components(CRF=F1+F2+F3) environmentThe F3 ratesF3 regimeexposureor the cleaning to washing by rain ratesF2 exposure of the risk to deicing salts F1 ratesthe r How the procedureHowthe works isk is of exposureof tofrom water chlorides or assessed bya Corrosion sulphur dioxide Resistance

41 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Note: M F 1 - - - - - 10 10 15 Risk 0 1 3 7 is distance of of Low Internally Road tunnels Very Medium High All All North Very salts Mediterranean All Coastline Atlantic Very from Baltic other exposure risk into high high high risk Sea the the coast of of risk coastal coastal of of the tunnel of UK,of France, risk risk risk controlled sea coast exposure exposure of of where and S line of of of of of of Coast exposure of Germany areas areas of UK, exposure exposure exposure of Portugal,Spain,France is to CI ( CI to distance deicing environment Belgium from salt Norway salt is , roads Netherlands used , water or deicing with Denmark or or deicing where < M ≤ 1 km0.01 km 1≤ S ≤ Mor km < 0.25 1 km < M ≤ 10 km0.01M or ≤ km1 km S ≤ < < , Southern and Irelandand salts vehicles M > 10 km or S > 0.1 km 0.1 > S 10 km or M > Sweden might carry M km 0.25 M≤ salts ≤ 0.25 km 0.25 ≤ deicing 0.1 km0.1 )

42 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels deposition particularly F the Note F 2 3 sulphur : Risk - Cleaning - - - 10 for 0 0 5 7 2 European may heavy dioxide of of be High Medium Low No No Specified Fully evaluated exposure washing industrial coastal value risk risk exposed of of risk regime of of cleaning is exposure environments exposure by by according either of of to to locations rain exposure washing regime or No No or low to to to or or or by by specified the the medium specific rain sulphur method sulphur exposure cleaning . environments The in dioxide ISO high 9225. dioxide value classification such to is usually (90 (90 (10 (10 as washing – is (<10 µg/m³ (<10 road – 250 low 90 unusual µg/m³ µg/m³ µg/m³ µg/m³ . tunnels (if For F 1 inland and + average average average F . 2 Sulphur = associated by 0 environments , then deposition deposition deposition rain dioxide F 3 with = 0 ) ) ) )

43 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Table A.2: Corrosion Resistance Determination - - 15 ≥ CRF ≥ CRF ≥ 15 7 ≥ CRF > CRF ≥ 7 0 ≥ CRF > CRF ≥ 0 CRF <- CRF CRF =1 CRF Factor 20 of Corrosion - - Matching - (CRF) 15 7 20 Resistance IV V III II I Corrosion Class CRC Class Table Resistance Class (CRC)

44 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Notes Table A.3: Table Corrosion resistancestainless of classes steels : 1.4512 1.4016 1.4003 I Lean This Please Ferritics Grades in each Corrosion ResistanceCorrosionGrades eachin CRCClass does duplex see not the apply appendix to 1.4567 1.4306 1.4318 1.4482 1.4541 1.4311 1.4307 1.4301 swimming for II EN standards pools designations Super Std Corrosion resistance class CRC resistanceclass Corrosion Austenitics 1.4162 1.4062 1.4362 1.4662 1.4578 1.4432 1.4429 1.4571 1.4435 1.4404 1.4401 Austenitics III 1.4462 1.4539 1.4439 IV Duplex/super Mo Austenitcs 1.4507 1.4501 1.4410 1.4547 1.4529 1.4565 duplex V

45 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels . . . No regulationsNo specific are applicable Three ways to this: do expected performance Grade must selection adequatebe for the – – – environments available)(usually similar cases with successful out Find associations fromGet helpstainless steel development expertAsk an 4 - 2 Other2 applications

46 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels . NOT Caution: applicable . Grade (Then Structural Appearance go to 4 – Selection integrity does 1) not not Guide forArchitecture is the the matter when primary concern 10

47 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Criteria . . v. iv. iii. ii. i. slides): For For An Maintenance Design Local Coastal Environmental evaluation each How the procedureHowthe works used score a list weather considerations exposure score must be in the in the of schedule recommended pattern Pollution evaluation or or computed Deicing stainless score (see salts steel exosure grades the the is provided next

48 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels * Points Potentially 4 3 3 2 0 0 i. High * High or moderateLow Industrial pollution (Aggressive ,ironoxides, * High Moderate Low Urban Very low pollution or no Rural a highly pollution (Lightindustry, pollution automotive exhaust) Environmental pollution corrosive location . Have a stainless steel expert chemicals, etc.) chemicals, evaluate the site .

