Tribes, States and Colonialism in Asia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Tribes, States and Colonialism in Asia TRIBES, THE EVOLUTION OF STATES AND THE CONCEPT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES COLONIALISM AND ITS APPLICATION IN ASIA IN ASIA Christian Erni DISCUSSION PAPER 2014 TRIBES, STATES AND COLONIALISM IN ASIA THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND ITS APPLICATION IN ASIA Christian Erni Discussion Paper 2014 TRIBES,STATES AND COLONIALISM IN ASIA THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND ITS APPLICATION IN ASIA Copyright: © IWGIA 2014 The contents of this article may be reproduced and distributed for non-commercial purposes if prior notice is given to the copyright holders and the source and authors are duly acknowledged. The opinions expressed in this article are the author’s alone and do not necessarily reflect those of IWGIA. The reproduction of the engraving on page 18 is a public domain file (http://www. battle-of-qurman.com.cn/e/hist.htm) Front cover: 19th century murals in Wat Phumin, Nan, Thailand All photos by the author INTERNATIONAL WORK GROUP FOR INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS Classensgade 11 E, DK 2100 - Copenhagen, Denmark Tel: (45) 35 27 05 00 - Fax: (45) 35 27 05 07 - E-mail: [email protected] - Web: www.iwgia.org TRIBES, STATES AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN ASIA: THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND ITS APPLICATION IN ASIA Christian Erni n 13 September 2007, after 8 years of ne- Asian governments and Ogotiations in the UN Working Group on In- the debate on a definition digenous Populations (UNWGIP) and another 12 years in the open-ended Working Group on Asian countries remained silent in all this and, the Draft Declaration, the UN General Assembly with the exception of Bangladesh and Bhutan, adopted the Declaration on the Rights of Indig- which abstained, all Asian countries voted in enous Peoples (UNDRIP) with a vast majority of favour of the Declaration. This may have come 144 votes.1 That it sailed through the General As- as a surprise to some, for others it was rather sembly so smoothly was only possible because predictable. At least for one Asian country, the of a few last-minute changes in the text – some Philippines, voting in support of the UNDRIP was minor, others decisive – and intensive lobbying consistent with its national policy: it has officially and negotiation during the weeks before it was recognized indigenous peoples and has passed taken up in the General Assembly. In fact, at one a comprehensive law for the protection of their point, it looked as if the Declaration would not rights.2 For most other Asian governments, how- make it to the General Assembly in time. After ever, it seems that the UNDRIP was not a prob- the draft text was adopted with an overwhelm- lem simply because they deny the existence of ing majority in the Human Rights Council, the indigenous peoples in - and thus the applicability USA, Australia and New Zealand, which were of the UNDRIP to - their countries. at that time not members of the Human Rights Council, raised objections and successfully lob- In their comments immediately after the adop- bied, above all, African countries to join in their tion of the Declaration, representatives of sev- opposition (Eide 2009: 39). They thus succeeded eral Asian countries such as Bangladesh, India, in mobilizing a majority in the Third Committee to Indonesia and Pakistan pointed at the lack of a reject the Declaration. As Eide (ibid.:40) points definition as a major obstacle to the implementa- out, African delegates’ sudden change cannot tion of the Declaration. Indonesia’s representa- by explained only by the pressure and cajol- tive Muhammad Anshor, for example, said ing of the “CANZAUS countries” (Canada, New Zealand, Australia, USA; Merlan 2009: 317). As “[ ] that several aspects of the Declara- comparably young, independent nations one of tion remained unresolved, in particular their main concerns was that the Declaration what constituted indigenous peoples. might jeopardize their nation-building project The absence of that definition prevented (see also Barume 2009). a clear understanding of the peoples to TRIBES, STATES AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN ASIA 5 whom the Declaration applied. In that (Daes 1996: para 21). Although Martínez Cobo context, the Declaration used the defini- included a definition in his final report of 1986, tion contained in the International Labour the “Study of the Problem of Discrimination Organization Convention, according to against Indigenous Populations”, no consensus which indigenous people were distinct was reached in the Working Group and it hence- from tribal people. Given the fact that forth and in line with the indigenous participants’ Indonesia’s entire population at the time recommendations adopted “a flexible approach of colonization remained unchanged, to determining eligibility to participate in its annu- the rights in the Declaration accorded al sessions, relying upon organizations of indig- exclusively to indigenous people and enous peoples themselves to draw attention to did not apply in the context of Indonesia. any improper assertions