DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparing Sex Buyers with Men Who Don't Buy Sex: "You Can Have a Good Time with the Servitude" Vs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparing Sex Buyers with Men Who Don't Buy Sex: Comparing Sex Buyers with Men Who Don’t Buy Sex “You can have a good time with the servitude” vs. “You’re supporting a system of degradation” “John” by Christine Stark © 2000.All Rights Reserved Melissa Farley, Emily Schuckman, Jacqueline M. Golding, Kristen Houser, Laura Jarrett, Peter Qualliotine, Michele Decker Psychologists for Social Responsibility Annual Conference Boston, Massachusetts July 15, 2011 Research by Prostitution Research & Education Research Supported by Hunt Alternatives Fund Melissa Farley, Emily Schuckman, Jacqueline M. Golding, Kristen Houser, Laura Jarrett, Peter Qualliotine, Michele Decker (2011) Comparing Sex Buyers with Men Who Don't Buy Sex: "You can have a good time with the servitude" vs. "You're supporting a system of degradation" Paper presented at Psychologists for Social Responsibility Annual Meeting July 15, 2011, Boston, MA. San Francisco: Prostitution Research & Education © 2011. All Rights Reserved. For more information contact the first author at [email protected] 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table 1. Comments about Prostitution by Sex Buyers and Non-Sex Buyers.........................................................03 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................04 Acknowledgements...........................................................................................................................................................05 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................07 Table 2. Estimates of Population Percentages of Men Buying Sex...........................................................................08 METHODS USED IN THIS RESEARCH.....................................................................................10 Interviewers........................................................................................................................................................................11 Interview Scheduling and Matching Variables..............................................................................................................11 Interviewer Training and Support..................................................................................................................................11 RESULTS................................................................................................................................................12 Demographic Characteristics of the 200 Boston men.................................................................................................12 Table 3. Family Income....................................................................................................................................................12 Table 4. Education............................................................................................................................................................13 Table 5. Ethnic Identity....................................................................................................................................................13 Table 6. Sexual Orientation.............................................................................................................................................13 Table 7. Lifetime number of Sex Partners for Sex Buyers and Non-Sex Buyers....................................................14 Table 8. Summary of Sex Buyers' and Non-Sex Buyers' Occupations.....................................................................14 Prostitution Behaviors of Sex Buyers.............................................................................................................................14 First use of women in prostitution.................................................................................................................................14 Frequency of buying sex...................................................................................................................................................14 Where do Boston men locate women in prostitution for the purpose of buying sex?..........................................15 Table 9. Indoor Locations Where Boston Men Purchased Sex.................................................................................15 Use of strip clubs...............................................................................................................................................................16 Drug and alcohol use of Boston sex buyers..................................................................................................................16 Military background of sex buyers..................................................................................................................................16 Travel to other states and countries to buy sex............................................................................................................16 Table 10. States Where Boston Men Bought Sex.........................................................................................................17 Table 11. Countries Where Boston Men Bought Sex..................................................................................................17 Age and ethnic selection of women in prostitution.....................................................................................................18 Paying for sex with drugs, shelter, food and clothes...................................................................................................18 Changes in sex buyers' sexuality over time as a result of prostitution......................................................................18 Attitudes About Prostitution Among Sex Buyers and Non-Sex Buyers..................................................................18 Differences in whether or not prostitution was viewed as consenting sex, a choice, or sexual exploitation, and whether prostitution should be legal...................................................................................18 Awareness of harms of prostitution...............................................................................................................................20 Figure 1. Negative Effects of Prostitution on Prostituted Women According to Sex Buyers and Non-Sex Buyers............................................................................................20 Figure 2. Negative Effects of Prostitution on the Community According to Sex Buyers and Non-Sex Buyers............................................................................................20 Figure 3. Positive Effects of Prostitution on Prostituted Women According to Sex Buyers and Non-Sex Buyers............................................................................................22 Figure 4. Positive Effects of Prostitution on the Community According to Sex Buyers and Non-Sex Buyers............................................................................................22 2 Awareness of pimping, coercion and trafficking..........................................................................................................22 Beliefs about differences between women who are and are not prostituted...........................................................24 Cartoon. "You have breasts, don't you?".......................................................................................................................25 Myths about sexuality held by sex buyers and non-sex buyers..................................................................................26 Table 12. Words Used by Sex Buyers and Non-Sex Buyers to Describe Men Who Buy Sex..............................26 Why men say they buy sex...............................................................................................................................................26 Table 13. Reasons for Buying Sex..................................................................................................................................27 Belief that prostitution prevents rape............................................................................................................................27 Internal Conflicts of Sex Buyers.....................................................................................................................................27 Table 14. Sex Buyers' Feelings Before and After Buying Sex....................................................................................28 Empathy for women in prostitution..............................................................................................................................28 Table 15. Words Used by Sex Buyers, Non-Sex Buyers, and Prostituted Women to Describe Feelings of Women during Prostitution...................................................................................28 Prostitution as a 'girlfriend experience'...but not really................................................................................................29 Interest in non-relational sex...........................................................................................................................................30 Hostile masculine identity................................................................................................................................................30 Pornography Use...............................................................................................................................................................30
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Compulsory Monogamy and Polyamorous Existence Elizabeth Emens
    University of Chicago Law School Chicago Unbound Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers Working Papers 2004 Monogamy's Law: Compulsory Monogamy and Polyamorous Existence Elizabeth Emens Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/ public_law_and_legal_theory Part of the Law Commons Chicago Unbound includes both works in progress and final versions of articles. Please be aware that a more recent version of this article may be available on Chicago Unbound, SSRN or elsewhere. Recommended Citation Elizabeth Emens, "Monogamy's Law: Compulsory Monogamy and Polyamorous Existence" (University of Chicago Public Law & Legal Theory Working Paper No. 58, 2004). This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Working Papers at Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers by an authorized administrator of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHICAGO PUBLIC LAW AND LEGAL THEORY WORKING PAPER NO. 58 MONOGAMY’S LAW: COMPULSORY MONOGAMY AND POLYAMOROUS EXISTENCE Elizabeth F. Emens THE LAW SCHOOL THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO February 2003 This paper can be downloaded without charge at http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/publiclaw/index.html and at The Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection: http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=506242 1 MONOGAMY’S LAW: COMPULSORY MONOGAMY AND POLYAMOROUS EXISTENCE 29 N.Y.U. REVIEW OF LAW & SOCIAL CHANGE (forthcoming 2004) Elizabeth F. Emens† Work-in-progress: Please do not cite or quote without the author’s permission. I. INTRODUCTION II. COMPULSORY MONOGAMY A. MONOGAMY’S MANDATE 1. THE WESTERN ROMANCE TRADITION 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Reviewer Spotlight: Annie Sprinkle on Sex, Art and Activism - Nytimes.Com
    Reviewer Spotlight: Annie Sprinkle on Sex, Art and Activism - NYTimes.com HOME PAGE TODAY'S PAPER VIDEO MOST POPULAR TIMES TOPICS Subscribe: Digital / Home Delivery Log In Register Now Search All NYTimes.com Friday, July 8, 2011 Arts WORLD U.S. N.Y. / REGION BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE HEALTH SPORTS OPINION ARTS STYLE TRAVEL JOBS REAL ESTATE AUTOS ART & DESIGN BOOKS DANCE MOVIES MUSIC TELEVISION THEATER VIDEO GAMES Advertise on NYTimes.com Search This Blog Previous Post Next Post Book Review Podcast: The Week in Culture July 1, 2011, 3:55 PM A Pacifist in the Pictures, July 1 Reviewer Spotlight: Annie Sprinkle on Sex, Family Art and Activism FOLLOW THIS BLOG Twitter RSS By JENNIFER B. MCDONALD Annie Sprinkle, who reviews Chester In the Spotlight Brown’s “Paying for It: A Comic-Strip Memoir About Being a John” in this Popcast: Deciphering New Projects by Bjork and Brian Eno weekend’s Book Review, is no stranger to the Theater Talkback: A Method to Their Madness documentary urge. “From the day I gave After Lincoln Center, City Opera’s Next Season away my virginity at 17, I started Q. & A.: How to Start Your Own Theater Company Thinking Cap: The Zoot Suit: Statement of Style or documenting my sexual experiences,” Protest? Sprinkle told us recently. “I still am, 40 years later.” THE VENICE BIENNALE Interactive Feature: Sprinkle has cultivated one of the more Everyone's a Critic audacious careers of anyone who has ever From the deluge of art, a reviewed a book in our pages: porn star, critic chooses some standouts.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Trafficking Crusade: a Content Analysis of Canadian Newspaper Articles
    The Human Trafficking Crusade: A Content Analysis of Canadian Newspaper Articles Shannon Fournier A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master’s degree in Globalization and International Development School of International Development and Global Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ottawa © Shannon Fournier, Ottawa, Canada, 2020 ii Abstract Although human trafficking was not a new concept, it gained increased attention across the United States and Canada in the first two decades of the 21st century. To better understand the Canadian anti-trafficking movement, this thesis analyzed the discourse on the topic in six local and national daily newspapers between 2008 and 2018. The goal of this thesis was to investigate the emergence of human trafficking as a social problem. Using social constructionism as a point of departure, a critical discourse analysis was conducted in NVivo of the quotes made by human trafficking experts in Canadian media. The results of this analysis suggest that an Unofficial Christian Coalition emerged in Canada, which – assisted by the media – led a moral crusade against human trafficking and pushed for the adoption of restrictive sex work legislation in Canada. Key words: human trafficking, sex trafficking, sex work, sex trade, prostitution iii Acknowledgement Throughout the writing of this thesis I have received a great deal of support and assistance. I would first like to thank my supervisor, Chris Bruckert, whose expertise was invaluable throughout every step of this process. Your support, guidance, and rigorous work ethic pushed me to be a better researcher and writer than I thought I could be.
    [Show full text]
  • BEYOND DECRIMINALIZATION: Sex Work, Human Rights and a New Framework for Law Reform
    BEYOND DECRIMINALIZATION: Sex Work, Human Rights and a New Framework for Law Reform BEYOND DECRIMINALIZATION: Sex Work, Human Rights and a New Framework for Law Reform Full Report PIVOT LEGAL SOCIETY Danica Piche photo. List of contributors Authors Dedication Creative content Mary Childs, Sarah Ciarrocchi, Cristen To all the people who gave their time, Barry Calhoun, Brad Hornick, Tracie Gleeson, John Lowman, Katrina Pacey, energy and expertise to this important Park, Danica Piche, Paul Ryan, Jaya Francois Paradis, Danica Piche, Emily project. In particular, to the inspiring Surjadinata, Peter Wrinch. Rix, Elaine Ryan, Elin Sigurdson, group of sex workers who courageously Krista Sigurdson, Laura Track, Maia spoke out about the conditions of their Images on covers and headers Tsurumi, Megan Vis-Dunbar, Lisa work and their lives and contributed Barry Calhoun. Weich. their knowledge, insight and vision for law and social reform. Funders Contributors Law Foundation of B.C., Rielle Capler, Kelly Crowe, Debbie, Acknowledgements Law Commission of Canada, Caily DiPuma, Elisabeth Finney, All the staff at Pivot Legal Society, Canadian Bar Association. Lauren Gehlen, Stacey Grayer, Asian Society for the Intervention of Ashleigh Keall, Thomas Kerr, DJ, Jeff AIDS (ASIA), Boys ‘R’ Us, Downtown Pivot Legal Society Langlois, Laurie, Joel Lemoyre, Chris Eastside Women’s Centre, Lifeskills PO Box 4438 STN Terminal Misura, John Richardson, Shari, Julie Centre, ORCHID Project, Portland Vancouver, B.C. V6B 3Z8 Shugarman. Hotel Society and the Potluck Cafe, Prostitutes Empowerment Education Copyright Pivot Legal Society Editors and Resource Society (PEERS), June 006 Naomi Brunemeyer, Karen Mirsky, Prostitution Alternatives Counselling Sean Rossiter. and Education Society (PACE), Sex To view a pdf of the Abridged Version Workers Action Network (SWAN), the of Beyond Decriminalization, go to Legal reviewers Gathering Place, Women’s Information www.pivotlegal.org Carolyn Askew, Kate Blomfield, Kelley and Safe House (WISH).
    [Show full text]
  • Gender and Sexuality in Comics Depauw University First-Year Seminar (S&A 197SB) Fall 2014 Kelley J. Hall Office Hours: Offi
    Gender and Sexuality in Comics DePauw University First-Year Seminar (S&A 197SB) Fall 2014 Kelley J. Hall Office Hours: Office: Union Building, suite 200 T 10:30-12; W 1:30-3 Phone: 658-6599 or by appointment email: [email protected] Course description: Comic books have been a part of American culture for a century. As cultural artifacts, they tell us a great deal about what is important in our culture (and to whom it is important). The goal of this course is to examine the ways in which comic books and graphic novels portray gender and sexuality in contemporary and complex ways. We will pay attention to how gender, sexuality, race, and ethnicity are represented in comic books and are shaped by the historical context and personal experiences of the authors. We will be reading a range of comic books, graphic novels, and excerpts from popular press books. A word on comic books: Comic books have a notorious reputation of being seen as “kids’ stuff” or “low art.” In this seminar we will take a serious, analytical look at comic books, examining them as social, historical, literary, and artistic texts that portray and critique very real and serious themes and events. Course objectives: • To learn and understand the language of comics. • To understand the social and historical growth and variety of comics. • To develop an awareness of the intersections of race, class, gender and sexuality in the comic art and stories. • To examine and practice different types of academic writing. • To develop and utilize critical writing, discussion, and analytical skills.
    [Show full text]
  • Curbing Prostitution by Arresting Streetwalkers: the Unequal Treatment of Sex Workers in Crime Enforcement
    Seton Hall University eRepository @ Seton Hall Law School Student Scholarship Seton Hall Law 2013 Curbing Prostitution by Arresting Streetwalkers: The nequalU Treatment of Sex Workers in Crime Enforcement Cara Parmigiani Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship Recommended Citation Parmigiani, Cara, "Curbing Prostitution by Arresting Streetwalkers: The neU qual Treatment of Sex Workers in Crime Enforcement" (2013). Law School Student Scholarship. 384. https://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship/384 CURBING PROSTITUTION BY ARRESTING STREETWALKERS: TilE UNEQUAL TREATMENT OF SEX WORKERS IN CRIME ENFORCEMENT BY: CARA PARMIGIANI I. INTRODUCTION Prostitution is a significant problem in the United States.1 There are an estimated 100,000 to 300,000 child sex workers in the United States2 and the prevalence of adult sex workers is 22.1 per 100,000.3 To reduce prostitution, lawmakers have criminalized the activity in all but one of the fifty states ofthe United States.4 Even when, in most jurisdictions, the statutes prohibiting prostitution prescribe similar punishments for customers and sex workers,5 in practice, the laws are frequently unequally applied.6 Sex Workers are often punished much more harshly and are prosecuted more frequently than customers. 7 Their behavior is criminalized, and they are socially stigmatized, which often prevents them from obtaining other work and therefore perpetuates prostitution.s This paper argues that because prostitution laws are unequally enforced . 1 "The act or practice of engaging in sexual activity for money or its equivalent; commen:ialized sex." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1342 (9th ed. 2009). 2 RONALD B. FLOWERS, THE PROSTinmON OF WOMEN AND GIRLS, 80 ( 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophers on Prostitution's Decriminalization ­ Daily Nous