49 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels ** Some evaluate * Points Potentially This 10 8 5 4 3 1 locations range the Severe Marine Marine(some salt sprayoccasional or from water) ft) salt (100 (<30m High Severe Marine(continuous immersion) Moderateto(30m km (100 1.6 Low (>1.6 Coastal Marine Saltor Exposure site shows a ii. of . highly this how to 16 km (1 to 10 miles) from salt water)from salt ** miles) to 10 (1 km to 16 type A)Coastal exposure corrosive far (continuoussplashing) * are chlorides exposed location are to typically ft tomile)from 1 salt water) . chlorides Have splashing) * * a found but stainless others from large steel are not salt corrosion . water bodies expert .

50 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Note rural ** evaluate * Points Potentially This 4 3 2 1 0 0 : and if both range ii. the large High Moderatesalt exposure toorto 1 ft)3 to 22floors) (10m 328 100 ** (< saltLow exposure Very lowsalt exposure tom (≥10 1 km (33to 3,2803 toorft)60 floors) ** sitesidewalkssaltthe on isno deicing used and Trafficwind and conditionsis expected. No salt wasdetected Deicing Salt Exposure(Distance fromroad ground) or site coastal a shows high salt exposuretoorto 1 3floors)to (6.5m 164ft) (<2 ** 50 * . highly B) Deicing salts exposure traffic exposure how corrosive roads far levelsnearby on roads are toolow to carryto chlorides (< 10 to 500 m (33 to 1600 ft) or 2 toorto 2 ft)10 to 34floors) (33m 1600 500 ** (< this and . on a sample fromon the sitechangein exposure no and Test location deicing chloride surface salts . concentration Have chloride are a present, stainless concentrations has please been steel ask found . corrosion an expert from expert small

51 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels *** evaluate Points - - 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 If there the Hot, humidity Hot, Regular very light rain or frequent fog Temperature Tropical or subtropical, wet, regular or seasonal Temperature or Temperature or coldclimate, occasional heavy Hot or cold climates with typical humidity below50% iii. is site also . salt Localweather pattern or climate,infrequent rain, humidity above 50% above 50%,very low no rainfallor *** pollution cold climates, regular heavy rain heavy regular climates, cold exposure, have a stainless rain very heavyvery rain steel corrosion expert

52 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels About Ra: *** evaluate Points - - 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 2 If there http://www.worldstainless.org/Files/issf/non the This tableshows For moreinformation on the Horizontal finish grain orientation Horizontalfinish Horizontal surfaces Surfacefinish roughness Surfacefinish roughness R Surfacefinish roughness R Vertical surfaces a verticalwith no or Boldly exposed for easy raincleaning Shelteredlocation or unsealed Surfacefinish is is site also . iv. salt or Design Design that pollution pickled, electropolished, or roughness ≤ R ≤ roughness or electropolished, pickled, corrosion > R exposure, a a available 0.5 0.5 0.3 a resistance 1 Considerations crevices *** µ µ µ - image m (40 m m (20 m (12 m , finishes have - finish grain finish files/PDF/Euro_Inox/RoughnessMeasurement_EN.pdf µ µ µ depends in) in) < X ≤ R X ≤ < in) R X ≤ < in) a stainless please also a a 1 0.5 go to Module 08 on surfaceon finish. µ steel m (40 m µ m (20 m a corrosion 0.3 0.3 µ in) µ µ in) m (12 m expert µ in)

53 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Points - - - 0 1 2 3 v. Washed Not washed Washed Washed at least monthly at least naturally four or more times per year Maintenance schedule

54 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels Proper Note Stainless Steel selection scoringsystem Total score 0 to 2 to 0 ≥ 5 ≥ : 4 3 please selection see stainless steel mayneeded be super A more corrosion resistant stainless steel as such 4462,904L, 317LMN, Type 317L Type444 isgenerallyor most 316/316L the economical Typeis generally 304/304L most the Stainless Steel Selection For moreinformation life of the stainless the with duplex, super ferriticor a 6% molybdenum super austenitic appendix a or a more corrosion resistant stainless steel is suggested low life cycle steel for EN sustainability grades grades cost standard and an excellentand an sustainability will to maintenancelong, a designations , please economical choice economical go to Module 11 choice - free, service

55 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels . . You You Proper When deserves unlimited grade will find for in this Module 2 selection attention the service and in and in is a done application wide Module 1 Conclusion range of of range life of , . timeless stainless without successful the art, art, and right worldwide applications of of applications steel maintenance the stainless ! environment will stainless provide steels steel . ,