of the right to participate Indonesia would continue to promote as ‘indigenous’ peoples” (Daes 1996: para 21). the collective rights of indigenous peo- ples.” (United Nations General Assembly According to Tauli-Corpuz (2008: 92), the main 2007)3 arguments put forward by indigenous represent- atives against the inclusion of a global definition It had already become obvious during the delib- are: erations on the Draft Declaration by the UNWGIP that behind these governments’ insistence on a • “Having a global definition will risk exclusion definition stood their unwillingness to recognize of some indigenous peoples because it can indigenous peoples in their own countries. As never adequately capture the diversity of in- Sami lawyer John Henriksen observed: digenous peoples; “The concept of ‘indigenous peoples’ • A definition will write in stone indigenous was a significant hurdle for many govern- peoples’ characteristics, thereby not taking ments to overcome in the early stages of into account that these are constantly evolv- the negotiations. African and Asian gov- ing and developing; and ernments generally held the view that a definition of the term ‘indigenous peoples’ • The insistence on a definition itself is an act should be included in the text in order to of discrimination. The terms “peoples” and identify the beneficiaries. It was clear that “minorities” were not defined by the other some of these states were more inter- instruments of the UN. Why is it that when it ested in obtaining a definition which would comes to “indigenous peoples” states insist exclude indigenous peoples in their own that a definition be made?” countries from becoming beneficiaries of the Declaration.” (2009: 79). Indigenous representatives also emphasized that a definition of indigenous peoples was not The issue of the definition was discussed dur- necessary,4 and insisted on self-identification as ing the second and third sessions of the Work- part of their right to self-determination (ibid.). The ing Group on Indigenous Populations in 1983 members of the UNWGIP also concluded that it and 1984, taking the work of Special Rapporteur was neither realistic nor useful to try and adopt a José Martínez Cobo as a point of departure definition and, according to Daes (1996: 4, para. TRIBES, STATES AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN ASIA 6 6), “the Working Group itself had been a success enous populations, on the one hand, and ethnic despite not having adopted any formal definition minorities in certain countries and regions, on of ‘indigenous peoples’”. the other. Issues relating to multinational states with populations of different origin should be Even though the position that a definition was dealt with in other fora” (Daes 2009: 55). not desirable eventually prevailed within the UN- WGIP, Asian governments continued to express Asian indigenous activists involved in the drafting their reservations with regard to the application of the UNDRIP made efforts to convince Asian of the concept of indigenous peoples to their governments to reconsider their position regard- countries. Speaking at the 53rd session of the ing the definition. Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, former United Nations Commission on Human Rights chair of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous in 1997, the adviser of the Chinese delegation, Issues and one of the leading Asian indigenous Long Xuequn, for example, argued: negotiators during the drafting of the UNDRIP recalls: “The indigenous issues are a product of special historical circumstances. By and “We, the few Asian indigenous repre- large, they are the result of the colonial- sentatives present in the negotiations, ist policy carried out in modern history by held several meetings with member- European countries in other regions of states from Asia to explain why a global the world, especially on the continents of definition of indigenous peoples cannot America and Oceania.” “As in the case of be done. Our main point has been that other Asian countries, the Chinese peo- it is more feasible to make such a defi- ple of all ethnic groups have lived on our nition at the national level, while having own land for generations. We suffered one at the global level will risk excluding from invasion and occupation of colonial- other indigenous peoples, as one defini- ists and foreign aggressors,” said Long. tion cannot capture the diversity of indig- “Fortunately, after arduous struggles of enous peoples. Obviously, this worked all ethnic groups, we drove away those because we finally got most of them to colonialists and aggressors. In China, vote for the adoption of the Declaration. there are no indigenous people and However, some of them still insist that therefore no indigenous issues.” (Em- there are no indigenous peoples in their bassy of the People’s Republic of China countries or that the whole population is in Switzerland 1997) indigenous.” (2008: 78) Relegating the issue of the definition to the na- At the 4th session in of the Working Group in tional level,5 Tauli-Corpuz argues, has helped to 1985 the Chinese member for the WGIP, Mrs Gu convince Asian governments to give up insisting Yijie, was already of the opinion that “historically on a definition.
Recommended publications
  • English, French, and Spanish Colonies: a Comparison
    COLONIZATION AND SETTLEMENT (1585–1763) English, French, and Spanish Colonies: A Comparison THE HISTORY OF COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA centers other hand, enjoyed far more freedom and were able primarily around the struggle of England, France, and to govern themselves as long as they followed English Spain to gain control of the continent. Settlers law and were loyal to the king. In addition, unlike crossed the Atlantic for different reasons, and their France and Spain, England encouraged immigration governments took different approaches to their colo- from other nations, thus boosting its colonial popula- nizing efforts. These differences created both advan- tion. By 1763 the English had established dominance tages and disadvantages that profoundly affected the in North America, having defeated France and Spain New World’s fate. France and Spain, for instance, in the French and Indian War. However, those were governed by autocratic sovereigns whose rule regions that had been colonized by the French or was absolute; their colonists went to America as ser- Spanish would retain national characteristics that vants of the Crown. The English colonists, on the linger to this day. English Colonies French Colonies Spanish Colonies Settlements/Geography Most colonies established by royal char- First colonies were trading posts in Crown-sponsored conquests gained rich- ter. Earliest settlements were in Virginia Newfoundland; others followed in wake es for Spain and expanded its empire. and Massachusetts but soon spread all of exploration of the St. Lawrence valley, Most of the southern and southwestern along the Atlantic coast, from Maine to parts of Canada, and the Mississippi regions claimed, as well as sections of Georgia, and into the continent’s interior River.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Second World War on the Decolonization of Africa
    Bowling Green State University ScholarWorks@BGSU 17th Annual Africana Studies Student Research Africana Studies Student Research Conference Conference and Luncheon Feb 13th, 1:30 PM - 3:00 PM The Impact of the Second World War on the Decolonization of Africa Erin Myrice Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/africana_studies_conf Part of the African Languages and Societies Commons Myrice, Erin, "The Impact of the Second World War on the Decolonization of Africa" (2015). Africana Studies Student Research Conference. 2. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/africana_studies_conf/2015/004/2 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences and Events at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Africana Studies Student Research Conference by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@BGSU. The Impact of the Second World War on the Decolonization of Africa Erin Myrice 2 “An African poet, Taban Lo Liyong, once said that Africans have three white men to thank for their political freedom and independence: Nietzsche, Hitler, and Marx.” 1 Marx raised awareness of oppressed peoples around the world, while also creating the idea of economic exploitation of living human beings. Nietzsche created the idea of a superman and a master race. Hitler attempted to implement Nietzsche’s ideas into Germany with an ultimate goal of reaching the whole world. Hitler’s attempted implementation of his version of a ‘master race’ led to one of the most bloody, horrific, and destructive wars the world has ever encountered. While this statement by Liyong was bold, it held truth. The Second World War was a catalyst for African political freedom and independence.
    [Show full text]
  • World Geography: Unit 6
    World Geography: Unit 6 How did the colonization of Africa shape its political and cultural geography? This instructional task engages students in content related to the following grade-level expectations: • WG.1.4 Use geographic representations to locate the world’s continents, major landforms, major bodies of water and major countries and to solve geographic problems • WG.3.1 Analyze how cooperation, conflict, and self-interest impact the cultural, political, and economic regions of the world and relations between nations Content • WG.4.3 Identify and analyze distinguishing human characteristics of a given place to determine their influence on historical events • WG.4.4 Evaluate the impact of historical events on culture and relationships among groups • WG.6.3 Analyze the distribution of resources and describe their impact on human systems (past, present, and future) In this instructional task, students develop and express claims through discussions and writing which Claims examine the effect of colonization on African development. This instructional task helps students explore and develop claims around the content from unit 6: Unit Connection • How does the history of colonization continue to affect the economic and social aspects of African countries today? (WG.1.4, WG.3.1, WG.4.3, WG.4.4, WG.6.3) Formative Formative Formative Formative Performance Task 1 Performance Task 2 Performance Task 3 Performance Task 4 How and why did the How did European What perspectives exist How did colonization Supporting Questions colonization of Africa countries politically on the colonization of impact Africa? begin? divide Africa? Africa? Students will analyze Students will explore Students will analyze Students will examine the origins of the European countries political cartoons on the lingering effects of Tasks colonization in Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • New World Order Neo-Colonialism: a Contextual Comparison of Contemporary China and European Colonization in Africa
    New World Order Neo-Colonialism: A Contextual Comparison of Contemporary China and European Colonization in Africa by Osman Antwi-Boateng, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Relations Department of Political Science, College of Humanities and Social Science United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain [email protected] Abstract This research argues that although past European colonialism of Africa and ongoing Chinese engagement in Africa share similarities in motivation and goals, there are significant differences in strategies. Hence, unlike the direct European colonial control of Africa, China has resorted to indirect modes of engagement such as bilateral trade agreements and investments. Third, externally, China is restrained by a new world order shaped by international norms and institutions that guards statehood and sovereignty. And further, it is argued that internally, China is restrained by its history/identity as a developing country, domestic politics and the lessons learnt from past European colonialism. Thus, China is a neo-colonialist entity devoid of unbridled territorial control and direct political and economic control of African nations. Keywords: Colonialism, Beijing-consensus, neo-colonialism, Sino-Africa, Chinese-soft power, norms. Introduction This research attempts to answer the research question of “how current Chinese engagement with Africa compares with past European colonialism of the continent?” It achieves this via a historical comparison of European colonialism, using the British and French colonial models against the ongoing Chinese engagement in Africa. Thus, a critical assessment of the aforementioned factors, leads to the logical characterization of China’s engagement with Africa as neo-colonialism, devoid of the unbridled territorial control and its attendant direct political and economic control of African countries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Winds of Civilization: the Aboriginal and Sovereignty Between the Desert and the State,” Intersections 10, No
    intersections online Volume 10, Number 2 (Spring 2009) Luke Caldwell, “The Changing Winds of Civilization: The Aboriginal and Sovereignty Between the Desert and the State,” intersections 10, no. 2 (2009): 119-149. ABSTRACT The antagonistic relationship between the Australian state and the Aborigines has deep and problematic roots. Beginning with the racist doctrine of terra nullius, I look at how more than two hundred years of legal policies have consistently constructed the Aborigine as a problem that required a state solution. I argue that these policies are predicated on a complete denial of native sovereignty and have increasingly alienated native communities. By refusing to engage with the source of these problems, the state has created significant barriers to native rehabilitation and has hijacked reconciliation efforts to strengthen its hegemony instead of native groups. Rather than solving the “Aboriginal problem”, these state policies have created it by placing Aborigines in an ambiguous political space that functions as a medium for civilizing the native—a process through which the native is killed and reborn in a form that is unproblematic for the state. http://depts.washington.edu/chid/intersections_Spring_2009/Luke_Caldwell_The_Changing_Winds_of_Civilization.pdf © 2009 intersections, Luke Caldwell. This article may not be reposted, reprinted, or included in any print or online publication, website, or blog, without the expressed written consent of intersections and the author 119 intersections Spring 2009 The Changing Winds of Civilization The Aboriginal and Sovereignty Between the Desert and the State By Luke Caldwell University of Washington, Seattle n 1770, Captain James Cook sailed up the eastern coast of what is now I Australia, unfurled a ―Union Jack‖, and claimed half of an inhabited continent under the authority of the British Crown.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonialism and Economic Development in Africa
    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES COLONIALISM AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA Leander Heldring James A. Robinson Working Paper 18566 http://www.nber.org/papers/w18566 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 November 2012 We are grateful to Jan Vansina for his suggestions and advice. We have also benefitted greatly from many discussions with Daron Acemoglu, Robert Bates, Philip Osafo-Kwaako, Jon Weigel and Neil Parsons on the topic of this research. Finally, we thank Johannes Fedderke, Ewout Frankema and Pim de Zwart for generously providing us with their data. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2012 by Leander Heldring and James A. Robinson. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Colonialism and Economic Development in Africa Leander Heldring and James A. Robinson NBER Working Paper No. 18566 November 2012 JEL No. N37,N47,O55 ABSTRACT In this paper we evaluate the impact of colonialism on development in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the world context, colonialism had very heterogeneous effects, operating through many mechanisms, sometimes encouraging development sometimes retarding it. In the African case, however, this heterogeneity is muted, making an assessment of the average effect more interesting.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandating Recognition International Law and Native/ Aboriginal Title
    Mandating Recognition International Law and Native/ Aboriginal Title Owen J. Lynch ABOUT THE AUTHOR Owen J. Lynch is currently a professorial lecturer at the University of the Philippines College of Law and a RRI Fellow. Previously he has worked as a senior attorney and managing director of the Law and Communities and Human Rights and Environment programs at the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) in Washington, DC, (1997-2006) and as a Senior Associate at the World Resources Institute (1990-96). His substantive focus is on environmental justice, law and sustainable development, and his special expertise is on community-based property rights (CBPRs) and their legal recognition in national and international law. THE RIGHTS AND RESOURCES INITIATIVE The Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI) is a strategic coalition comprised of international, regional, and community organizations engaged in development, research and conservation to advance forest tenure, policy and market re- forms globally. The mission of the Rights and Resources Initiative is to support local communities’ and indigenous peoples’ struggles against poverty and marginalization by promoting greater global commitment and action towards policy, market and legal reforms that secure their rights to own, control, and benefit from natural resources, especially land and forests. RRI is coordinated by the Rights and Resources Group, a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C. For more information, please visit www.rightsandresources.org. PARTNERS ACICAFOC SUPPORTERS Rights and Resources Initiative Washington DC Mandating Recognition © 2011 Rights and Resources Initiative. Reproduction permitted with attribution ISBN :978-0-9833674-1-3 The views presented here are those of the authors and are not necessarily shared by coalition Partners nor by DFID, Ford Foundation, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Norad, SDC and Sida, who have generously supported this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Pan-Amazon Region
    OAS/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 176 29 September 2019 Original: Spanish INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Situation of Human Rights of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Pan-Amazon Region 2019 iachr.org OAS Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Situation of human rights of the indigenous and tribal peoples of the Pan-Amazon region : Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on September 29, 2019. p. ; cm. (OAS. Official records ; OEA/Ser.L/V/II) ISBN 978-0-8270-6931-2 1. Indigenous peoples--Civil rights--Amazon River Region. 2. Indigenous peoples-- Legal status, laws, etc.--Amazon River Region. 3. Human rights--Amazon River Region. I. Title. II. Series. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc.176/19 INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Members Esmeralda Arosemena de Troitiño Joel Hernández García Antonia Urrejola Margarette May Macaulay Francisco José Eguiguren Praeli Luis Ernesto Vargas Silva Flávia Piovesan Executive Secretary Paulo Abrão Assistant Executive Secretary for Monitoring, Promotion and Technical Cooperation María Claudia Pulido Assistant Executive Secretary for the Case, Petition and Precautionary Measure System Marisol Blanchard a.i. Chief of Staff of the Executive Secretariat of the IACHR Fernanda Dos Anjos In collaboration with: Soledad García Muñoz, Special Rapporteurship on Economic, Social, Cultural, and Environmental Rights (ESCER) Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on September 29, 2019 INDEX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 INTRODUCTION 19 CHAPTER 1 | INTER-AMERICAN STANDARDS ON INDIGENOUS AND TRIBAL PEOPLES APPLICABLE TO THE PAN-AMAZON REGION 27 A. Inter-American Standards Applicable to Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in the Pan-Amazon Region 29 1.
    [Show full text]
  • From Colonization to Integration in Britain and France
    The Legacies of History? From Colonization to Integration in Britain and France Erik Bleich Department of Political Science Munroe Hall Middlebury College Middlebury, VT 05753 [email protected] The Legacies of History? From Colonization to Integration in Britain and France “The tradition of all the dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brain of the living.” --Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte How do we understand the effects of colonialism and decolonization on integration in Europe and the Americas?1 One important way is to gauge the institutional legacies of history. During the colonial era, countries such as Britain and France established a host of political and administrative institutions to rule beyond their borders. These had significant effects on how people worked, where they lived, what they learned, how they interacted with one another, and even how they understood themselves. It is natural to assume that some of these institutions have had enduring effects on metropolitan societies, particularly given the increasing diversity—in no small measure due to former colonial subjects migrating to the heart of the empire—in Western European societies after World War Two. Yet the relationship between managing ethnically diverse societies in the colonies and managing them at home has rarely been carefully scrutinized. It is sometimes asserted that Britain and France had different colonial policies and that they now have different integration policies that seem in important respects similar to their colonial policies. Ergo, the logic goes, there must be a connection between colonial and integration policies in both Britain and France. Favell (1998: 3-4) sketches out the implicit argument as follows: The responses of France and Britain [to the problematic of immigration], as befits their respective colonial reputations, appear to be almost reversed mirror images of one [an]other: France emphasizing 1 I am grateful for the excellent research assistance of Jill Parsons in the preparation of this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Present Day Effects of French Colonization on Former French Colonies
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Supervised Undergraduate Student Research Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects and Creative Work Spring 5-1998 Present Day Effects of French Colonization on Former French Colonies Lori Liane Long University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj Recommended Citation Long, Lori Liane, "Present Day Effects of French Colonization on Former French Colonies" (1998). Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/266 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Supervised Undergraduate Student Research and Creative Work at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNIVERSITY HONORS PROGRAM SENIOR PROJECT - APPROVAL Name: lO I t-DI/\q ----------------- ~ ----------------------------------- I \ - . fj College: jJrJ~~ _~.f_1Ck"_ ~~~___ Departmen t: .' ~L_=b~- i- ~ __~(~ _ . J~~ __ _ Faculty Mentor: _ hi. -"- :~ _Q._~t.:.~~~~::_______________________________ _ PROJECT TITLE: I have reviewed this completed senior honors thesis with this student and certify that it is a project commensurate with honors level undergraduate research in this :i~~:e ~~___ :::~ ________________________ , Facu Jty Men tor Da te: !-~Llft - ~<j- ] -l-------- Comments (Optional): The Present-Day Effects of French Colonization on Former French Colonies Lori Liane Long Senior Project May 13, 1998 In the world today. it is indisputable fact that some states have much higher standards of Jjving than others. For humanitarians, concerned with the general state of mankind, this is a troublesome problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Contesting Land and Identity in the Periphery: the Moro Indigenous People of Southern Philippines*
    Contesting Land and Identity In The Periphery: The Moro Indigenous * People of Southern Philippines MYRTHENA L. FIANZA Department of Political Studies Mindanao State University (Main campus, Marawi) Philippines INTRODUCTION Over the past decades, the resurgence of intergroup conflict in the Philippines has led to a significant current in the direction of ethnicity and identity in the study of land tenure problems where the post-colonial state is involved, particularly in land use and resource allocation among indigenous communities. In the Philippine contemporary tenure situation, it is necessary to look at other categories or identities to understand how social unrest has been catalyzed in other areas of the country, as state action and politics in the center are also presently being shaped, more than ever before, by the demands of ethnicity or indigenous voices at the fringe or periphery. This course leads to approaching conflicts as rooted to the land question triggered by the issue of equitable access to land and resources or rights to a territory that contesting groups view should be acquired or reclaimed not solely on the basis of economic rights to private property in the Western liberal sense, or from a more progressive standpoint of redistributive (“land to the tiller”) reform, but as a determinant of the survival of a community and their culture, the basis of their identity as a people. The study proceeds from the perspective that views land as “tied up with the very ethnicity of indigenous peoples, inasmuch as their distinct cultures have developed in interaction with and in adaptation to specific environments” (Cariňo,1994: 5).
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecological Impacts of Settler Colonialism in the American
    Running Head: Co-Colonizing Co-Colonizing: The Ecological Impacts of Settler Colonialism in the American Supercontinent Nicolás Cruz Seattle University March 2018 Biology Senior Synthesis Advisor: Mark Jordan, Ph.D Co-Colonizing 2 Abstract Environmental historians and ecologists have long sought to document the changes to the natural ecosystems of the Americas since colonization by Europeans beginning in the 15th century. They have developed theories for understanding how ecosystems have been altered, through introduction of nonnative species or human intervention. This has led to the study of invasive species, the mechanics of invasion, and the impacts of biotic homogenization. This paper seeks to contextualize the ecological degradation within the coinciding structure and historical development of settler colonialism as well as investigate the ways that the colonization of the Americas has impacted its biomes and the Indigenous peoples that inhabit them as well as begin to theorize a decolonial ethic by which to guide ecological study. It draws from both the emerging fields of invasion ecology and conservation biology as well as on the transdisciplinary work of Indigenous and non-Indigenous scholars of settler colonial studies, anthropology, and history to envision an ecology of invasion that considers the ecological and sociocultural aspects of colonization and Indigenous sovereignty. Co-Colonizing 3 Acknowledgements This paper has been a veritable synthesis of the many concepts and frameworks I have learned in my time as a student of both sociology and biology at Seattle University. My appreciation goes to my senior research advisor, Mark Jordan, for taking a big unwieldy idea and distilling it down to a more cohesive contribution to ecology, and for having the unique challenge of letting sociology into the field of biology.
    [Show full text]