    University of Dayton eCommons Philosophy Faculty Publications Department of Philosophy 8-2015 Philosophers On Prostitution’s Decriminalization Rebecca Whisnant University of Dayton, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://ecommons.udayton.edu/phl_fac_pub Part of the History of Philosophy Commons eCommons Citation Whisnant, Rebecca, "Philosophers On Prostitution’s Decriminalization" (2015). Philosophy Faculty Publications. Paper 85. http://ecommons.udayton.edu/phl_fac_pub/85 This Response or Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Philosophy at eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Philosophy Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 5/18/2016 Philosophers On Prostitution's Decriminalization ­ Daily Nous HOME » DAILY NOUS FEATURES - NEWS » Philosophers On Prostitution’s Decriminalization By Justin W.. August 13, 2015 at 1:20 pm 106 This past Tuesday, Amnesty International representatives from 60 countries voted on which stance the influential non- governmental organization should take regarding the legal status of prostitution, ultimately deciding to support its full decriminalization, including both the selling and buying of sex. The position is highly controversial—particularly the decriminalization of buying sex—and Amnesty’s draft statement of it is diplomatically vague. But sources inform me that the policy is in fact a statement in support of “full decriminalization,” including buying, as The New York Times reports, and as Amnesty’s FAQ page about the policy suggests. There was much debate about the policy leading up to the vote (with a number of Hollywood actresses opposing it, for example), and it remains divisive.
    [Show full text]
  • Trafficking in Persons in the United States
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Trafficking in Persons in the United States Author(s): Kevin Bales, Ph.D.; Steven Lize, Ph.D. Document No.: 211980 Date Received: November 2005 Award Number: 2001-IJ-CX-0027 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Trafficking in Persons in the United States -A Report to the National Institute of Justice- FINAL REPORT Kevin Bales, Ph.D. Principal Investigator Steven Lize, Ph.D. Research Associate March 2005 Croft Institute for International Studies, University of Mississippi This research was supported by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Grant # 2001-IJ-CX-0027 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 2009 YEARBOOK 2008 Proceedings
    CASUALTY ACTUARIAL SOCIETY ORGANIZED 1914 2009 yearbook and 2008 proceedings Published by the casualty actuarial society 4350 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 250 Arlington, Virginia 22203 Telephone: 703-276-3100 Fax: 703-276-3108 E-Mail: [email protected] CAS Web Site: www.casact.org © Copyright 2009, Casualty Actuarial Society All Rights Reserved ISSN 0895-6022 No. 88 foreword Actuarial science originated in England in 1792 in the early days of life insurance. Because of the technical nature of the business, the first actuaries were mathematicians. Eventually, their numerical growth resulted in the formation of the Institute of Actuaries in England in 1848. Eight years later, in Scotland, the Faculty of Actuaries was formed. In the United States, the Actuarial Society of America was formed in 1889 and the American Institute of Actuaries in 1909. These two American organizations merged in 1949 to become the Society of Actuaries. In the early years of the 20th century in the United States, problems requiring actuarial treatment were emerging in sickness, disability, and casualty insurance—particularly in workers compensation, which was introduced in 1911. The differences between the new problems and those of traditional life insurance led to the organization of the Casualty Actuarial and Statistical Society of America in 1914. Dr. I.M. Rubinow, who was responsible for the Society’s formation, became its first president. At the time of its formation, the Casualty Actuarial and Statistical Society of America had 97 charter mem- bers of the grade of Fellow. The Society adopted its present name, the Casualty Actuarial Society, on May 14, 1921.