56 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. purposes to EN 10088- purposesEN to http://www.bssa.org.uk/topics.php?article=44 http://www.bssa.org.uk/topics.php?article=606 http://www.aperam.com/uploads/stainlesseurope/TechnicalPublications/Duplex_Maastricht_EN http://www.outokumpu.com/en/stainless http://www.stainless http://www.bssa.org.uk/topics.php?article=668 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion Selecting_Stainless_Steel_for_Optimum_Perormance.pdf http://www.imoa.info/download_files/stainless http://www.imoa.info/molybdenum http://www.imoa.info/download_files/stainless 2198.pdf?sequence=1 https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/45442/FrankelG_JournalElectrochemicalSociety_1998_v145n6_p2186- On http://www.bssa.org.uk/topics.php?article=111 BSSA(British Stainless Steel Association)website Calculation” pitting of resistance equivalent numbers (PREN)” Ugitech Information on An online course corrosionon Some http://www.worldstainless.org/Files/issf/Education_references/Zrefs_on_corrosion.zip http://corrosion.kaist.ac.kr corrosion) 12( excellentAn course corrosion.on a) Chemical composition of stainless steel flat productssteelstainless10088 for of EN general composition toChemical purposes a) Pitting basics on corrosionon basics : private corrosion pitting electrochemical communication - ) 14 (Stress corrosion cracking) and 15(stress corrosion cracking of steel 3: 3: http://www.bssa.org.uk/topics.php?article=46 from - world.net/pdf/SSW_0812_duplex.pdf Dowloads http://www.corrosionclinic.com/corrosion_online_lectures/ME303L10.HTM#top NACE NACE testing Please 5. - uses/molybdenum http://corrosion avaialble http://mee look at - References steel/grades/duplex/Pages/default.aspx from - - b) chapters steel/IMOA_Houska steel/Duplex_Stainless_Steel_3rd_Edition.pdf Chemical stainless of steel composition products long for general - inc.com/esca.html : - doctors.org/Corrosion - grade 7 ( Galvanic - stainless - Corrosion), 8( - steels/steel - History/Course.htm#Scope intergranular - grades.php stainless - 2: 2: - corrosion), 11( 22p steels - 7064Ko.pdf ) Original source: ) crevice

57 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels X5CrNiCuNb16-4 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 X3CrNiMo13-4 X30Cr13 X20Cr13 X12Cr13 X2CrMoTi18-2 X6CrMo17-1 X3CrNb17 X3CrTi17 X6Cr17 X6CrAl13 X6Cr13 X6CrNiTi12 X2CrTi12 X2CrNi12 Steel name grades, grades, Note: This Martensitic and precipitation-hardening steels - special grades special - steels andMartensitic precipitation-hardening EN Designation please Martensitic stainless steels - standard - Martensitic steels grades stainless Ferritic stainless steels - standard - steels Ferritic grades stainless is a look at simplified 1.4542 1.4418 1.4313 1.4028 1.4021 1.4006 1.4521 1.4113 1.4511 1.4510 1.4016 1.4002 1.4000 1.4516 1.4512 1.4003 number Appendix Steel reference table. For 430N 410S AISI 439 430 405 409 420 420 410 444 434 Alternative Designations S41000 S44400 S17400 S41500 S42000 S42000 S43400 S43035 S43000 S40500 S41008 S40900 S40977 UNS 17. special F6NM Other US Other Generic/ : Designations 17-4 PH 17-4 248 SV 3CR12 Brand X2CrNiMoN12-5-3 X2CrNiN23-4 X2CrMnNiN21-5-1 X2CrMnNiMoN21-5-3 X2CrNiN22-2 X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5 X2CrNiMoN17-13-5 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 X2CrNiMo17-12-3 X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 X2CrNiMoN17-11-2 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 X4CrNi18-12 X6CrNiTi18-10 X5CrNi18-10 X2CrNiN18-10 X2CrNi19-11 X2CrNi18-9 X10CrNi18-8 Steel name EN Designation Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels-standard grades steels-standard stainless Austenitic-ferritic Austenitic stainless steels - standard - grades steels stainless Austenitic 1.4462 1.4362 1.4162 1.4539 1.4439 1.4435 1.4432 1.4571 1.4401 1.4406 1.4404 1.4303 1.4541 1.4301 1.4311 1.4306 1.4307 1.4310 1.4482 1.4062 number Steel 316LN 304LN 316Ti 316L 316L 316L 304L 304L 317L AISI 316 305 321 304 301 Alternative Designations 17 S32205 S31603 S31603 S31603 S30403 S30403 S31803/ S32304 S32101 N08904 S31635 S31600 S31653 S30500 S32100 S30400 S30453 S30100 S32001 S32202 UNS F51 Other US Other Generic/ 2101 LDX DX 2202 DX Brand 904L 2205 2304

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59 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels