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Co₂lonialismo Green Grabbing Und Die Verteidigung Indigener Territorien in Honduras“

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Co₂lonialismo Green Grabbing Und Die Verteidigung Indigener Territorien in Honduras“ DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit: „CO₂LONIALISMO GREEN GRABBING UND DIE VERTEIDIGUNG INDIGENER TERRITORIEN IN HONDURAS“ Verfasserin: Magdalena Heuwieser Angestrebter akademischer Grad: Magistra (Mag.) Wien, 2014 Studienkennzahl: A 057 390 Studienrichtung: Individuelles Diplomstudium Internationale Entwicklung Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Bw. Dr. Ulrich Brand INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Von Krisen, Widersprüchen und Widerständen ...................................................... 5 Info-BOX Honduras ................................................................................................ 9 1.2 Aktueller Forschungsstand zu Land und Green Grabbing in Honduras ............... 10 1.3 Aufbau der Diplomarbeit ....................................................................................... 11 2 Methode: Dekoloniale Aktionsforschung .......................................................... 13 2.1 Persönlicher Zugang .............................................................................................. 14 2.2 Einführung in die Aktionsforschung und kritische Reflexion ............................... 15 2.3 Darstellung des Forschungsprozesses ................................................................... 18 3 Theoretische Einordnung von Green Grabbing ............................................... 23 3.1 Aktueller Forschungsstand .................................................................................... 23 3.2 Die Politische Ökologie des Green Grabbing ....................................................... 28 3.2.1 Die Produktion von Natur und deren Inwertsetzung ............................................. 31 3.2.2 Akkumulation durch Enteignung .......................................................................... 33 3.2.3 Sozial-räumliche Dimensionen (Scales) ............................................................... 34 3.3 Klärung weiterer zentraler Perspektiven und Grundannahmen ............................ 36 3.3.1 Der dekoloniale Blick auf Green Grabbing ........................................................... 36 3.3.2 ‚Indigene‘ Lebensweisen und Naturverhältnisse .................................................. 41 Exkurs: Indigene Völker und Organisationen in Honduras .................................. 44 3.3.3 Territorien und Commons ..................................................................................... 48 4 Zeitdiagnostischer Rahmen von Green Grabbing ........................................... 53 4.1 Die multiple Krise ................................................................................................. 53 4.2 Green Economy: Des Kaisers grüne Kleider? ....................................................... 57 4.2.1 ‚Grüne‘ Energie ..................................................................................................... 59 4.2.2 Der Handel mit Treibhausgasen: Cap & Trade, Offsets, CDM und REDD+ ....... 65 4.2.3 Der Handel mit Biodiversität und ‚Ökosystemdienstleistungen‘ .......................... 70 4.2.4 Die Finanzialisierung der Natur ............................................................................ 73 4.3 Zwischenfazit ........................................................................................................ 77 1 5 Eine historische Verortung von Honduras ....................................................... 80 5.1 Kolonialisierung (ab 1524) .................................................................................... 80 5.2 Formale Unabhängigkeit (ab 1821) ....................................................................... 82 5.3 Liberalismus und Globalisierung (ab 1877) .......................................................... 83 5.4 Peripher-fordistische Entwicklung (etwa 1949 – 1980er) ..................................... 85 5.5 Neoliberalisierung (ab den 1980ern) ..................................................................... 87 Exkurs: COPINH ................................................................................................... 97 5.6 Kräfteverhältnisse rund um den Putsch 2009 ........................................................ 99 6 Green Grabbing in Honduras .......................................................................... 108 6.1 Eine Übersicht: Land und Green Grabbing in Honduras .................................... 108 6.1.1 Wurzeln des Grabbing in der honduranischen Geschichte ................................. 108 6.1.2 Aktuell dominante Formen des Land Grabbing .................................................. 109 6.1.2.1 Traditioneller Extraktivismus .............................................................................. 110 6.1.2.2 Modellstädte: Arbeits- und wirtschaftliche Entwicklungszonen ......................... 113 6.1.2.3 Hypotheken-Gesetz ............................................................................................. 115 6.1.2.4 Green Grabbing ................................................................................................... 117 6.2 Drei Fallstudien zu Green Grabbing ............................................................... 118 6.2.1 Wasserkraftwerke ................................................................................................ 118 6.2.1.1 Nationale Rahmenbedingungen zu erneuerbarer Energie ................................... 118 6.2.1.2 Wasserkraftwerk La Aurora I ......................................................................... 127 6.2.1.2.1 Allgemeine Informationen .................................................................................. 127 6.2.1.2.2 Ein Projekt des Clean Development Mechanism CDM ...................................... 131 6.2.1.2.3 Strategien zur Durchsetzung ............................................................................... 132 6.2.1.2.4 Bisher bemerkbare Auswirkungen ...................................................................... 141 6.2.1.2.5 Zwischenfazit ...................................................................................................... 143 6.2.1.3 Wasserkraftwerk Agua Zarca .......................................................................... 146 6.2.1.3.1 Allgemeine Informationen .................................................................................. 146 6.2.1.3.2 Beteiligte Firmen und Banken ............................................................................. 150 6.2.1.3.3 Strategien zur Durchetzung ................................................................................. 153 6.2.1.3.4 Zwischenfazit ...................................................................................................... 168 2 6.2.2 REDD+ ............................................................................................................... 171 6.2.2.1 Die Situation der Wälder in Honduras ................................................................ 171 6.2.2.2 Nationaler REDD+Prozess .................................................................................. 174 6.2.2.2.1 REDD+: Eine Win-Win-Situation? ..................................................................... 174 6.2.2.2.2 ‚Getting ready for REDD+‘ in Honduras ............................................................ 176 6.2.2.2.3 Private REDD-Projekte ....................................................................................... 180 6.2.2.2.4 Beteiligte Akteure und die Rolle indigener Völker ............................................. 181 6.2.2.2.5 Die Inwertsetzung und Finanzialisierung des Waldes ........................................ 188 6.2.2.2.6 Klima- und Umweltschutz oder Extraktivismus? ............................................... 191 6.2.2.3 Zwischenfazit ...................................................................................................... 193 7 Fazit .................................................................................................................... 195 ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS .......................................................................................... 203 INTERVIEW-VERZEICHNIS .............................................................................................. 209 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS ............................................................................................... 212 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 237 LANDKARTEN ..................................................................................................................... 239 FOTOS LA AURORA I ......................................................................................................... 243 LEBENSLAUF ...................................................................................................................... 246 3 LOS ROSTROS DE LA DIGNIDAD Hay miradas que dicen más que muchas palabras. Miradas que se quedan grabadas en nuestras vidas. Miradas que nos duelen, que nos esperanzan, que nos comprometen. Miradas que dicen NI UN PASO ATRÁS. Hay miradas que desmienten las palabras del Secretario de Recursos Naturales, Rigoberto Cuellar, que aseguró que en Río Blanco no hay población Lenca. Hay miradas que sostienen la DIGNIDAD, el CORAJE, la MEMORIA de resistencias ancestrales. Miradas que se hicieron en diálogo con el río, con el bosque, con la tierra. Miradas que dicen que la lucha seguirá, cueste
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