    [Show full text]
  • "Emotional Landscapes" and the Value of Sex: Exploring the Lived Experiences of Sex Workers' Clients
    Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2013 "Emotional Landscapes" and the Value of Sex: Exploring the Lived Experiences of Sex Workers' Clients Zoey K. Jones [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Criminology Commons Recommended Citation Jones, Zoey K., ""Emotional Landscapes" and the Value of Sex: Exploring the Lived Experiences of Sex Workers' Clients" (2013). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1633. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/1633 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “EMOTIONAL LANDSCAPES” AND THE VALUE OF SEX: EXPLORING THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF SEX WORKERS’ CLIENTS by Zoey Kristine Jones B.A. (Honours Specialization), King’s University College at the University of Western Ontario, 2011 THESIS Submitted to the Department of Criminology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Arts (Criminology, specialization in Culture, Crime, and Policy) Wilfrid Laurier University © Zoey Jones 2013 ABSTRACT Clients of sex workers face criminalization and stigmatization in Canada and across the globe; they are commonly depicted by their stereotypes in entertainment and news media and have become a more visible population with the advent of the internet and online erotic review boards. However, these people are infrequently represented by their own voices and stories in academic research and, as such, the reality of being a client is not encompassed by the existing literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulating Sex Work: Erotic Assimilationism, Erotic Exceptionalism, and the Challenge of Intimate Labor
    Regulating Sex Work: Erotic Assimilationism, Erotic Exceptionalism, and the Challenge of Intimate Labor Adrienne D. Davis* Most commentators on sex markets focus on the debate between abolitionists and those who defend and support professional sex work. This Article, instead, looks at debates within the pro-sex-work camp, uncovering some unattended tensions and contradictions. Some within this camp stress the labor aspect, urging that sex markets perpetuate a “vulnerable population” of workers and should be regulated like other forms of risky and/or exploited labor. In this view, sex work would be assimilated into existing labor regulatory frameworks. Others, though, take a more antiregulatory stance. They exceptionalize this form of labor, arguing that because it is sexual it should be exempt from state scrutiny and interference, claims that can quickly sound libertarian. While both camps agree that professional sex work should be decriminalized, when turning from the criminal to the regulatory perspective, erotic assimilationists and erotic exceptionalists could not be more opposed. The Article contends that neither of these views is satisfactory. Sex work could very well be legalized and regulated—if we have the political and Copyright © 2015 California Law Review, Inc. California Law Review, Inc. (CLR) is a California nonprofit corporation. CLR and the authors are solely responsible for the content of their publications. * Vice Provost and William M. Van Cleve Professor of Law, Washington University. The conceptualization of this
    [Show full text]
  • Space and Gender in Post-War German Film
    The Misogyny of the Trümmerfilm - Space and Gender in Post-War German film A thesis submitted to the University of Reading For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Modern Languages and European Studies Richard M. McKenzie January 2017 1 | Page Acknowledgements I would like to express my thanks to my supervisors Dr Ute Wölfel and Prof. John Sandford for their support, guidance and supervision whilst my thesis was developing and being written. It has been a pleasure to discuss the complexities of the Trümmerfilm with you both over multiple coffees during the last few years. I am also grateful for the financial support provided by the Reading University Modern Foreign Languages Department at the beginning of my PhD study. My thanks must also go to Kathryn, Sophie and Isabelle McKenzie, with my parents and sister, for their forbearance whilst I concentrated on my thesis. In addition to my supervisors and family, I would like to record my thanks to my friends; Prof. Paul Francis, Dr Peter Lowman, Dr Daniela La Penna, Dr Simon Mortimer, Dr J.L. Moys and D.M. Pursglove for their vital encouragement at different points over the last few years. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the debt that I owe to two people. Firstly, Herr Wilfred Muscheid of the Frankfurt International School who introduced me to the intricacies of the German language ultimately making my PhD study possible. Secondly, I would like to acknowledge the influence of the late Prof. Lindsey Hughes, lecturer in the former Reading University Russian Department, who, with her departmental colleagues, taught me many of the basic academic tools and determination that I have needed to complete my PhD.
    [Show full text]